Main Types Of Strategies Research Articles

Parents and teachers’ compensatory strategies during COVID-19 school closures: A scoping review

After the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, most countries decided to close schools in 2020 to slow down the spread of the virus. The abrupt closure of schools required teachers and families to adapt quickly to an online setting for school activities. The literature review presented here focuses on this adaptive process, summarising research on how parents and teachers tried to curtail the potentially detrimental effects of school closure and remote schooling on students’ learning, identifying the compensatory strategies adopted and analysing their impact on students’ learning experience and performance. The review highlights that the shift from in-person to remote learning led to significant learning losses, as well as to the emergence of new inequalities and the exacerbation of old ones. Teachers and parents played a pivotal role in minimising learning loss due to emergency remote teaching (ERT). Concerning parents, the three main types of strategies were related to: (1) parental socioeconomic and/or demographic factors; (2) parental involvement and support in learning activities; and (3) the family environment. Concerning teachers, two strategies emerged: (1) the implementation of activities favouring interaction between teachers and students and/or among students; and (2) ad-hoc teaching activities. In almost all cases, the compensatory strategies identified were positively associated with students’ learning experience, with a few exceptions.

The essence of enterprise strategy and classification of its types

Metods. As a result of the conducted research, the modern concept of strategy was formulated using the methods of comparison and generalization; improvement of the strategy classification was carried out with the use of methods of analysis and synthesis; and also, thanks to the modeling method and the tabular-graphic method, the mechanism of forming the company’s strategy is proposed and the characteristics of its individual stages are given. Specific economic methods of research were also used – the method of observation and data collection and the method of grouping. Results. The article is devoted to the study of the evolution of the company's strategy as an economic category and the main element of strategic management. A modern understanding of the concept of «enterprise strategy» has been formed. Disagreements were revealed regarding the definition and characteristics of types of enterprise strategy, methods of its classification. An updated modern interpretation of the concept of «enterprise strategy» was formed, the main types of strategy at different hierarchical levels were characterized according to the essence, functional features, expected outcomes, etc. A mechanism for forming the company’s strategic set is proposed, which involves implementation in a logical sequence of stages, which ensures the validity of the process of forming the company’s strategy. Novelty. In the process of scientific research, a modern understanding of the essence of the concept of «enterprise strategy» was proposed, which includes a combination of three approaches to clarifying its essence; the classification of strategies, which considers them according to the hierarchical level in the enterprise, has also been improved. Practical value. The owners and management of the enterprise are offered an easy-tounderstand scheme for choosing a certain strategy and a mechanism for its formation to ensure successful strategic management of production activities.

Формування маркетингової стратегії промислового підприємства в умовах кризи

The article is devoted to the problem of forming a marketing strategy for an industrial enterprise in a crisis. Crisis phenomena in the marketing environment surrounding industrial enterprises occur regularly, so they should be treated not as a catastrophe, but as ordinary problems that need to be solved in a working order. The article systematizes the main classification features in the development of anti-crisis strategies, studies the types of marketing strategies of an enterprise in a crisis, classifies marketing strategies at different stages of anti-crisis management with predictable results, recommends marketing algorithms for selecting anti-crisis actions that will help minimize the crisis impact on the activities of an industrial enterprise when choosing strategies. An enterprise operating in the industrial market must be prepared for various kinds of problems, diagnose them at an early stage, and have a full set of strategies to solve them. Marketing strategies are algorithms of actions that will allow an industrial enterprise to either avoid the impact of crisis phenomena or minimize their impact on the enterprise. Anti-crisis strategies can change as a result of changes in the micro and macro environment and can be formed at different stages, in particular, when searching for new needs that the enterprise can meet, systematic marketing research, effective market segmentation, target market selection, positioning, using changes in product policy, pricing policy, communication policy and distribution policy. All this will allow the industrial enterprise to develop and implement the necessary marketing strategy at the right time, which will minimize the impact of crisis phenomena on the activities of the industrial enterprise, or even ignore them. This work should be started in advance, having prepared the necessary strategies, without waiting for the crisis to make itself felt. The paper proposes the main step-by-step algorithms for actions of an industrial enterprise in crisis conditions, starting with the search for needs that can be met by the enterprise and ending with the work with the elements of the marketing complex, and considers the main types of strategies that can be used depending on various kinds of threats.

