Main Raceme Research Articles

Analysis of Genetic Architecture through Generation Mean Analysis for Yield and Yield Contributing Traits in Crosses of Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea)

Generation mean analysis was deployed to study the inheritance of 12 yield and its component traits in two crosses viz. PR-2009-6 × ALBELI (Family A) and PR-2009-6 × RGN-73 (Family B) of Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern& Coss] for parents P1 and P2, F1 , F2 , BC1 and BC2 generations. Analysis of variance showed presence of significant variability among families and also within families (among progenies) for various traits under study except for days to maturity, seeds per siliquae and siliquae length. Family A showed considerable interaction effects for siliquae on main raceme, number of seeds per siliquae and oil content. Family B displayed epistatic interactions for characters such as plant height, length of main raceme, siliquae on main raceme, siliquae length, oil content seed yield per plant and glucosinolate content. Fixable effects [d] and [i] were found important in the inheritance of plant height, seed yield per plant and glucosinolate content. Among non fixable effects, dominance [h] gene action was significantly important for determining length of main raceme, number of siliquae on main raceme, siliquae length, oil content, seed yield per plant and glucosinolate content. Interaction gene effects were found significant in controlling plant height, length of main raceme, number of secondary branches per plant, siliquae on main raceme, siliqua length,1000-seed weight, oil content, seed yield per plant and glucosinolate content. Thus, both main effects and epistatic effects were found important in controlling the various traits under study.

Path and Genetic Divergence Analysis of Mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss.] Genotypes

The present investigation consisting of seeds of 72 genotypes with 3 check varieties (Varuna, Kranti, NDR-8501) were used for experimentation under Augmented Block Design in Indian mustard germplasm/genotypes was carried out during 2019-20 on the Student Instructional Farm Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture & Technology Kumarganj Ayodhya (U.P.) India. The characters studies were Days to 50 % flowering, Days to maturity, Plant height (cm), Number of primary branches/plants, Number of secondary branches/plants, Length of main raceme (cm), Number of silique in main raceme, Number of seeds/siliquae, 1000-seed weight (g) and Seed yield/plant (g). The highest positive direct effect on seed yield per plant exhibited by 1000 seed weight (0.2512) followed by length of main raceme (0.2189), the highest positive indirect effect on seed yield per plant was exhibited length on main raceme (0.0477) via seed pre-silique fallowed by the number of siliquae on main raceme (0.0332) via secondary branches per plant. The maximum intra-cluster distance was estimated in case of Cluster VI (2.652) followed by cluster I (2.520), Cluster IV (2.352), cluster III (2.329), cluster VIII (2.148). The highest inter-cluster distance was observed between cluster IV and VI (4.417) followed by cluster III and VI (4.270), VI and VIII (4.251), cluster I and VII (4.156). The maximum cluster mean was found in cluster I (9.21) for seed yield per plant followed by cluster III (8.67) and cluster VII (8.50).

Correlation dependence of selective valuable traits of yellow lupine

As a result of the conducted study, it was found that the combinations of crosses 16-20, 22-20 and 24-20 with dominance in F1, transgression in F2 on biologically valuable traits in selective respect in F3 confirm their correlation relationship and differ in the type of utilization. The 16-202c hybrids are seed oriented due to high plant survival rate and high number of beans on the main raceme. The material of hybrids 16-204v, 22-202c, 24-202c is universal, characterized by high productivity, which is confirmed by the correlation with the number of seeds and their weight (by grain), with the height of the remaining plants to harvesting, the number of beans on them and lateral branching (by herbage). The analysis of pairing of economically useful traits on seed productivity revealed a positive relationship between the number and weight of seeds from the main inflorescence in combinations 5-202c (r = 0.74 and 0.82), 22-20 (r = 0.89 and 0.92), 24-20 (r = 0.80 and 0.71), 30-20 (r = 0.94 and 0.93) and others. High correlation was found between the grain yield and the number of surviving plants to harvest in hybrids 5-202c (r = 0.92), 30-202c (r = 0.83), 6-202d (r = 0.73), 22-20 (r = 0.79), 24-20 (r = 0.80). Regardless of the combination of crosses, the number and weight of seeds from the main inflorescence with the correlation coefficient from 0.71 to 0.93 have a strong positive effect on the seed productivity of most hybrids. A positive effect was obtained from the number of beans from the main raceme in combinations 17-202c (r = 0.90), 25-202c (r = 0.81), 24-20 (r = 0.77), and 5-202c (r = 0.90). The herbage yield of yellow lupine was influenced by the plant height (r = 0.61–0.93), the number of surviving plants to harvest (r = 0.51–0.95), the presence of lateral shoots with beans (r = 0.54–0.63) in hybrids 5-202c, 16-202c, 22-202c, 24-202c and others.

Line×Tester Analysis for Heterosis and Combining Ability for Seed Yield and its Component Traits in Indian Mustard

Twelve advanced lines/varieties of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) were selected for building the experimental material. It consisted of 8 lines and 4 testers, mated in Line × Tester design during rabi season 2018-19. These parents alongside with their 32 F1s were evaluated in RBD in rabi season 2019-20 for 13 traits including seed yield per plant (g), glucosinolate content (µmole/g) and oil content (%). Analysis of variance for combining ability showed that significant differences were present amid treatments for all the characters, except for siliqua length and seeds per siliqua. Line PAB 17-1 was identified as a good combiner on the basis of their GCA effect for seed yield, test weight; PAB 17-15 for number of primary branches, number of secondary branches, PAB 17-21 for plant height, length of main raceme, siliquae on main raceme, glucosinolate content and PAB 17-23 for oil content. Highest significant SCA effect was shown by cross-combination PAB 17-2×PHR-2 for seed yield per plant, PAB 17-23×NRCHB-101 for glucosinolate content and PAB 17-1×PAB-9511 for oil content. Cross combination PAB 17-2×PHR-2 showed highest heterobeltiosis (BP) for seed yield per plant followed by PAB 17-1 × PHR-2. The magnitude of heterosis over BP in the desired direction was quite high ranging from -36.18 to 160.14. Cross PAB 17-23×PHR-1 for oil content showed highest heterosis over BP. Cross combination PAB 17-15×PAB-9511 showed highest relative heterosis for seed yield per plant and PAB 17-20×PAB-9511 for oil content. Similarly PAB 17-2×PHR-2 showed highest economic heterosis for seed yield per plant.

Селекция желтого люпина на хозяйственно ценные признаки

An important stage in the creation of varieties with economically valuable traits is the selection of parental forms that have a general and specific combination ability, adapted to the cultivation area. The crosses carried out in 2020 with the involvement of parental forms of local selection showed that in the F1 hybrid nursery, out of 29 combinations of crossing in plant height, 9 (3-20 2a, 8-20 2c, 15-20 2c, 16-2 2c, etc. ) belonged to the group of complete dominance (1–9 times). By the number of pods on the main stem, the dominance ratio over the best parent was 1.4–15 times, and the total number of pods per plant was 1.2–11.3 times due to good lateral branching with fruiting pods. In the second generation F2, the effect of the total positive action of polymeric genes was not manifested in all combinations. In terms of height, transgression was preserved in hybrids 16-20 2c, 17-20 4c, 22-20 2c, 24-20 2c at the level of 12.5–23.6% with a frequency of occurrence of 6.6–17.7%. Without dominance in F1, the effect of transgression in F2 in height was manifested in 7 combinations with a high frequency from 11.4 to 24.3%. Transgressive forms according to the number of beans on the main raceme were obtained in 6 combinations (12.5–37.5%) with the occurrence of such plants at the level of 2.7–10.5%. By the number of beans in total on the plant, 4 combinations were identified both in dominance (F1) and in the second generation (F2): 16-20 2c, 17-20 2c, 22-20 2c, 25-20 2c with a degree of positive transgression of 48.6 %, 41.1, 19.2 and 17.6%, respectively. The selected new hybrid material, together with the parental forms, is being tested in the third generation nursery.

Genetic analysis for seed yield and its contributing traits in Indian mustard [(Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss)

Highly significant differences were recorded, majority of the characters except number of primary branches/plant, among the 28 genotypes of Indian mustard tested. Parent’s vs F1’s for all the characters revealed significant differences. The estimates of all genetic components were found highly significant for days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, main raceme length, number of siliquae/plant, number of primary branches/plant, number of secondary branches/plant, oil content, 1000-seed weight and seed yield/plant. The estimates of mean degree of dominance were more than unity for number of secondary branches/plant, 1000-seed weight, oil content and seed yield/plant. The proportion of genes with positive and negative effects was near or equal to theoretical value for all characters except seed yield/plant.

Studies on heterosis, correlation and genetic advance parameters for seed yield and its related traits in Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss.

Twenty eight genotypes (21 F1 + 7 parents) of Indian mustard were evaluated for 10 traits viz., days to 50%flowering, days to maturity, plant height (cm), length of main raceme (cm), number of siliquae/plant, number ofprimary branches/plant, number of secondary branches/plant, oil content (%), 1000-seed weight (g) and seed yield/plant (g). Analysis of variance revealed that the genotypes differed genetically for all the characters and thushas helped in selection of parents for the breeding programmes.

Deployment of AMMI, GGE-biplot and MTSI to select elite genotypes of castor (Ricinus communis L.)

Castor (Ricinus communis L.) is an important industrial multipurpose non-edible oilseed C3 crop belongs to spurge family popularly known as Euphorbiaceae. Its oil has exceptional properties which provides an industrial importance to this crop. The present investigation is aimed to judge the stability and performance of yield and yield assigning traits and selection of suitable genotype for varied locality of western rainfed regions of India. During the study with 90 genotypes, the genotype × environment interaction was found to be significant for seed yield per plant as well as for plant height up to primary raceme, total length of primary raceme, effective length of primary raceme, capsules on main raceme and effective number of racemes per plant. E1 is the least interactive and highly representative site for seed yield. Which won where and what biplot decipher ANDCI 10-01 as vertex genotype for E3 while ANDCI 10-03 and P3141 for E1 and E2. Average Environment co-ordinate identify ANDCI 10-01, P3141, P3161, JI 357 and JI 418 as tremendously stable and high seed yielding genotypes. The study outlined the pertinency of Multi Trait Stability Index, that calculated based on the genotype-ideotype distance as the multiple interacting variables. MTSI evaluated all genotypes and sort ANDCI 12-01, JI 413, JI 434, JI 380, P3141, ANDCI 10-03, SKI 215, ANDCI 09, SI 04, JI 437, JI 440, RG 3570, JI 417 and GAC 11 with maximum stability and high mean performance of analyzed interacting traits.

Karakter Morfologi Genotipe Jarak Kepyar (Ricinus communis L.) Tahan Penyakit Layu Fusarium

The castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) is a plant with a lot of potential as a vegetable oil producer. Castor bean productivity in Indonesia was 1.36 thousand tons in 2013, but it fell to 1.30 thousand tons in 2014. Fusarium wilt is one of the challenges in increasing castor bean production. Resistant genotypes can be used to control Fusarium wilt in an environmentally friendly manner. The goal of this study was to determine the variability and superior performance of Fusarium wilt-resistant castor beans. The study took place at the Faculty of Agriculture's greenhouse Experimental farm, Universitas Brawijaya in Lowokwaru District, Malang, East Java, from January to July 2021. Twenty two genotypes resistant to Fusarium wilt, urea fertilizer, NPK, and pesticides were used. Augmented design was used as the experimental field design. Following Pearson correlation type and coefficient of variation, variability was investigated using principal component analysis (PCA). Based on PCA, the variability of morphological characters of 22 genotypes of castor bean is divided into first-nine principal components with a cumulative variability of 85.91 percent. The coefficient of variation for the main raceme weight character is 61.15 percent. The TBN 0816-36 genotype succeeds in vegetative characters, while the CT4-10-3-(C864-3)-68 genotype performs best in yield.

Genome-wide association and RNA-seq analyses identify loci for pod orientation in rapeseed (Brassica napus).

Spatial distribution and orientation of pods on the main raceme (stem) and branches could affect rapeseed yield. However, genomic regions underlying the pod orientation were not described in Brassica species. Here, we determined the extent of genetic variation in pod orientation, described as the angles of pedicel on raceme (APR) and angles of the pod on pedicel (APP) among 136 rapeseed accessions grown across three environments of the upper, middle and lower Yangtze River in China. The APR ranged from 59° to 109°, while the APP varied from 142° to 178°. Statistical analysis showed that phenotypic variation was due to genotypic (G) and environmental (E) effects. Using the genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) approach, two QTLs for APR (qBnAPR.A02 and qBnAPR.C02) and two for APP (qBnAPP.A05 and qBnAPP.C05), having minor to moderate allelic effects (4.30% to 19.47%) were identified. RNA-seq analysis revealed 606 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in two rapeseed accessions representing the extreme phenotypes for pod orientation and different alleles at the QTLs of APR. Three DEGs (BnLAZY4.A02, BnSAUR32.A02, and BnSAUR32.C02) were identified as the most likely candidates responsible for variation in pod orientation (APR). This study elucidates the genomic regions and putative candidate genes underlying pod orientation in B. napus.

High plant density increases sunlight interception and yield of direct-seeded winter canola in China

Summary Rationally higher population density is crucial for seeking a balance that meets lodging resistance and maximizes seed yield in mechanized direct-seeded winter canola. In this study, a split-plot experiment with two cultivars (Huayouza9 and Zhongshuang11) and eleven planting densities (12–105 plants m-2) was conducted in a two-season field experiment to evaluate the high planting density in this cropping system and improve its production efficiency. Seed yield noticeably increased in planting density up to 80 plants m-2 in Zhongshuang11 (2187 kg hm-2) and 60 plants m-2 in Huayouza9 (2943 kg hm-2). The seed yield of Huayouza9 did not differ significantly from the local target seed yield. Higher plant density curtailed the luxurious vegetative growth of individual canola plants at the density of no less than 60–80 plants m-2, and high seed yield was derived from the increased ratio of main raceme and branch seed weight in winter canola. An increase in plant densities contributed to the reinforced sunlight interception at the pod-filling stage, providing a larger canopy photosynthetic area for the rapid growth of more canola pods at higher densities (60–105 plants m-2). Lodging resistance and breaking resistance decreased sharply with the plant density increasing from 12 to 60 plants m-2 while remaining almost steady as it further increased from 60 to 105 plants m-2 for Huayouza9 and Zhongshuang11. Hence, the population density of 60 plants m-2 reached a balance between lodging resistance and maximized seed yield in mechanized direct-seeded winter canola in China.

Studies on Genetic Variability and Divergence in Mustard (Brassica Juncea L.).

The purpose of the research is to study Genetic Variability, Divergence and correlation studies on 20 genotypes of mustard The phenotypic coefficient of variation was greater than genotypic coefficient of variation for all the traits. The high magnitude of both coefficients was recorded in case of number of primary number, secondary, number of siliquae per plant, seed yield per plant and harvesting index. High heritability with high genetic advance was recorded for number of primary branches, number of secondary branches, length of main raceme, number of siliquae in main raceme, number of siliqua per plant, number of seeds per siliquae, biological yield, 1000 seed weight, seed yield per plant and harvesting index. In the present findings the significant phenotypic correlation of seed yield per plant were found positive for the characters Days to 50% flowering, plant height, number of primary branches, number of secondary branches, length of main raceme, number of siliqua per plant, length of siliqua, number of seeds per siliqua, harvesting index and seed yield per plant showed positive significant correlation with seed yield per plant. The path coefficient analysis of different characters revealed that highest positive direct effect on seed yield per plant per plant was exerted by harvest index per plant followed by biological yield and negative direct effect on seed yield / plant was exhibited by number of siliqua per plant followed by length of siliqua, days to 50% flowering, number of secondary and number of primary branches. Diversity among clusters varied from 11.87 to 33.28.The highest intra-cluster distance was recorded in cluster II The genotypes falling in these clusters could be utilized for hybridization programme in Indian mustard.

Variability, Correlation, Path Coefficient and Genetic Diversity Analysis in Indian Mustard

Phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation (PCV & GCV), heritability, genetic advance (GA), correlation, path and diversity analysis for fourteen characters in twenty-five genotypes of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) were evaluated for seed yield and thirteen other yield contributing traits. Genetic variability indicated that, the PCV was greater than GCV for all the traits studied was majorly due to the influence of environment. High heritability along with high genetic advance as percent of mean were recorded for plant height, number of primary branches per plant, number of secondary branches per plant, length of main raceme, number of siliqua on main raceme, number of siliqua per plant, 1000 seed weight, biological yield per plant, seed yield per plant and harvest index, Indicating the breeding improvement through direct selection. In correlation analysis, seed yield per plant had significant and positive correlation with number of primary branches per plant, number of secondary branches, number of siliqua on main raceme, number of siliqua per plant, length of siliqua, number of seeds per siliqua, 1000 seed weight, biological yield per plant and harvest index at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. Path coefficient analysis indicated that, the highest positive direct effects was noted for days to 50% flowering, plant height, number of siliqua per plant, number of seeds per siliqua, length of main raceme, number of primary branches per plant, 1000 seed weight, biological yield per plant, harvest index. Therefore, these traits should be given more priority for selection in breeding programme. Genetic divergence assessed using D2 statistics for characters enabled grouping of all the genotypes in six clusters. Diversity among the clusters varied from 9.67 to 24.03 inter-cluster distances, cluster II and V showed maximum inter cluster distance followed by that between cluster V and VI. The genotypes falling in these clusters could be utilized for hybridization programme in Indian mustard.

