Main Road Research Articles

WEKA-based machine learning for traffic congestion prediction in Amman City

<p>Traffic congestion leads to wasted time, pollution, and increased fuel consumption. Traffic congestion prediction has become a developing research topic in recent years, particularly in the field of machine learning (ML). The evaluation of various traffic parameters is used to predict traffic congestion by relying on historical data. In this study, we will predict traffic congestion in Amman City, specifically at the 8th circle, using different ML classifiers. The 8th circle links four main streets: Westbound, Northbound, Eastbound, and Southbound. Datasets were collected from the greater Amman municipality hourly. The logistic regression (LR), k-nearest neighbor (KNN), decision tree (DT), random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), and multi-layer perceptron (MLP) classifiers have been chosen to predict traffic congestion at each street linked with the 8th circle. The waikato environment for knowledge analysis (WEKA) data mining tool is used to evaluate chosen classifiers by determining accuracy, F-measure, sensitivity, and precision evaluation metrics. The results obtained from all experiments have demonstrated that SVM is the best classifier to predict traffic congestion. The accuracy of SVM to predict traffic congestion at Westbound Street, Northbound Street, Eastbound Street, and Southbound Street was 99.4%, 99.7%, 99.6%, and 99.1%, respectively.</p>

Conceptual Design of an Urban Pocket Park Located in the Site of the Occurrence of a Nineteenth-Century Chapel Using Representatives of Local Xerothermic Vegetation

The 19th century neo-Gothic chapel located in the Stradom district of Czestochowa, Southern Poland and built at the intersection of the main streets is a recognizable landmark of great historical value. Unfortunately, the current condition of the surroundings depreciates the charm of such a chapel, and thus does not encourage people to admire it. Therefore, in order to expose such a valuable object, we planned to create a conceptual design of a pocket park around this cultural monument. When choosing the location of any park, it is recommended to know the needs of the local residents, so we conducted a survey regarding their wishes. When designing the area, we intended to use species representing the vegetation characteristic of the Krakow–Czestochowa Upland located in Southern Poland. At the same time, we used a material typical of the area, namely limestone. Design principles around the chapel were taken into account, separating the sacred and profane zones with the intention of giving this site a unique character and creating the first urban pocket park of this kind.

The Churches of Santiago de Compostela, a diachronic analysis of their orientations

The orientation of nearly 50 churches in the historic city of Santiago de Compostela are presented. These include churches built along the history of the town, from the early Medieval period until the end of the 20thcentury. Interestingly, all churches built before the Council of Trent appear to have orientations consistent with canonical prescriptions, notably in two flavors. One would be consistent with the canonical equinox at the date of construction, possibly dictated by the orientation of the Cathedral itself. The other orientation is set a few degrees south of due east and could be dictated by the streets of the Medieval town. After the Council of Trent churches were built mostly to have the façade perpendicular to a main street, so that the apse and the altar no longer are systematically facing towards the rising sun.

Research on the Application of Slant Hole Grouting Process in the Undermining Hollow Area of Urban Main Road

China has a huge number of underground goaf, when the new city main road crosses the goaf, a large number of non-migratable buildings may be left on the ground due to economic problems, resulting in the goaf does not have the condition of vertical drilling and grouting, so the slant hole grouting technology is of great significance in research. In this paper, we take a city main road under construction in Changchun City as an example to study the application of slant hole drilling grouting in the hollow area, and hope that it can provide reference examples for similar projects.

Understanding mediated sports consumption by Irish children: a qualitative study exploring their exposure and understanding of gambling marketing, risks and harms