How Interviewers Navigate Child Abuse Disclosure After an Unproductive Start in Forensic Interviews

Obtaining abuse disclosure from children in forensic interviews can be challenging for interviewers. The present study explored strategies interviewers used when children did not disclose abuse in response to the initial invitation to provide the interview purpose. The sample included 116 forensic interviews with 4- to 16-year-olds who ultimately disclosed abuse (85% sexual). Interviewer strategies were coded following the non-productive initial invitation until the point of children’s eventual disclosure. Four main types of strategies were found: re-phrasing the initial transition prompt, asking a follow-up question, introducing prior information, and using a minimal encourager (e.g., “Uh-huh”). Strategies were coded as high- or low-quality. Consistent with predictions, 85% of children’s disclosures followed high-quality strategies. In a cycle of effective communication, such interviewer strategies predicted informative child responses, which then led to subsequent high-quality interviewer strategies. Both interviewers and children demonstrated consistency in their question and response patterns, respectively. Coupled with additional exploratory sequential analyses of interviewer-child reciprocal communication and the prior research literature, the present data suggest practical ways that interviewers can break ineffective cycles of communication in the process of obtaining child abuse disclosures.

Regulatory and legal provision of innovative and investment activities of the Ukraine's industrial enterprises

The article reveals the peculiarities of regulatory and legal support of innovative and investment activities of industrial enterprises, examines the institutional system of its regulation, identifies the weaknesses of this system and suggests methods for their improvement. The basic principles and necessity of state support and legislative regulation of innovation and investment activity are substantiated. The main types of strategies are analyzed and promising directions of regulation of innovative and investment activities of industrial enterprises are outlined. Theoretical, methodological and practical aspects of innovative and investment development of industrial enterprises and mechanisms of its implementation are considered. Modern technologies and tools of forecasting and modeling in the management of social and economic processes are studied. An analysis of the state of innovation, investment and scientific and technical potential of industrial enterprises of Ukraine was carried out, and proposals for increasing innovation and investment activity were developed. It is indicated that the main direction of processes in the field of innovations and investments for industrial enterprises should be the implementation of the results of scientific and technical achievements in production and increase the competitiveness of goods and services. The current realities and prospects of the introduction of innovative investment technologies in industry are analyzed. The specific features of innovation and investment processes at the enterprise, regional and national level are highlighted. The experience of leading countries in the implementation of the policy of innovation and investment development of industrial enterprises and the processes of adaptation of the regulatory and legal system of management and administration to European standards are disclosed. Means of legal, analytical and information support for the strategic development of industrial enterprises at the micro, meso and macro levels are presented, approaches to optimizing their innovative and investment activities are proposed. Innovative investment activity is considered as a set of norms of economic legislation and a sub-branch of economic law. Mechanisms of state regulation of innovative and innovative activities, industrial enterprises are disclosed, conditions of formation and implementation of state policy in this area are highlighted. It is noted that due to the insufficient innovation and investment activity of business entities, it is necessary to overcome the problems of attracting investments to the national economy, and subsequently to solve the task of achieving the self-development of the innovative system of Ukraine.

THEORETICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF STRATEGY AND STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT IN BANKING SPHERE