Integration of morpho-physico-biochemical traits with SSR and SRAP markers for characterization of castor genotypes of Indian origin

Castor (Ricinus communis L.) is an important tropical oilseed crop, whose oil has versatile, practical value, especially in industries. The present study aimed to estimate the nature and magnitude of variability in the castor germplasm concerning yield and its component traits and physico-biochemical characters. Seed yield per plant and oil content ranged from 80.90 ​g (ICS-165) to 248.30 ​g (RG-3216), and 34.7% (ICS-172) to 58.7% (JI-277), respectively. The iodine value of oil ranged from 76.36 (JI-370) to 89.84 (P2-135) with an average value of 83.02. The mean saponification value of oil was 182.24. The genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation were high for acid value, capsules on the main raceme, seed yield per plant, and total length of the main raceme. A positive association of porosity, average unit volume, and total length of the main raceme with seed yield per plant showed that these characters might be directly attributed to seed yield improvement. By Manhattan distances, the 30 genotypes were grouped into 3 clusters. Their genetic diversity was elucidated using SSR and SRAP markers. SRAP marker produced higher mean number of total bands (5.71), polymorphic bands (4.57), percentage polymorphism (83.10%), PIC (1.72), RP (5.90), mean RP (1.02), MR (5.71), EMR (4.57) and MI (1.44) values when compared to SSR (2.89, 2.11, 79.63%, 0.61, 1.90, 0.72, 2.89, 2.11 and 0.49, respectively) marker. The highest genetic distance (0.77) was between 48-1 and JI-370, which indicated that these genotypes could be used in biparental mating schemes, QTL map development, and hybridization programmes to increase oil content and quality for industrial purposes.

Genetic variability and heritability estimates of morphological traits in F2 populations of rapeseed (Brassica carinata L.)

This study aimed to estimate genetic variability, heritability, and genetic advance for morphological characters in Brassica carinata L. A total of 22 genotypes comprised of six parental lines and their 16 bulk F2 populations were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications at The University of Agriculture Peshawar during 2013-14. Data were recorded on days to 50% flowering, primary branches plant-1, main raceme length, pods on main raceme, pod length, number of seeds pod-1, 100-seed weight, and seed yield plant-1. Significant genetic differences were observed for all the traits studied. Among parental lines, C-93 performed better for primary branches plant-1 (11 branches), main raceme length (59.57 cm), pods on main raceme-1 (33 pods), and seeds pod-1 (15 seeds), C-95 for pod length (4.04 cm) and seed yield plant-1 (12.26 g). Among F2 populations, C-97 x C-88 performed better for main raceme length (73.20 cm), pods on main raceme (41 pods), C-88 x C-93 for pod length (4.95 cm), seeds pod-1 (18 seeds), and seed yield plant-1 (14.71 g). Moderate (30 < h2 ≤ 60) to high (h2 > 60) broad-sense heritability was observed for all morphological traits with maximum genetic advance, hence indicated that selection could be effective in the early generation for the improvements of these studied traits. Generally, cross combinations C-88 x C-93, C-97 x C-95, C-90 x C-93, and C-97 x C-88 performed better than their parental lines for morphological (primary branches plant-1, seeds pod-1, and seed yield plant-1) traits and could be exploited for varietal development in future brassica breeding programs.

Leaf Nitrogen Traits in Response to Plant Density and Nitrogen Supply in Oilseed Rape

Understanding the response of plant nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) economies in oilseed rape, as well as their role in defining phenotypic plasticity, is necessary for designing new strategies to optimize plant and canopy C assimilation to improve potential yield. This paper aims to elucidate the extent to which the interaction between N supply and plant population density alters N distribution in oilseed rape plant (Brassica napus L.) and whether this interaction changes plant investment in leaf area or leaf mass per area. Spring oilseed rape was grown at two rates of N supply (50 and 150 kg N·ha−1) and two plant population densities (50 and 150 plants·m−2). Photosynthesis, leaf area, leaf biomass, and N content of selected leaves were measured at 20% of flowers on main raceme open. The interaction between N supply and plant population density altered leaf N content per area, which is the main determinant of photosynthesis. This interaction also affected leaf mass per area, while N supply determined N content per unit leaf mass. These results suggest that the interaction between N supply and population density affects both nitrogen distribution and leaf mass per area, which could have important implications for light distribution and, therefore, for C assimilation at the plant level.