BackgroundGambling marketing communications create a public health risk by increasing the normalisation of gambling in sports. In a context where broad level studies report significant underage gambling, currently no evidence exists on how these communications are received by children in the Republic of Ireland (hereafter Ireland) and Northern Ireland. To build this evidence base and provide granular detail below broad level data, this study explored the sport consumption habits and views of Irish children (aged 14–17 years) on their exposure, awareness and perceptions of the relationship between sport and gambling.MethodsDrawing on a constructivist approach to data collection, 6 face-to-face focus groups were staged with a total of 51 youth sport consumers from both sides of the border region on the island of Ireland.ResultsFour main themes were established. First, mediated sport consumption was predominantly via mobile social media. Second, we found that their exposure to gambling marketing was high and while frequently seen through social media channels it was also prevalent in peer-to-peer conversations and on the main street. Third, we found mixed responses on their perceptions about gambling and sport. While many felt that sport and gambling were a good fit, they were aware of the financial risks involved. Few children understood the wider social risks with gambling harm. Fourth, children were sceptical of claims made in gambling communications. These findings highlight concerns about how exposure to gambling marketing is impacting children’s views on sport and on gambling. These views need to be taken into consideration when broadcasters and sport organizations are entering into commercial associations.ConclusionsGambling marketing is noticed by children watching mass and social media, and in the towns in the border regions of the island of Ireland. Our study provides children’s viewpoints on this topic which complements the larger quantitative studies in Ireland and Northern Ireland that highlight the growing prevalence of children and gambling. This study not only extends the literature on the exposure, awareness and perceptions of children on the island of Ireland but provides crucial evidence to public health advocates in this region demonstrating the pervasiveness of gambling communications in and around children’s spaces.

Exploring the role of configurational accessibility of alleyways on facilitating wayfinding transportation within the organic street network systems

Despite the significant role of alleyways in urban spatial configuration and accessibility as critical structures of urban infrastructure, there remains a noticeable gap in understanding their specific role in urban transportation policies. The main aim of the present study is to investigate the role of configurational accessibility of alleyways in facilitating wayfinding within organic street network systems. A mixed method was applied using Space Syntax and empirical observations. Moreover, Pearson correlations and t-tests were used to discern the association between variables and compare independent groups using SPSS software. The findings from the syntactical analysis strongly indicate that alleyways significantly impact configurational accessibility within urban network systems. Furthermore, the complex and labyrinthine structure of organic alleyways was found to significantly hinder the intelligibility of urban areas, making navigation more challenging. The results revealed a significant correlation between vehicle mobility and connectivity values, with higher levels of mobility consistently linked to increased connectivity values. The outcomes also indicated that alleys connected to main streets play a crucial role in facilitating wayfinding within urban network systems. This study contributes to a more profound understanding of the role of alleyways in urban network systems for urban planners and transportation engineers, paving the way for more targeted sustainable urban planning strategies.

Traffic Hazards on Main Road’s Bridges: Real-Time Estimating and Managing the Overload Risk

Traffic Hazards on Main Road’s Bridges: Real-Time Estimating and Managing the Overload Risk

Unforgetting: The Yarri and Jacky Jacky Memorial at Gundagai

ABSTRACT There is a sculpture in the main street of Gundagai (NSW, Australia) that honours two Wiradjuri men, Yarri and Jacky Jacky, local heroes in the Great Flood of 1852. Unveiled in 2017, the bronze sculpture depicts the two men and a scribbly-bark canoe used to save settler townspeople from the floodwaters. The sculpture, unmissable in the town’s centre, reminds even the most forgetful onlooker of colonialism. Unlike many Australian monuments, this statue does not memorialise and legitimise colonialism or celebrate nationalism and White male “heroes”. Rather, it is a testament to the Wiradjuri men’s bravery, skill and compassion. Standing before the monument, I was dumbstruck. Why? Despite settler-colonial violence, land theft, oppression and dismissals of Wiradjuri warnings, the men risked their lives. The statue slowed me down, interrupted my trajectory. The Yarri and Jacky Jacky memorial invites passers-by into a space of encounter, feeling and thoughtfulness. In response, I follow a plurality of stories and the tributaries of the imagination to weave a tale of a complex shared Aboriginal–settler past and present.