The article investigates the theoretical foundations of strategy formation. The role of strategic planning in ensuring the sustainable development of the modern banking system in conditions of increased competition is determined. The aim of the article is the substantiation of the theoretical foundations of strategy and strategic management, taking into account the specifics of banking activities, as well as to search for modern strategic management mechanisms of banking institutions for ensure their effective operation. Theoretical approaches to the definition of the of «strategy» concept by representatives of conceptual, practical, systemic, integrated approaches are analyzed. Based on the generalization of scientific concepts and definitions, the essence and main task of the strategy are investigated. The peculiarities of the strategy modern interpretation in the banking institutions activities are considered, taking into account macroeconomic instability and fast-paced changes in the external environment. The main types of strategies that are used in the strategic management of banking structures are determined: financial, marketing, information technology, personnel management strategy. The concept of «strategic management» is generalized, its place and role in the development of banking institutions are determined. The constituent elements of the bank’s strategic management system are considered and the peculiarities of the modern strategic management of the banking system are determined. It is substantiated that exactly the strategy is a key element of the bank’s strategic management system in the conditions of market economy transformation. The newest methodological concept of the strategic management of banking institutions is considered. It is determined that the majority of Ukrainian banks do not use modern forms and methods of management at the strategic level. It is proposed to introduce modern strategic management mechanisms into the banking institutions activities to improve their efficiency in the process of banking system digitalization.

Инфокоммуникационные технологии для управления общественным мнением

The article is devoted to the study of the influence of information technologies on the formation of public opinion. Models of information perception in a digital society are characterized by non-linearity and are formed as a result of network interactions. The images of reality formed in the mass consciousness of the participants of the network society can be described within the framework of an interdisciplinary approach that takes into account both the opposition of the ancient archetypes of «friend» and «stranger», and the modern decision-making model based on the UML language. The existing digital means of controlling the dissemination of information have a significant impact on the formation of dominant social values and attitudes. The article discusses the technologies of manipulating public consciousness, as well as two main types of strategies used in building social identity using information technologies: rejection (alienation) and empathy. The study of the mechanisms of rejection and empathy formation in the process of social identity formation is useful for developing new practices of coordinating interests for the stability of democratic institutions in the new digital reality.

Diversification and Integration as a Form of Providing Strategic Orientations of Enterprise Management

The article discusses the main views on understanding the strategy; levels of strategic enterprise management; the main types of strategies that can be implemented in the enterprise; classification of types of strategies. The author clarifies the interpretation of the essence of the concepts “goal”, “landmark” and “development”. The paper substantiates that the main (target) guideline of enterprise development management is to ensure its viability. Achieving this benchmark requires the implementation of a number of basic and specific benchmarks, which, together with the target, will constitute a system of strategic benchmarks. The essence of the concept of “diversification” is clarified; the motives, factors of the internal environment of the enterprise, which should be taken into account when choosing a diversification strategy are investigated; various classifications of diversification types are considered. Diversification is closely related to integration. The essence of the concept of “integration” is clarified, its forms, types, classifications, depending on certain characteristics are investigated. The place and role of diversification and integration in the strategic management of an enterprise, the criteria for the expediency of choosing and implementing a strategy are considered. It is concluded that diversification and integration are the most important tools for increasing the efficiency of the functioning of enterprises, increasing their viability and competitiveness, improving the financial condition and investment attractiveness. The purpose of the article is to expand the theoretical and methodological foundations of diversification and integration as forms of providing strategic guidelines for enterprise development management. The article determines that the strengthening of external and internal instability of the functioning of enterprises imposes new requirements on the choice and substantiation of the strategy and forms of providing strategic guidelines for managing the development of enterprises capable of ensuring viability and sustainable development.

Speaking with a foreign accent: Developed strategies of East Asian international students in Australian higher education

This study investigates strategies developed by East Asian international students to cope with the communication barriers caused by accented English. While these students encounter a range of communication barriers caused by accented English, research investigating how these students mitigate the challenges to successfully complete their studies has been limited. Using a qualitative survey approach, this study presents findings from responses from 306 East Asian students to the question “What would be the three top tips that you would give to new international students to be better understood by others and why?” The students, originally from English as foreign language countries (EFL) located in both Northeast and Southeast Asian regions, at one Australian university. In this survey research, two main types of strategies were identified: (a) verbal strategies and (b) non-verbal strategies. The first theme concentrates on enhancing the ability to produce intelligible sounds. The second theme emphasises behaviours or self-discipline in attempting to improve overall speaking fluency. Practical implications are considered for these students’ intercultural communication and learning support. (Griffith University · Griffith College)

Work-Life (Im)Balance? An Explorative Qualitative Study Among Mothers and Fathers of Persons with Disabilities