Genetic parameter and character association studies in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern and Coss)

Character association studies were carried out with 28 genotypes of Indian mustard. Analysis of variance estimates of all the ten characters studied were highly significant. Coefficient of variation for GCV and PCV were found high for the traits no. of secondary branches/plant, days to 50% flowering, 1000-seed weight and seed yield/plant. The character days to 50% flowering showed higher heritability with high genetic advance. Correlation study revealed that seed yield/plant had significant and positive association with plant height (0.48G and 0.32P), main raceme length (0.60G and 0.39P), number of siliquae/plant (0.58G and 0.39P), number of primary branches/plant (0.89G and 0.36P), number of secondary branches/plant (0.45G and 0.32P), number of primary branches/plant and oil content (0.52 G and 0.37P) at genotypic and phenotypic levels.

Genetic variability and path coefficient analysis for seed yield and its related attributes in indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. czern and coss.) under late sown condition

Twenty five genotype of Indian mustard were undertaken to determine relationship among yield and its components using direct selection parameters like variability, heritability and genetic advance for 13 yield and its contributing characters. Analysis of variance for the design of the experiment indicated highly significant differences for all the characters. Higher phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was recorded for number of secondary branches per plant followed by seed yield per plant, 1000-seed weight, length of main raceme, number of primary branches per plant, number of seeds per siliqua. High Heritability estimates were observed for days to 50% flowering (77.59%), length of main raceme (77.39%), 1000-seed weight (76.44%), plant height (75.67%), days to maturity (75.23%), number of secondary branches per plant (73.63%), number of siliquae per plant (71.64%), harvest index (70.63%), oil content (70.02%), biological yield per plant (69.09%), seed yield per plant (69.01%), number of primary branches per plant (68.98%), number of seeds per siliqua (67.60%). The expected genetic advance as percent of mean was high for seed yield plant per plant, 1000-seed weight, number of siliquae per plant, number of secondary branches plant, plant height. The high heritability coupled with high genetic advance for seed yield plant per plant, 1000-seed weight, number of siliquae per plant, number of secondary branches plant, plant height would be helpful for indirect selection in improvement of seed yield. At phenotypic level seed yield per plant showed highly significant and positive association with harvest index, biological yield per plant, number of seeds per siliquea, number of primary branches per plant. The maximum coefficient of phenotypic variation was observed for number of secondary branches per plant.

Automatic Measuring Approach and Device for Mature Rapeseed’s Plant Type Parameters

The plant type parameters, which can be used to track and study the morphological changes of crop organs, are of great importance for breeders and testers. Based on the structural characteristics of mature rapeseed, an automatic measuring system for rapeseed plant type parameters was studied, through which the parameters of primary branches including their quantity, position, and branching angle and the geometric parameters such as plant height, main stem width, main raceme length, and the first branch height were measured. The system hardware includes a manual cutting-short device, an image acquisition darkroom, and a control circuit, used for capturing videos of a stably rotating rapeseed plant in a darkroom with an adjustable light source. The system software is used to connect and control CCD camera and other hardware and run specific image processing algorithms to process and analyze videos to obtain plant type parameters. The human-machine interface provided by the system can be used to set working parameters and display and process measurement results. To evaluate the accuracy of this prototype, batches of rapeseed plants were tested. The results showed that the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) for the system was about 2.74%, and the automatic measurements had a good agreement with manual measurements. The measuring efficiency was approximately 2.1 times over manual method. In conclusion, the system, which automatically extracts plant type parameters with high throughput and high precision, is of practical value as it can effectively reduce the labor intensity of researchers and provide important basic data for the research of rapeseed breeding and agricultural machinery design.

Genetic components analysis in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern and Coss) under Saharanpur districts

Regression coefficient ‘b1’ deviated from unity for length of main raceme, Number of secondary branches per plant, test weight, oil content, Number of siliquae per plant, seed yield per plant. The estimates of additive components ( Dˆ ), dominance components ( 1 Hˆ and 2Hˆ ) were highly significant for days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height, length of main raceme, number of siliquae per plant, number of secondary branches per plant, oil content, test weight and seed yield per plant .All the estimates of Fˆ (mean of Fr value, where Fr is the proportion of negatives effects of Genes in rth parents) was positive and significant number of siliquae per plant, days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height and except for which is highly significant whereas days to maturity was negative and significant. The estimates of 2 hˆ were positive and highly significant for days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height, length of main raceme, oil content, test weight and seed yield per plant. The estimates of mean degree of dominance ( 1Hˆ / Dˆ ) 0.5 were more than unity for length of main raceme, number of secondary branches per plant, oil content, test weight and seed yield per plant.