Main Organic Components Research Articles

Experimental and density functional theory calculations on the pyrolysis characteristics and mechanism of polarizing film, the main organic component of waste liquid crystal display panels

Waste liquid crystal display (LCD) panels contain a significant amount of rare precious metal In, and In extraction is also the industry's driving force There are currently many reports on the recovery of In from waste LCD panels, but there are not many on the recovery of organic components from waste LCD panels, particularly polarizing film recovery. Pyrolysis is one of the most promising technologies for organic waste recycling. This work utilized TG, TG-FTIR, and Py-GC/MS to examine the pyrolysis properties and product distribution of the polarizing film. Additionally, a range of kinetic analysis methods and density functional theory calculation were utilized to examine the pyrolysis kinetics and mechanism of the polarizing film. Polarizing film are mainly composed of cellulose triacetate (CTA), triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyacrylate. The results showed that CTA first breaks the glycosidic bond through a synergistic reaction to form an active CTA with a low degree of polymerization, and then forms small molecule compounds such as glucan triacetate analog, methylglyoxal, and allyl benzoate, among others, through free radical reactions. PVA first forms long-chain olefins through a dehydration process, and then short-chain olefins by a free radical reaction. TPHP may merely undergo melting and evaporation rather than undergoing a chemical reaction. Polyacrylate generates esters and aldehydes mainly through free radical reactions. This study provides a theoretical foundation and comprehensive reference for the pyrolysis and recycling of waste LCD panels.

Crude oil removal from water: Influence of organic phase composition and mineral content

AbstractThe effect of organic and inorganic compounds, commonly present in the mineralogy of crude oil and/or added in the washing processes of extracted crude, on the removal efficiency of emulsified oils present in waste washing waters was investigated by means of flocculation. Approximately 90% of the emulsified oil could be removed using an anionic flocculant, providing a residual turbidity below 100 NTU. The yield depended on the nature of the organic and inorganic components present. The higher the chain length of the main organic component, the greater the flocculant concentration required to remove the oil. Several components had an effect of emulsification (e.g., octane, decane), some of which rendered de‐oiling process completely ineffective (e.g., naphthenic acids). Aliphatics were the most difficult to eliminate, requiring flocculant levels in the 200–300 ppm range. This is in contrast to 75–100 ppm levels which were required to remove bi‐ and poly‐cyclic aromatics. Heavy oils were more difficult to remove than light oils. There was a strong effect of the pH of the aqueous phase. The optimum was pH = 2.0. Virtually all inorganic compounds reduced the efficiency of removing oil from water when spiked at 1%. The only exception was sodium carbonate which acted as a de‐emulsifier. Monovalent salts have a minor effect on de‐oiling, with efficiencies remaining at 80%. Divalent chlorides reduced the de‐oiling efficiency to 70% while sulphates had a more severe influence. The de‐oiling efficiency was lowered substantially with the addition of clays, zinc, cadmium, ferric oxide, calcium carbonate, and dibenyhlthiophene.

Identification and quantification of the main organic components in artisanal apple vinegars from Iraq Kurdistan region by 1H NMR spectroscopy

Identification and quantification of the main organic components in artisanal apple vinegars from Iraq Kurdistan region by 1H NMR spectroscopy

Rare Earth Extraction from Phosphogypsum by Aspergillus niger Culture Broth.

The extraction of rare earth elements (REEs) from phosphogypsum (PG) is of great significance for the effective utilization of rare earth resources and enhancing the resource value of PG waste residues. This study used Aspergillus niger (A. niger) fungal culture filtrate as a leaching agent to investigate the behavior of extracting REEs from PG through direct and indirect contact methods. According to the ICP-MS results, direct leaching at a temperature of 30 °C, shaking speed of 150 rpm, and a solid-liquid ratio of 2:1, achieved an extraction rate of 74% for REEs, with the main elements being yttrium (Y), lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), and neodymium (Nd). Under the same conditions, the extraction rate of REEs from phosphogypsum using an A. niger culture filtrate was 63.3% higher than that using the simulated organic acid-mixed solution prepared with the main organic acid components in the A. niger leachate. Moreover, the morphological changes observed in A. niger before and after leaching further suggest the direct involvement of A. niger's metabolic process in the extraction of REEs. When compared to using organic acids, A. niger culture filtrate exhibits higher leaching efficiency for extracting REEs from PG. Additionally, using A. niger culture filtrate is a more environmentally friendly method with the potential for industrial-scale applications than using inorganic acids for the leaching of REEs from PG.

Characterization of the effect of pyrolysis in torrefied wood chips

The pyrolysis behavior of torrefied wood produced in Portugal was investigated. Torrefaction is the thermochemical upgrading of biomass at approximately 300ºC in an atmosphere free of oxidizing agents to increase fuel density and to improve fuel quality, decreasing moisture and increasing heating value. Torrefied woodchips were pyrolysed at pressurized conditions in an inert atmosphere at 600ºC. All the condensable liquids were sampled for analyses. All pyrolysis hydrocarbon liquids were analysed using simulated distillation (simdis) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS). Torrefied wood hydrocarbon liquid showed higher concentrations of aliphatic aldehydes liquid. A decrease in all the other molecular components was observed for the torrefied wood hydrocarbon liquid. The main organic components in the torrefied wood pyrolysis water fractions were acids, alcohols and aliphatic oxygenates. Torrefied wood pyrolysis water exhibited a significantly lower acid concentration when compared to non torrefied wood pyrolysis water. The biomass chars (prepared at 600ºC) were analysed using proximate analyses and carbon dioxide char reactivity. Proximate analyses showed that volatile matter was still present in the torrefied wood, but was almost completely devolatilized after pyrolysis.

Highly selective extraction of lignin and hemicellulose with retained original structure from sugarcane bagasse via low-temperature soaking and acidic precipitation

Low-temperature soaking can be used to extract the majority of the hemicellulose and lignin from bagasse without substantially changing its structure.The effects of temperature, alkali concentration, and treatment duration on the extraction of hemicellulose and lignin from bagasse via low-temperature alkaline soaking were investigated. Acid precipitation provided a solution by separating lignin from black liquor and enabled the categorization of the lignin into different groups based on the reduced pH of the solution. The precipitation of hemicellulose and lignin from black liquor under different pH conditions was investigated. The optimal pretreatment conditions for bagasse were determined to be an alkali concentration of 75 g L–1 at 35 °C for 8 d, achieving a pentose selectivity of 0.97. The main organic components of lignin and carbohydrates precipitated in different pH environments. The highest xylose content in the precipitate was obtained at pH 13.65 (above 85%), whereas the lignin content was above 90% at pH 2. The results of fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D NMR) analyses showed that the structure of the water-soluble substances and precipitates slightly changed during alkali pretreatment, which allowed for increased accessibility in subsequent biorefineries, such as in catalytic hydrogenolysis.

Natural and anthropogenic dissolved organic matter in landfill leachate: Composition, transformation, and their coexistence characteristics

A large number of natural and anthropogenic wastes were landfilled, and dissolved organic matter (DOM) were formed during landfill. However, the composition, transformation, and coexistence characteristics of natural and anthropogenic DOM in leachate remain unclear. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, size exclusion chromatography, gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, and three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix spectrum were employed to clarify comprehensively the abovementioned question. The results showed that natural DOM in young leachate constituted mainly straight-chain organic acids, protein substances, and building blocks of humic substances (BB). Straight-chain organic acids vanished in old leachates, and the concentration of protein substances and BB decreased from 44% to 26% and from 47% to 12%, respectively, while CHON and CHONS were degraded to CHO and CHOS during the process. As to anthropogenic DOM, its types and relative content in leachate increased during landfill, and aromatic acids, terpenes, halogenated organics, indoles, and phenols became the main organic components in old leachate. Compared to natural DOM, anthropogenic DOM was degraded slowly and accumulated in leachate, and some of the natural DOM facilitated the dechlorination of dichlorinated organic compounds. This study demonstrates that landfill led to an increase in humic substances and halogenated organic compounds in old leachate, which was intensified with concentrated leachate recirculation.

Mechanism of organic fouling in the reverse osmosis process of coal chemical wastewater

With the development and utilization of coal on a large scale, the treatment of coal chemical wastewater (CCW) had received extensive attention. This study utilized CCW from a coal liquefaction wastewater treatment plant to investigate the mechanism of organic fouling in the reverse osmosis (RO) process. CCW, which possessed high levels of organic matter, underwent RO process and resulted in significantly improved water quality, with a decrease in total organic carbon from 173.70 mg/L to 2.36 mg/L. However, the membrane surface was fouled by organic matter after continuous filtration for 14 h, causing a substantial reduction in the membrane flux, which decreased to 69.0 % normalized membrane flux. High molecular weight humic acid, the primary organic matter present in CCW, was found to be responsible for the organic fouling on the membrane surface, consistent with the main organic component of CCW. Moreover, organic foulants, including nitrogen heterocyclic compounds, alcohols, and lipids, were detected on the membrane surface. The study presented herein provides a comprehensive understanding and analysis of organic fouling in a RO system, offering crucial data support for the development of effective strategies to prevent and control RO membrane fouling in water treatment processes.

The degradation of bisphenol-A organic pollutant using the dispersal of TiO2 nanorods onto the partial reduction of graphene oxide nanosheets

The notion of innovative combinations of semiconducting metal oxides for photocatalytic destruction is a key factor in the removal of environmental contaminants. However, for the first time, the combination was made possible for the aforementioned reason by embedding one-dimensional titanium dioxide (TiO2) semiconductor nanorods on two-dimensional rGO (reduced graphene oxide) nanosheets utilizing hydrothermal and a modified Hummers' method. By applying several sophisticated procedures, the properties of these catalysts were found, and then the degradation of BPA (bisphenol-A) was examined with UV and visible light sources. Further, all the analyses were performed on pure TiO2 material. As a result of the synergistic interaction between TiO2 and rGO, the rGO-TiO2 catalyst produced a favorable photocatalytic outcome. The structural investigation of rGO-TiO2 has confirmed that the TiO2 was in anatase phase along with GO and rGO peaks, and the morphological characterization showed that the TiO2 nanorods were integrated randomly into the rGO nanosheets along with defective sites. Also, adding rGO to TiO2 causes charge separation, and π–π interactions to improve the visible light absorption range. In this study, the main model organic component in the photocatalytic degradation is bisphenol-A (BPA). During visible light irradiation, the OH radicals were finally produced by the redox reactions. Furthermore, the rGO surface adsorbs the phenol molecules due to graphene π–π interactions, thus narrowing the band gap and increasing the efficiency of BPA degradation.

Comparative genomics of the proteostasis network in extreme acidophiles.

Extreme acidophiles thrive in harsh environments characterized by acidic pH, high concentrations of dissolved metals and high osmolarity. Most of these microorganisms are chemolithoautotrophs that obtain energy from low redox potential sources, such as the oxidation of ferrous ions. Under these conditions, the mechanisms that maintain homeostasis of proteins (proteostasis), as the main organic components of the cells, are of utmost importance. Thus, the analysis of protein chaperones is critical for understanding how these organisms deal with proteostasis under such environmental conditions. In this work, using a bioinformatics approach, we performed a comparative genomic analysis of the genes encoding classical, periplasmic and stress chaperones, and the protease systems. The analysis included 35 genomes from iron- or sulfur-oxidizing autotrophic, heterotrophic, and mixotrophic acidophilic bacteria. The results showed that classical ATP-dependent chaperones, mostly folding chaperones, are widely distributed, although they are sub-represented in some groups. Acidophilic bacteria showed redundancy of genes coding for the ATP-independent holdase chaperones RidA and Hsp20. In addition, a systematically high redundancy of genes encoding periplasmic chaperones like HtrA and YidC was also detected. In the same way, the proteolytic ATPase complexes ClpPX and Lon presented redundancy and broad distribution. The presence of genes that encoded protein variants was noticeable. In addition, genes for chaperones and protease systems were clustered within the genomes, suggesting common regulation of these activities. Finally, some genes were differentially distributed between bacteria as a function of the autotrophic or heterotrophic character of their metabolism. These results suggest that acidophiles possess an abundant and flexible proteostasis network that protects proteins in organisms living in energy-limiting and extreme environmental conditions. Therefore, our results provide a means for understanding the diversity and significance of proteostasis mechanisms in extreme acidophilic bacteria.

ORGANIC MATTER IN THE PARATUNKA GEOTHERMAL FIELD (KAMCHATKA) THERMAL WATERS

Link for citation: Poturay V.A. Organic matter in the Paratunka geothermal field (Kamchatka) thermal waters. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering, 2023, vol. 334, no. 8, рр. 98-109. In Rus. The relevance of the research is determined by the need to obtain actual data on the composition of organic compounds in thermal mineral waters. Hydrothermal systems contain different classes of organic matter, its composition in the Far East thermal waters being poorly investigated. The organic matter study is primarily aimed at elucidating the mechanisms of organic components transformation under high temperatures and pressure. This study contributes to deeper understanding of the processes occurring in the system «water–rock–organic matter». The main aim of the research is to determine the organic compounds composition and genesis in the Paratunka geothermal area (Northern and Karymshin sites) thermal waters; estimation of the hydrocarbons molecular weight distribution; compare the obtained data with that for other hydrothermal systems of Kamchatka. Objects: the Paratunka hydrothermal system (thermal water from deep wells in the Northern and Karymshin areas), the Mutnovka and Uzon hydrothermal systems (steam-water mixture from deep wells in the Dachnoe and North Mutnovskaya thermal fields, and thermal water from shallow wells in the Eastern thermal field). Methods: field routes, solid-phase extraction, capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, calculation of geochemical hydrocarbon distribution indices. Results. In the Paratunka geothermal area thermal waters 40 organic compounds are found, which belong to 11 homological series. Aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons of thermogenic (formed as a result of thermocatalytic transformation of organic residues) and bacterial origin reach their maximum distribution. The specific molecular-weight distribution of normal alkanes showing only even low-molecular-weight homologues is characteristic of the Karymshin thermal waters. Comparison of the data with the results of the study of organic matter in Kamchatka (the Paratunka, Mutnovka, and Uzon geothermal areas) demonstrates a great similarity of main organic components composition, all of them showing a sharp predominance of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons.

Effect of Organic Matter Components on the Mechanical Properties of Cemented Soil.

The organic matter in soft clay tends to affect the properties of cement-stabilized soil. The influence degree of different organic matter varies. In this paper, the influence weights and mechanism of the main organic matter components fulvic acid and humic acid on the mechanical properties of cemented soil were investigated. Impacts of FA/HA (fulvic acid/humic acid) values and curing time on the unconfined compressive strength, deformation characteristics, and microstructure of cemented soil were explored through the unconfined compressive strength test and electrical resistivity test. The results show that with the increase of FA/HA, the unconfined compressive strength of cemented soil gradually decreased and the plastic properties enhanced. The increase in curing time changed the stress-strain relationship of cemented soil, and some specimens showed brittle damage. The initial resistivity and structural property parameters of cemented soil gradually decreased with the increasing FA/HA value and increased with the increase of curing time. It revealed the influence law of FA/HA and curing time change on the microstructure of cemented soil. Based on the experimental results, the quantitative relationship equations between FA/HA and curing time and unconfined compressive strength, failure strain, deformation modulus, and resistivity were established.

Influence of submarine topography and sediment environment on microbial assemblages in a coastal lagoon in northeastern Japan

The relationships among eutrophication, anoxia, and microbial distribution were investigated for Nagatsura-Ura Lagoon on the northeastern Pacific coast of Japan. In September 2017, the bottom environment in a small area of the inner part of the lagoon (which has a basin-shaped bottom topology) was eutrophic and anoxic, with high carbon, nitrogen, phosphate, acid-volatile sulfide, and low dissolved oxygen and oxidation-reduction potential. Dissolved oxygen levels improved during the winter. Bacillariophyta (diatoms) were the main organic component according to pigment analysis and next-generation sequencing of nucleic acids in seawater samples. Phylum Proteobacteria was dominant among the bacterial flora in the sediment but the proportions of Class Epsilon-proteobacteria and Chlorobium (a green sulfur-utilizing bacterium) were high in the inner part of the lagoon compared to other stations, and these groups were also present in winter. Apparently groups able to thrive in both anoxic and aerobic conditions were predominant in the inner part of the lagoon.

Average molecular structure model of shale kerogen: Experimental characterization, structural reconstruction, and pyrolysis analysis

Shale can be both a source rock and a reservoir rock, which is a typical self-generating and self-storing type of oil accumulation. Its main organic component is kerogen. Using molecular dynamics (MD), a realistic kerogen molecular structure model is an alternative to experimental and analytical-only approaches for studying shale organic matter's microscopic properties. Therefore, it is useful to establish an average molecular structure model for shale kerogen. Moreover, the pyrolysis mechanism of shale kerogen is of great significance for developing and utilizing shale mineral resources. In this study, geochemical and spectroscopic measurements such as the elemental analysis, 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (13C NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to obtain information about the carbon skeleton, aliphatic structures, and aromatic structures of the kerogen. Following information analysis and molecular fragment splicing, a 2D molecular structure model of kerogen from the Nanpu shale, with the chemical formula C199H240O20N6S2 and molecular weight of 3096 Daltons was constructed. After that, the accuracy of the 2D structure was verified by comparing the 13C NMR spectra simulated by the 2D structure to the experimental spectra. Using MD simulation, based on the kerogen density, 10 2D structures are then combined to create a realistic 3D molecular structure model of kerogen. Finally, pyrolysis analysis was performed based on the established 3D molecular structure model of kerogen to determine the effect of temperature on pyrolysis. Using the advantages of various technologies, this study not only provides a systematic method for establishing a realistic 3D molecular structure model of kerogen but also contributes to in-depth research on the reaction mechanism of kerogen pyrolysis, providing a reliable foundation for future research on the properties of shale at the molecular scale.

Experimental study on supercritical water gasification of oily sludge using a continuous two-step method

Supercritical water gasification (SCWG) technology can convert oily sludge into hydrogen-rich gas. To achieve high gasification efficiency of oily sludge with a high oil concentration under mild conditions, a two-step method involving a desorption process and a catalytic gasification process using Raney-Ni catalyst was investigated. High oil removal efficiency (99.57%) and carbon gasification efficiency (93.87%) were achieved. The lowest wastewater total organic carbon, oil content, and carbon content in the solid residues were 4.88 ppm, 0.08% and 0.88%, respectively, using a gasification temperature of 600 °C, treatment concentration of 1.11 wt%, gasification time of 70.7 s, and the optimal desorption temperature of 390 °C. The main organic carbon component in the solid residues was cellulose, which is environmentally safe. As the treatment concentration increased, the two-step method outperformed the single-step method. The mechanism for the two-step SCWG of oily sludge was revealed. In the first step, supercritical water is used in the desorption unit to achieve a high oil removal efficiency with few liquid products generated. In the second step, the Raney-Ni catalyst promotes efficient gasification of high-concentration oil at a low temperature. This research provides valuable insights into the effective SCWG of oily sludge at a low temperature.

Mechanism analysis of calcium nitrate application to induce gibberellin biosynthesis and signal transduction promoting stem elongation of Dendrobium officinale

Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo is a precious medicinal plant which has high medicinal and commercial value. The length of the stem of D. officinale is an important factor affecting the yield because of its bioactive polysaccharides found in the stem. Nitrate can promote the elongation of young stems, but the mechanisms of calcium nitrate (CN) mediated stem length growth remain largely unknown. In this study, the transcriptome, main organic components, mineral elements and microstructure of D. officinale sprayed with CN were analyzed. 659 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in the Control and CN treatment. The concentrations of the calcium and nitrate increased significantly, while the concentrations of two kinds of the aldohexoses decreased significantly. Most of the twenty key genes involved in calcium and nitrate signal transduction and carbohydrate metabolism were up-regulated. In the two pathways of gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis and signal transduction, it was found that the expression of four differential genes related to GA biosynthesis was up-regulated, and the contents of nine GAs were also significantly increased, especially the contents of bioactive GA1 and GA4. The expression levels of most genes related to GA signal transduction were also up-regulated after CN treatment. After CN treatment, the expression levels of downstream genes related to stem elongation and tillering were also up-regulated. In addition, the microstructure showed that CN treatment made cells elongate longitudinally, made cell walls and collenchyma thicken, made obvious lignification and the increased the number of vascular bundles, indicating that CN can promote stem elongation by enhancing ductility and mechanical strength. These results provide a theoretical and practical basis for studying how nitrate treatment can improve the stem length and yield of D. officinale.

The effect of repeated energy inputs on the release profiles of extracellular organic substances in sewage sludge

Organic matter (OM) recovery from sewage sludge is critical for sustainable development. Extracellular organic substances (EOS) are the main organic components of sludge, and the release of EOS from sludge is usually the rate-limiting step for OM recovery. However, a poor understanding of the intrinsic characteristics of binding strength (BS) of EOS usually restricts the release of OM from sludge. To reveal the underlying mechanism that how the intrinsic characteristics of EOS limit its release, in this study, the BS of EOS in sludge was quantitatively characterised by 10 rounds of energy input (Ein) with the same magnitude per round; the corresponding changes in the main components, floc structures and rheological properties of sludge after different numbers of Ein were also explored. Results showed that relationships between the release of EOS and the main multivalent metals, median diameters, fractal dimensions, elastic modulus and viscous modulus in the linear viscoelastic region of sludge versus the number of Ein, highlighted that the power-law distribution of BS in EOS was responsible for the occurrence state of organic molecules, stability of floc structures and maintenance of rheological properties. The result of hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) further revealed three BS levels of the EOS in sludge, indicating that the release or recovery of OM from sludge occurred in three stages. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that explores the release profiles of EOS in sludge by repeated Ein for assessing the BS. Our findings may provide an important theoretical basis for the development target methods about the release and recovery of OM from sludge.

Assessment of Uncarboxylated Osteocalcin Levels in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Osteocalcin is one of the main organic components of the bone matrix and consists of 49 amino acids excreted from osteoblastic cells in carboxylated and uncarboxylated forms. Carboxylated Osteocalcin belongs to the bone matrix, whereas uncarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) is an important enzyme of osteocalcin in the circulatory system. It is an essential protein for balancing the minerals in bones, binding with calcium, and regulating body glucose levels. In this review, we point out the assessment of ucOC levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus. The experimental results that show ucOC controls glucose metabolism are significant because they relate to the current obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. To confirm that, low serum levels of ucOC were a risk factor for poor glucose metabolism, and further clinical studies are required.

Coupling influences of organic components and temperature on nitrogen transformation and hydrochar characterization during hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge

Nitrogen (N) in sewage sludge (SS) should be reduced if it is to be used to produce clean solid fuels. However, the N transformation during hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of SS is not yet fully understood. Since the composition of SS is complex, it is wise to study a model compound, which should have typical functional groups of organic components. Hence, in this study, six model components (protein, lipid, cellulose, hemicellulose, humic acid, and lignin) representing the main organic components in SS were mixed with SS and treated at 150–270 °C for 1 h. The influence of the organic component and reaction temperature on hydrochar yield, hydrochar characterization, and N distribution in the products was investigated. Except for proteins and lipids, all the other components were found to contribute to the N content and aromatization of the hydrochar. Humus shows the best comprehensive performance in terms of both reducing the N content and increasing the aromaticity. The strongest effects of hemicellulose and cellulose on N retention in hydrochar are found to occur at 210 °C and 240 °C, respectively. The N retention caused by lignin is correlated with the Mannich reaction at 240 °C, while humus significantly promotes N transformation at 240 °C. For carbohydrates, lignin, and humus, the temperatures required for increasing the N content and aromaticity maintain a high degree of consistency. Although protein pulls down the energy recovery (ER) and yield of the hydrochar, observations indicate that it favors the carbonization process. This finding can be used for estimating the N content and quality of hydrochar and provides references for future research targeting the upgrading of hydrochar.

Quantitative analysis of soil living organisms and important aspects of vermicompost cultivation

This article provides information on microorganisms, plants and California red worms used in the production of biohumus, which are the main organic components of some cultivated soils in the Bukhara oasis. Also, the services of plants, animals and microorganisms, which are living organisms living in the soil, in increasing soil fertility are described, the importance of plants that provide life factors for each biocenosis in the normal growth and development is revealed.