The aim of this paper is to reconstruct the meaning of professional activity and to present strategies for coping with work-life balance among parents of persons with disabilities. Research proves that having a child with disability very often results in a lower financial status, work overload, and the necessity to manage the child’s rehabilitation. The theoretical context of the study includes Herbert Blumer’s concept of giving meaning to objects as well as Erving Goffman’s notion of stigma by association. The context of the study is illustrated by a brief description of the sit-in protests organized by persons with disabilities and their parents in the Polish Parliament in 2014 and 2018. As such, it refers to the social policy system in Poland. The explorative study was carried out among mothers and fathers of persons with various disabilities in Poland. Individual in-depth interviews were conducted with eight participants. The results show two main types of strategy: working-mode-related and values-related. Both generational and gender differences are present in managing work-life balance.

‘Fear of walking home alone’: Urban spaces of fear in youth nightlife

This article provides an analysis of the perception of fear in nightlife spaces, its relationship with sexual violence and the strategies that young people implement to combat these situations in two provinces of Andalusia (Seville and Granada), Spain. To this end, qualitative research was carried out through in-depth interviews and discussion groups with 73 boys and girls between the ages of 16 and 22. The article asserts that there are gender differences in the spaces of fear. Girls are the ones who experience fear the most when they walk alone, and at specific times – a feeling that is made worse in specific public spaces. The study results show that girls’ fear is associated with sexual assault and boys’ fear with robberies or fights. Results show that three main types of strategies are used in the face of these fears: avoidance, confronting risks and empowerment. All these strategies include the use of new communication technologies. This article seeks to provide a theoretical contribution to enhancing a gender perspective in the field of urban geography.

Self-regulated learning in online learning environments: strategies for remote learning

PurposeMany teachers and students in the USA and various parts of the world are migrating some aspects of education online out of necessity. The purpose of this paper is to identify and describe strategies of the self-regulated learning (SRL) framework for K-12 students learning in online environments to support remote learning with online and digital tools during the COVID-19 pandemic.Design/methodology/approachThe SRL framework (Zimmerman, 2008) has been used consistently to support students in learning to work independently. This framework highlights three phases: planning, performing and evaluating. Previous research in K-12 online learning has yielded specific strategies that are useful. The paper identified and described the strategies to an audience seeking answers on how to meet the needs of students in online learning environment.FindingsThe main types of strategies that have emerged from previous studies include asking students to consider how they learn online, providing pacing support, monitoring engagement and supporting families.Originality/valueAlthough the social crisis of COVID-19 is unique, prior research in online learning may be useful for supporting teacher practice and suggesting future research. Developing SRL skills of students will ensure the effectiveness of online learning that the field of education may ultimately focus on in the future.

Диверсифікація і інтеграція як форми забезпечення стратегічних орієнтирів управління розвитком підприємств

The article defines that an increase in both the external and the internal instability of enterprise operation imposes new requirements for the choice and substantiation of the strategy and forms of provision of strategic guidelines for managing the enterprise development that can ensure its viability and sustainable development. Thus, the publication is aimed at developing the theoretical-methodical principles of diversification and integration as the forms of ensuring strategic guidelines for the enterprise development management. According to the aim, the author considers the main views on understanding the strategy; the levels of strategic management of the enterprise; the main types of strategies that can be implemented at the enterprise; the classification of types of strategies. The interpretation of the essence of concepts of «goal», «guideline» and «development» is updated. It is substantiated that the main (target) guideline for managing the development of enterprise is to ensure its viability. Achieving this main guideline requires the implementation of a number of basic and specific guidelines, which, together with the target, will make up a system of strategic guidelines. The essence of the concept of «diversification» is closer defined; the motives, factors of the internal environment of enterprise, which should be taken into account when choosing a diversification strategy, are examined; various classifications of diversification types are considered. It is proved that diversification is seamlessly related to integration. It is determined that the formation and implementation of a diversification strategy of enterprise is preceded by substantiating the choice of its types, forms and approaches to implementation. The essence of the concept of «integration» is specified, its forms, types, classifications depending on certain classification characteristics are researched. The place and role of diversification and integration in the strategic management of enterprise, criteria of expediency of choice and implementation of a certain strategy are considered. It is proved that diversification and integration are the most important instruments for enhancing the efficiency of enterprises, which is directed towards increasing their viability and competitiveness, improving the financial condition and investment attractiveness.