Exploration of Language Landscape and Optimization Strategies in Beijing's South Luogu Lane

South Luogu Lane is the oldest neighborhood in Beijing, preserving the architectural style of the Yuan Dynasty's alleyways, attracting a large number of domestic and foreign tourists. This study focuses on the official and private language landscapes of its main street. Through field visits and photographic documentation, the authors found that the national language dominates, accompanied by English translations, facilitating foreign tourists. However, there are issues of inconsistency and lack of uniformity in the language landscape, such as inconsistent positioning and font sizes. These problems affect the cultural image of South Luogu Lane. Therefore, the authors propose optimization strategies to strengthen the protection of the cultural landscape and promote the sustainable development of South Luogu Lane. The authors hope that these measures will enhance the cultural value of South Luogu Lane, provide a better experience for tourists, and promote its influence as a cultural symbol of Beijing.

Russian elements in the ergonymy of intra-urban objects in Moscow

The article presents a fragment of a study examining the ergonymy of intra-urban objects in Moscow. The research focuses on ergonyms created on the basis of the Russian language. The study aims to find out what names of commercial enterprises are more attractive to city residents, which of them provoke positive, neutral, or negative emotions. The material for the study included the names of commercial enterprises in Moscow formed with the techniques of retrohybridisation, quasi-naming, anti-orthography, superimposition of words, and allusion. During the study, 2700 names of commercial enterprises located on the signs, bracket panels, and in the shop windows of establishments in the main streets of Moscow were collected. The selected ergonyms were classified according to their formation methods. A survey involving 90 respondents of different ages and educational backgrounds was conducted as well. The data obtained during the survey were processed using statistical analysis. Based on the experimental results, the study revealed that ergonyms with letters from the pre-revolutionary script had positive evaluations more often. Also, they were the most memorable. The largest number of negative evaluations was given to the names with a deliberate distortion of the Russian orthographic norm. Drawing on the data obtained, the paper formulates recommendations to those who create commercial enterprise names aimed at different age groups of consumers. The results of the work can be used in linguodidactics, for example, in the process of teaching Russian as a foreign language.

A study in pedestrian behavior around staying spots on the urban main street

A study in pedestrian behavior around staying spots on the urban main street

Comprehensive Assessment of Air, Soil, and Water Pollution for Environmental Health in Al-Hai City, Iraq

Sustainability has evolved into a broad phrase that includes practically every aspect of life on the Earth, from local to global, and over different periods. Sustainable biological systems include healthy, long-lived forests and wetlands. This paper aimed to study and measure pollution indicators in the Al-Hai city center's air, soil, and water in Wasit province, located at Coordinates (32.1742 N° and 46.0433 E°). The data for Al-Hai city's ambient air pollutants (CO, NO, NO2, H2S, SO2, and CO2) that considered air pollution was recorded for the date (12-13/12/2021). The Maximum values for the concentration of carbon monoxide CO and sulfur dioxide SO2 were 1.019 ppm and 0.0321 ppm, respectively. The water and sediment samples were collected in December 2021, and all samples were analyzed in the laboratory. Heavy elements (Cd, Pb, As, and Hg) were measured in soil and water. The samples were collected and taken from two stations in the Gharraf River of Al-Hai city in Wasit province to investigate the potential for environmental damage caused by these components in this region. This study will be conducted at two stations (North and South of Al-Hai city center) beginning in December 2021. In the south station, all heavy elements showed exponential growth in water and sediment samples, but concentrations in the north station were low. The highest value recorded in this study was for the pb concentration in the soil samples taken from the main street, which was 31.9 ppm.

Organization of Traffic on the Main Streets Microcontroller Traffic Lights

Organization of Traffic on the Main Streets Microcontroller Traffic Lights

Improving the quality of the urban environment effectively Sustainable Transport in Najaf / (Najaf - Kufa axis)

Activating the use of sustainable transportation to get rid of all traffic problems related to roads, and using all planning solutions to achieve urban sustainability, and through the research problem by asking about strategies and planning directions to achieve sustainable public transportation. Assuming that the trend towards public transportation as a sustainable transportation strategy will reflect positively on the quality of the urban environment. As a starting point to evaluate the trend of transportation towards sustainability and its role in improving the quality of the urban environment.The field study showed that traffic rates increased during the morning peak, most on Kufa Najaf Street, Maysan Main Street, and Gir Saada Street, As a result of the increasing desire of the population to use personal transportation, more than 49% of them use their personal cars for daily transportation. which increased the demand for gas stations, garages, transportation maintenance stores, and vehicle wash stations, which distorted the appearance of the city , Relying on the enactment of planning legislation to ensure sustainability in the field of transportation and to improve and organize the urban environment.

The morphology of urban tourism space (case: Malioboro Main Street as cosmological Axis of Yogyakarta city, Indonesia)

Purpose This study aims to analyze the morphological landscape of the urban tourism spaces in the Malioboro Main Street area to predict its future development and to assist in creating effective regional planning policies. Design/methodology/approach This study uses qualitative grounded theory, typo morphological analysis and place-centered mapping techniques. Findings From the observation, it was found that each element of the city image area has different components of the urban tourism space’s morphology. The urban tourism spaces in Malioboro Main Street are distributed in a centered, linear and scattered pattern, with zones dedicated to shopping, cultural experiences and cuisine. The specific elements of each zone, such as attractions, accommodations or amenities, determine the type of tourism offered, such as cultural, shopping and culinary tourism. Research limitations/implications The study presented here may serve as a helpful guide for regulating and organizing policies that can form a sound basis for policy formulation. It mainly pertains to planning and structuring the Malioboro Main Street area, which currently needs a well-conceived urban tourism landscape development concept. Practical implications This study will have practical implications in projecting tourism development in the area through planning and structuring. The study can also be used as a basis and guideline for controlling, organizing and determining regulations and policies, ultimately serving as a wise foundation for policy formulation, particularly in planning and structuring the Cosmological Axis area, especially the Malioboro area. Originality/value The discussion of morphology is mainly limited to macro or micro scales, while the discussion of tourism space is generally limited to conceptual development. Conversely, this study aims to explore the unique landscape morphology of the Malioboro Main Street area, which serves as evidence of a productive space for urban tourism by typomorphological analysis through the approach of urban landscape elements, tourism elements and its activities. Thus, it may complement previous studies in urban areas dominated by tourism.

How lowrider custom cars went global without being main-street hot rods in the meantime

In the Southwestern United States, during the mid-twentieth century, Mexican Americans introduced a genre of custom cars known as lowriders. They were unique compared to other American custom cars, such as hot rods and other fast cars on American main streets; lowriders rode low and slow and only inches from the ground. In fact, lowriders became central to Chicano culture and to the lives of car owners and their families. The car owner and the rest of the family also drew part of their self-identity not only from the car itself, but also in the act of driving – or lowriding as it is known. The story herewith tells how lowriders, lowriding and car clubs emerged from the heart of Chicano culture in ways that established and supported community building, expanding eventually to worldwide popularity.

Relationship between foliar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) concentrations and plant traits: Intracanopy variability for a broadleaf species in an urban environment

The emission of potentially harmful compounds, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and the resulting air pollution is a serious problem in modern cities. It is therefore important to develop mitigation strategies, such as “smart” planting of trees that act as sinks for PAHs. However, the intra-individual (within-tree) variability in leaf PAH concentrations remains unknown. In this paper, we studied 15 ornamental apple trees (Malus × moerlandsii ‘Profusion’) growing on a main street in a medium-sized city in Galicia (NW Spain). We determined the PAH concentrations at 12 canopy positions in each tree (2 orientations and 2 distances from the trunk at 3 heights), measured various ecological traits (specific leaf area [SLA], δ13C, stomatal density, fatty acid contents and leaf hairiness) and analyzed the variability in traits within the canopy in relation to PAH concentrations. We observed high intra-individual variability in the PAH concentrations and the leaf traits. Statistical analyses revealed that leaf height was the main source of variability both in the PAH concentrations and in the traits, mainly due to the leaf morphology, particularly to the SLA. Therefore, the ideal vegetation to remove PAHs would be high leaf biomass trees, not too tall and with a high proportion of shade leaves.

CARDO AND DECUMANUS IN THE HISTORICAL URBAN PLANNING OF KYIV

The article clarifies conceptual meaning of the classical terms of the ancient gromatic (urban planning) art — "cardo" and "decumanus". The issue of continuity of the Roman, Byzantine and Old Russian planning traditions is considered on the example of the city of Yaroslav’s layout in Kyiv. The planning value of the Golden Gate in Kyiv and Constantinople has been determined. The conclusion is made about the foundation of the city of Yaroslav after begining of the St. Sophia Cathedral construction. The development of the main planning axis of the city — cardo — is shown in the project of the classical reconstruction of Kyiv in the first half of the 19th and in 20th century. The problem of using traditional terms and concepts of ancient urban planning in modern research and urban planning practice is posed. In accordance with the clearly established boundaries of the ancient castrum on the territory of Kyiv Podol, the routes of its main streets can be clearly read. So the cardo (Via Praetoria) goes from north to south, approximately from the intersection of Mezhihirska and Yaroslavska streets (rear-guard gate, Porta Decumana), through the intersection of Kostyantynivska and Horiva Street (Pretoria), to the avant-garde gate (Rorta Praetoria) within the T-intersection of Frolivska Street with Borychiv Tik (one of the oldest streets in the city). From this place, the antique Podilska cardo in medieval times continued with Andriyivsky Uzvoz and the cardo of the new town of Yaroslav (1034), and at the beginning of the 19th century. within the limits of the classicist general plan of the city — along Volodymyrska Street to the south. In this way, we record the steady development of the urban planning tradition in Kyiv from the very beginning of the city's existence. Of course, one can question the legality of the application of the Roman- Byzantine urban planning concepts "cardo" and "decuman" in relation to the modern city. However, the planning structure of the central part of Kyiv within the boundaries of the Dnieper and Lybedi rivers did not develop all at once, but over the course of two thousand years of successive urban development, therefore the basic principles that determined the main features and directions of growth are critically important for understanding the urban design of the city to this day.

NATURE AND EFFECT OF WASTE GENERATED IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA

The problem of indiscriminate waste disposal dates back to the earliest urban settlements in human society. The trend has been on the increase across many societies including Nigeria. This paper examined the nature and effect of waste generated in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. The study adopted the Reasoned Action Theory to explain the nature of waste generated in the study area. A cross-sectional survey design was adopted for the study. A sample of400 respondents was drawn through simple random, systematic sampling, clustered and purposive sampling techniques in the selection of Local Government Areas, electoral wards, towns/villages, main streets, houses, households and individuals. Primary data were generated through the use of questionnaire and in-depth interview. The questionnaire copies were analysed quantitatively using simple percentage while test frequency tables, mean and in-depth interview were unbundled using content analysis. The findings revealed that decomposed food items, empty sachet water packs and water bottles, empty engine oil gallons, used and unused drinking straw, sachets of all kinds, biscuit, condemned zincs and building materials were the solid wastes indiscriminately disposed in the study area. The study recommends that the Nasarawa State Waste Management Board should intensify the collection of solid wastes from the doorsteps of residents for appropriate recycling to mitigate the associated health and environmental hazards associated with the indiscriminate disposal of solid waste in the study area.

Hellenistic and Roman Stamped Amphora Handles from Phaselis

Phaselis is a harbour city located at the point where the Lykia, Pamphylia and Pisidia regions intersect. During the surveys and excavations carried out between 2019 and 2023, a total of 18 stamped amphora handles were found at different points of the city - the Hellenistic Temple, Main Street and Necropolis. The aim of the research presented in this paper is to classify the stamped amphora handles according to their production centres, date the stamped handles, determine whether the names on the stamps refer to eponyms or fabricants, and improve understanding Phaselis’ maritime trade relationships. As a result, in this study, the amphora stamps found in the city were classified according to their production centre: Rhodes (13), Rhodian Peraea (1), Knidos (1), Pamphylia (2), and Latin DR 2-4. While the earliest example of stamped handles can be dated back to the second quarter of the 3rd century BC, the latest example is dated to the end of the 1st century BC - 1st century AD.