Analisis Strategi Pemasaran Telur Itik di Desa Teluk Baru Kecamatan Amuntai Selatan Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Utara Propinsi Kalimantan Selatan

This study aims to determine the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in the marketing of duck eggs in the Teluk Baru Village Amuntai Selatan Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Utara Regency Kalimantan Selatan Province. Results of research conducted in the Teluk Baru Kecamatan Amuntai Selatan District Hulu Sungai Utara Regency Kalimantan Selatan Provinve to the marketing of duck eggs using the formulation and selection strategy is based on the analysis of internal and external environments using IFE and EFE matrix, the values obtained from the analysis of external factors (EFE) of 2.967, and for the value of the analysis of internal factors (IFE) of 2.98. It can be concluded that the marketing of duck eggs in North Hulu Sungai is medium. Marketing the placement of duck eggs is in cell V with a strategy to hold and maintain. The main types of strategies that can be applied are intensive strategies, market penetration strategies, product development.

Strategies used by overweight and obese low-income mothers to feed their families in urban Brazil

ObjectiveTo describe and compare strategies adopted by overweight and obese low-income mothers living in different vulnerable contexts to deal with food constraints and feed their families. DesignQualitative in-depth interviews. Data were analyzed with exploratory content analysis and the number of segments per theme was used to compare neighborhoods. SettingThree low-income neighborhoods in Santos, Brazil. ParticipantsA purposive sample of 21 overweight or obese mothers. ResultsWe identified three main types of strategies, namely, food acquisition, cooking, and eating. Food acquisition included social support and food-sourcing strategies. Social support strategies ranged from macro (governmental programs) to micro (family) levels. Food-sourcing strategies involved price research and use of credit to buy foods. Cooking approaches included optimizing food (e.g., adding water to beans), avoiding wastefulness, and substitutions (e.g., using water instead of milk when making cakes). Eating themes ranged from lack of quantity to lack of quality. Strategies to deal with the lack of food were affected by family dynamics, such as prioritizing provision of fruits to children. Food choices (e.g., low consumption of fruits and high consumption of fatty meats) derived from strategies may help promote overweight and obesity. Furthermore, for participants, financial constraints were perceived as barriers to following nutritionists' recommendations and weight loss. ConclusionsThis study highlights the barriers that low-income women face in adopting a healthy diet and sheds light on the importance of the symbolic value of food, even in the context of food insecurity. Finally, it suggests that environmental aspects could increase the accessibility to fruits and vegetables. These findings could be used to inform the planning and implementation of interventions.

Towards a framework for human judgements of quantitative information: the numerical judgement process, NJP model

ABSTRACTThis contribution presents a review and a theoretical process framework for human intuitive numerical judgments based on numerical information, The NJP model. The model is descriptive and includes one or several of the following stages, each consisting of information processing and solution strategies (1) problem readings (2) recognitions, (3) associations, (4) similarity assessments, (5) problem interpretations, (6) computations, (7) marker nominations, (8) start value selections and (9) adjustments. three main types of strategies are used separately, in sequence or simultaneously with others in and across stages: (i) Associative strategies, e.g., an answer is retrieved immediately, (ii) Computational strategies, different algorithms are applied to the information and (iii) Analogue strategies, visual analogue representations, e.g., anchoring and adjustment. The paper concludes that a generic model of intuitive judgments will inspire further studies of the psychological processes activated when a judge makes an intuitive numerical judgment.

Strategies for coping with career indecision: Concurrent and predictive validity

Recently, Lipshits-Braziler, Gati, and Tatar (2015a) proposed a model of strategies for coping with career indecision (SCCI), comprising three main types of strategies: Productive coping, Support-seeking, and Nonproductive coping. Using a two-wave longitudinal design (30-week time lag), the effects of these strategies on career decision status and career decision-making difficulties were tested among 251 students in a college preparatory program. The results showed that the use of Nonproductive coping strategies at the beginning of the program was associated with and predicted a higher degree of individuals' career decision-making difficulties, and also distinguished between decided and undecided participants at both the beginning and the end of the program, thus partially supporting the concurrent and the predictive validity of the SCCI. Furthermore, a decrease in the use of Nonproductive strategies over time predicted a decrease in individuals' career decision-making difficulties. In addition, a decrease in the use of Nonproductive coping strategies and an increase in the use of Productive ones predicted individuals' advancement toward making a career decision. Theoretical and counseling implications are discussed.

Multi-grade teaching practices in Austrian and Finnish primary schools

This article describes the teaching strategies used in multi-grade classes in five small rural primary schools in Austria and Finland on the basis of the content analysis of transcribed teacher interviews. Two main types of strategies were identified: practices that (1) aim to reduce or (2) capitalize on students’ heterogeneity. The results illustrate how differently multi-grade teaching can be realized and how it can effectively support individual student learning. The findings are discussed with regard to teacher education with the intention of increasing the awareness of the professional skills required in high-quality teaching practices in multi-grade teaching.

Strategies Adopted by Male and Female Entrepreneurs in Italy to Face the Economic Crisis

The current economic and financial crisis has had a profound impact on the Italian economy, and has put Italian companies into great difficulty; however statistical data shows that businesses owned by women seem to have resisted the economic crisis more effectively than those owned by men. This paper seeks to describe the ways in which Italian businesses have responded to the economic crisis and adopted strategies to deal with it. The study also compares the attitudes and behaviours of male and female entrepreneurs, in order to gain insight into their respective ways of dealing with the recession. The literature review shows that firms have faced the economic crisis by adopting either an offensive or defensive approach, and by externally -- or internally -- directed action. Four main types of strategy were identified: restructuring, resizing, reorganization and innovation/development. Drawing from a questionnaire survey given to a sample of 300 (150 male and 150 female) owners of micro-enterprises located in the Marche region of Central Italy, the findings suggest that firms adopted mainly a defensive approach characterized by both restructuring and resizing strategies aimed to improve efficiency and refocus the core business. An offensive approach -- involving innovation, development or reorganization strategies -- was less common. A comparison between men and women shows that female entrepreneurs showed a lower propensity towards investment, innovation, development and growth. Consequently, they were significantly less oriented toward innovation/development strategies than men. Results suggest that under the same external conditions, gender may influence the strategies adopted by entrepreneurs in responding to the economic crisis. The defensive approach adopted by women entrepreneurs may be considered positive in the short-term, as it aims at guaranteeing the survival of the business. However, in the long-term it could undermine the ability of a business to seize new opportunities and to innovate, and consequently weaken competitiveness.

Self‐Governance for Sustainable Global Supply Chains: Can it Deliver the Impacts Needed?

AbstractThe world community convened in Rio de Janeiro in June 2012 for the third UN Conference on Sustainable Development. We are, however, increasingly facing major persistent threats, which despite being known for a few decades are still far from being solved – or are even still increasing. On the individual business level, this has four major implications: increased social pressures; possible reputational damage; exposure to resource wars; and front‐running competitors adjusting their value chain strategies. In supply chain governance this leads to four main types of strategies: do it yourself; join forces; the 5C‐approach and harmonising. The key question is: is this sufficient? Imagine 2022 – where will we be 10 years after Rio 2012? Is a rapid and structural transition to a circular and fair global economy possible, using this path of self‐governance for products traded in the global economic arena? This will strongly depend on four key factors: rapid growth of consumer demand; ‘all‐inclusiveness’ of these supply chain governance approaches; successful uplifting production practices of all suppliers; and addressing the major issues of unsustainability. Here we see various serious weaknesses, like the lack of third‐order evaluation and biases causing some of the more recent issues to be overlooked and less visible supply chains. The challenge is to develop a form of ‘meta’‐governance, including new approaches by governments, combining public policy strategies with the demonstrated virtues of self‐governance. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment