Main Operations Research Articles

The Impact of Replacing Synchronous Generators with Renewable-Energy Technologies on the Transient Stability of the Mangystau Power System: An Introduction to Flexible Automatic Dosage of Exposures

Since the creation of the first parallel electrical power systems around the world, the rotor angle stability of synchronously operating generators has been one of the most crucial and challenging problems. In modern electricity networks, including in Kazakhstan, where renewable energy technologies are rapidly emerging, the issue of stability takes on even greater importance due to the technical shortcomings of inverter-based generation. In this framework, an analysis of rotor angle transient stability was carried out when replacing existing synchronous generators with doubly fed induction generators under a certain pre-emergency mode. A critical proportion of active power generation by DFIG units was identified at which transient stability can still be maintained due to the sufficient stored kinetic energy of the synchronous machines remaining in operation. In addition, two simple solutions were investigated to improve transient stability, such as an increased time of the automatic reclosure operation and the use of special load-shedding automation. Finally, this paper proposes a novel type of flexible smart-grid automation that is capable of monitoring the main operating parameters and issuing control actions depending on inertia, the availability of wind resources, and the load of the system as a whole. For this analysis, a real power system from the Mangystau region in Kazakhstan was considered, and the PowerWorld software 23 was used.

An efficient tomato diseases detection and classification methodology using CNN Deep Learning Network

In this paper, an efficient methodology for detecting and classifying tomato diseases using a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) deep learning network is presented as an efficient aided tool to classify different tomato diseases based on their leaf appearence, where plant diseases and insects are considered as a main challenges for farmers to overcome. The proposed methodology structure is based on 20 layers using convolution, Maxpooling, Batch normalization and ReLU process as main operations in the adopted architecture. The obtained results using Plant Village database show that our proposed methodology outclasses the best recent methods of tomato diseases detection and classification with scores of 97.3% 96.8% 97.0% and 97.5% for precision, Recall, F1-Score and accuracy coefficient criteria respectively. Our methodology of tomato diseases detection and classification is found as effective, accurate and aided diagnostic tool that aims to aid farmers to make a precise plant treatments and enhancing productivity while promoting environmental sustainability.

Influence of main operating conditions on contact wire wear of rigid catenary lines

A validated overhead conductor rail and a well-known wear model have been programmed to perform closer-to-reality simulations. Reliable wear rate estimates for two configurations of overhead conductor rails and three models of pantographs at different speeds and supply currents have been obtained. Results show that wear decreases with increasing speed at high currents and when the distances between supports are uniform. In addition, the use of different types of pantographs in the same facility has a positive effect in terms of wear reduction. Consequently, an adequate selection of the operating conditions contributes to reducing the wear rate.

Intraoperative Staff Radiation Exposure During Aortic Endovascular Procedures

The risk of radiation exposure in the surgical operating room (OR) and/or catheterization laboratory is now well established. Complex endovascular procedures often require multiple approaches and different positioning of the staff members around the patient, potentially increasing the levels of radiations exposure. Our goal was to evaluate the levels of radiation exposure of the members of the staff during endovascular aortic procedures in order to propose radioprotection optimization. We included 41 aortic endovascular procedures out of 114 procedures performed between January 12, 2014, and August 31, 2015, including 24 standard endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR), 7 EVAR with iliac branch (EVARib), 8 complex fenestrated/branched EVAR (F/B EVAR), and 2 thoracic EVAR (TEVAR). Procedures were performed in an OR equipped with a carbon fiber table and a mobile fluoroscopy C-arm. We collected the usual dosimetry data given by the C-arm as well as the patient's peak skin dose (PSD). In all staff members, radiation exposure was measured with thermoluminescent chip dosimeters placed on both temples, on posterior sides of both hands, and on both lower legs. PSD levels were low for EVAR because 24 patients had values below the reading threshold. PSD significantly increased with more complex procedures. Main operator (MO) received the higher level of irradiation on whole body, hands, and ankles. Eye lenses irradiation was higher on both assistant operators (AOs). Other members received low levels of irradiation. We found a high ranges of radiation exposure with a high risk of exposure for the AO, mainly for F/B EVAR and EVARib. Even if all personal protections are used, staff positioning is a major point that must be considered. If MO is supposed to be the most exposed to X-rays, specific conditions of positioning of the AO may be at risk of exposure.

Evaluation of the effect of using sewage sludge as a fertilizer on the concentration of heavy metals in soil and the economic implications of its application

The costs of fertilising the soil with sewage sludge were reduced to the operating time of the equipment and the working time of the labourers operating the equipment in the two main operations (manure spreading and ploughing), for three sewage sludge application doses, namely 50, 100 and 200 Mg·ha-1. The costs were calculated using the Katalog Nakładów Rzeczowych nr 2-21: Tereny zielone/Ministerstwo Gospodarki Przestrzennej i Budownictwa (2009) and the current prices from Sekocendbud (2023). The effectiveness of fertilisation was assessed by studying the level and change in heavy metal content after the soil was fertilised with sewage sludge at three proportional doses, namely 50, 100 and 200 Mg·kg-1. The sewage sludge used for fertilisation complied with the sanitary requirements for sludge to be utilised for natural purposes (Regulation, 2015). The estimated total cost of sludge application ranged from PLN 12646.19 to PLN 20456.73 per 1 ha for doses from 50 to 200 Mg per 1 ha. The results of the estimation confirmed the hypothesis that the unit cost of fertilisation with stabilised sewage sludge increases with the dose of sludge in relation to the area of fertilised soil and decreases with the increase of the mass of sludge deposited in the soil. Optimising fertiliser costs, therefore, requires selection - increasing the sludge dose per unit area. No contamination of the soil with copper, cadmium, lead and zinc was found despite an obvious increase in the content of these metals when mixed into the soil. The application of sewage sludge, even in multiple doses, did not result in exceeding the permissible limit for the content of these elements in the soil, as defined in the Minister of the Environment Regulation of 2015 (Regulation, 2015).

Helmet wearing detection algorithm based on improved YOLOv5

In industrial production, workers need to wear safety helmets at all times. However, due to different lighting, viewing angles, and the tendency of people to block each other, the precision of target detection is not high enough. Aiming at this problem, a real-time detection of helmets was achieved by improving the YOLOv5 algorithm. This algorithm introduces the lightweight network structure FasterNet, which uses partial convolution as the main operator to reduce the amount of calculations and parameters of the network; the boundary regression loss function Wise-IoU loss function with a dynamic focusing mechanism replaces the original loss function in YOLOv5; finally, the CBAM attention mechanism is introduced to obtain global context information and improve the detection ability of small targets. The experimental results show that the parameters of the improved YOLOv5 model are reduced by 12.68%, the computational amount is reduced by 10.8%, the mAP is increased from 88.3 to 92.3%, and the inference time is reduced by 81.5%, which is better than the performance of the original model and can detect helmet wearing effectively and in real time.

Presence of hazardous chemical elements in low-cost children's toys: A risk to their development in early childhood

ObjectivesThe objectives of the current study was to study the presence of hazardous chemical elements (Ba138, Cd111, Cr52, Pb208, As75, Co59, Cu63, Mn55, Ni60, Se82, Sr88, Zn66 and Hg202) in low-cost children's toys, and the effect of color types on chemical element concentrations. MethodsChildren's toy samples were analyzed using microwave digestion and inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) method. Samples were prepared into small pieces, and 500 mg of homogenized sample was used for digestion by means of digesting regents HNO3 (65 %, 5 mL) and H2O2 (35 %, 1 mL). During the digestion process, the pressure was held constant at 90 bar and the temperature, hold time, and power were varied 150–170-40° C, 10–30-5 min, 70–90-0 %, respectively. The main operating conditions of ICP/MS were: spray chamber temperature (−20 °C), RF Power (1450 W), nebulizer gas flow (0.9 L/min), auxiliary gas flow (0.8 L/min) and plasma gas flow (14.85 L/min). Samples and blanks were analyzed for 30 s and system was operated in standard mode. ResultsThe excellent method performance was achieved in terms of limit of detection (LOD, 0.001–14.89 µg/L); limit of quantification (LOQ, 0.003–45.12 µg/L); correlation coefficient (R2, 0.975–0.999) with relative standard deviation values (RSD, 0.70–4.98 %). Chemical elements were found in all the toys (0.01–742.72 ng/g) except sample S2 where only Hg202 was found (0.01 ng/g). Outcomes revealed that the Hg202 was present at a very low level (0.01 ng/g) while Zn66 was present at very high level (742.72 ng/g). Furthermore, the toys contamination was also found to be color-specific, with significant amount of chemical elements was found in black type car sample (S5, 946.98 ng/g) whereas other color type samples constitute lower amounts (0.001–210.53 ng/g). Low-cost toys designed for children's use are found to contain chemical elements that should be addressed in the course of action. As a result of exposure to high amounts of chemical elements in toys, children have a high chance of developing cancer.

CFD modeling of emulsions inside static mixers

Emulsification carried out in continuous devices offers a series of advantages over batch emulsion, such as better control of the droplet size distribution, reduced volume equipment, and lower operative costs. This paper investigates through Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations the emulsification process inside Sulzer Static Mixers. An analysis aimed to identify the most appropriate turbulence model, from a practical point of view, was performed, finding that the realizable k−ϵ model is more suitable than the well-known k−ω model. Moreover, an operative correlation linking the Sauter diameter to the main operating parameters, in a wide range of fluid properties and operating conditions, was developed.

Cupping and myotomy of the tail muscles as cosmetic operations in horses in European printed sources of the XVII- XVIII centuries

Relevance and goals. Tail amputation or surgical correction in domestic animals, especially in horses, is not accepted by society and is prohibited by law in many countries, except when performed for medicinal purposes. They are not encouraged by the rules and regulations of international sports and breeding associations, as mutilating, and have a very limited distribution. The authors of the historical sources we have taken agree that the operation of tail amputation in horses in the middle of the 17th century was already a common procedure performed quite successfully. By studying and comparing these sources, features and differences in anatomical description, surgical techniques, and postoperative care, one can come closer to understanding the development of veterinary medicine in Europe and Russia at that time.Materials and methods. A number of printed European sources of the 17th-18th centuries were analyzed, which contain descriptions of surgical procedures aimed at correcting the length and position of a horse's tail. Among the selected sources are books in English and Spanish, including books translated into Russian, published in printed form and representing guides for specialists and animal owners.Results. The sources we have studied present two main operations on the horse’s tail. These are tail amputation (caudotomy) and tail myotomy. We studied anatomical descriptions of the structure of the horse's tail, indications of the qualifications of surgeons, descriptions of surgical techniques, methods of fixing animals, postoperative care and complications.

Carbohydrate addition strategy affects nitrogen dynamics, budget and utilization, and its microbial mechanisms in biofloc-based Penaeus vannamei culture

Biofloc technology (BFT) is a microbial biotechnology that has shown great potential in water quality control and nutrient re-utilization towards sustainable aquaculture. Carbohydrate addition is the main operation means for the application of BFT; however, we are still unclear how it affects microbial-driven nitrogen (N) transformation and utilization in BFT systems. In this study, autotrophic- and heterotrophic-dominated BFT systems (AS vs. HS) in triplicates were operated by two molasses addition strategies for a 13-week production trial of P. vannamei. Throughout the trial, more amount of bioflocs (in terms of VSS) were produced in HS than in AS. Higher concentrations of NH4+-N, NO2−-N, NO3−-N, TIN and TN while lower concentrations of TON were monitored in AS compared to HS. N budget analysis showed that the harvested shrimp deposited >34.4% of input N; and higher N retention in the final culture water while lower N loss and N discharge from the systems were found in AS compared to HS. Higher efficiencies of gross and feed N utilization were achieved in HS (36.6% and 38.8%) than in AS (34.5% and 34.9%). Metagenomic analysis revealed that abundant and diverse N-cycling microbial communities and functional genes in bioflocs constituted a complete and complex N-cycling network, which was the driving force of N transformation and recycling in the culture water of systems. The lower abundances of nitrifying bacteria and associated genes led to the inhibition of nitrification under high molasses addition in HS, which accounted for the differences in N dynamics, budget and utilization efficiency between AS and HS. Together, a quantitative model of N migration and transformation driven by N-cycling microbial communities of bioflocs was depicted in closed BFT systems for shrimp aquaculture. This study firstly revealed the N-cycling microbiome and functional effects in BFT systems, which provides theoretical and technical foundations for efficient N management in intensive aquaculture.

Feasibility Study of Three-Phase Modular Converter for Dual-Purpose Application in DC and AC Microgrids

The modern concept of a universal converter is intended as a power converter suitable for application in both dc or ac grids using the same external connectors. This novel family was recently proposed to allow an easier integration of renewable energy sources and energy storage systems, interfacing with dc/ac grids and/or loads with a minimum redundancy of power switches and passive elements. This kind of solution and applications are expected to be a reality in the nearest decade, as ac and dc low voltage distribution networks will coexist. Nevertheless, the initial solutions proposed as universal converter were focused on ac single-phase power conversion systems. In this sense, this article proposes and describes a new member of the universal converter family suitable for dc to dc and dc to ac power conversion (both in three-phase three-wire and in three-phase four-wire). The proposed power topology is derived as a modular extension from the single buck-boost bidirectional cell. Its main operation modes (buck and boost) are discussed, and a pulse-width-modulation technique is developed to generate the corresponding switching patterns. The proposed solution is successfully validated in open-loop mode both in simulation and experimentally with a laboratory prototype. The measured efficiency of the power converter was above 97% in the dc to ac mode and around 99% in the dc to dc mode.

Determination of optimal technological parameters of fluoropolymer briquetting

The paper discusses the fundamentals of processing fluoropolymers into products and outlines the main operations carried out at each individual technological stage of their processing. It is proven that the preparatory stage of processing fluoropolymers into products significantly affects the quality of the resulting products and their cost. To establish the maximum pressure during briquetting, a granulometric analysis of press powders of polytetrafluoroethylene, copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene with ethylene, and polyvinylidene fluoride was conducted. According to the research results, the main particle size of polytetrafluoroethylene is 20–30 m, for the copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene with ethylene it is 2 m, and for polyvinylidene fluoride it is 5–10 m. This indicates that these polymers should briquette well at relatively low pressures up to 50 MPa. The optimal technological parameters for briquetting press powders such as pressure and holding time under pressure were determined. Their influence on the strength properties of briquetted materials based on fluoropolymers is discussed. It was determined that for the investigated press powders based on fluoropolymers, the optimal briquetting pressure and holding time under pressure are 25–30 MPa and 60–90 s, respectively.

Granulometric Parameters Determination of the Caviar-Hawk Complex as a Dispersed System for the Fractionated Lecithin Technology Implementation

For the functional food product manufacture a man can use secondary raw materials, the caviar–hawk complex, particularly. The main technological operations in the lecithin–containing substances production include its extraction processes from the initial caviar raw materials and raffinate obtained after the first stage of selective extraction. The operation mechanism requires a comprehensive study of the granulometric composition of raw materials. It was the research aim. A man assessed the granulometric composition of the caviar–hawk complex by visual analysis of its micrographs. The dispersion analysis demonstrated that the studied raw materials of all the analyzed species ranked as a small caviar, which is typical for ordinary fish objects. The thesis contains schematic elementary particle illustrations of fresh and dry caviar of carp, catfish, pike perch; presents dispersed equivalent sizes and shrinkage values of the research objects. Preliminary caviar grinding during conservation is impractical. Although this procedure leads to the mass transfer process intensification, since a man provides the analyzed caviar for using not only to obtain fractionated lecithin and protein texturate, but also as raw materials for enterprises. Staged experiments confirmed that an increase in the mass transfer rate, including the process of extracting target components from crushed caviar raw materials, was insignificant compared with the cost of additional grinding and loss of native caviar properties. The caviar under study is a finely dispersed product. Its additional grinding gives an insignificant effect.

Experimental Traceological Research on Drilling Solid Minerals

Purpose. In archaeological sites of the Early Iron Age and the Hunno-Sarmatian period, there are very similar bead sets, among which carnelian products stand out. Carnelian has a high hardness coefficient and its drilling, even with modern tools, it is extremely technological and time-consuming. The important detail of the drilling process is the configuration of the cutting part of the tool, which leaves specific traces on the stone. In order to reconstruct this main operation, we conducted a series of experimental traceological studies, including the study of traces on the walls of the channels of beads from archaeological sites and on the channels of experimental samples.Results. In one series, six experiments were conducted using six drills made of copper rod. As a result of the research drills with rounded cylindrical and tubular shapes left similar traces fixed on artifacts. It is worth noting that according to written sources, carnelian was drilled using diamond as an abrasive. Experimental work has shown that carnelian can also be processed and drilled with corundum.Conclusion. Each technological operation is associated with the practical experience and knowledge of the properties of the mineral, in particular its crystal structure. The process of making beads from such hard stones as carnelian, agate, quartz, jasper, turquoise is one of the most labor-intensive and time-consuming. The craftsmen had to know the properties of the material they were working with as well as it was necessary for the minimum set of tools, consisting of a drill, reamer, tools for grinding and, polishing and various types of abrasives. Despite the complexity of their production, stone beads were intended for trade and exchange operations belong to the mass production of ancient stone-cutting workshops. Obviously, this was due to the high consumer demand for the jewelry they made.

COMPARISON OF THE VARIABILITY OF RECOVERY PROFILE AND HEMODYNAMIC EFFECTS OF NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKADE WITH CISATRACURIUM VERSUS ATRACURIUM

A randomized controlled trial was conducted at the Main Operation Theatre of Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre (JPMC) in Karachi to compare the recovery profile and hemodynamic effects of cisatracurium and atracurium among patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The study was conducted from 20th July 2019 to 19th January 2020 and included 68 patients aged between 20 to 50 years undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anesthesia. Patients with a history of allergy to the study drugs, neuromuscular, pulmonary, renal, or hepatic diseases, smoking, pregnancy, or breastfeeding, and those on preoperative medication such as antipsychotics, aminoglycosides, steroids, or neuroleptics were excluded. The patients were randomly divided into two groups. In Group 1, comprising 34 patients, cisatracurium (0.2 mg/kg) was administered, whereas in Group 2, also with 34 patients, atracurium (0.5 mg/kg) was given. Neuromuscular blocking agents were administered three minutes before intubation. The primary outcomes measured were the recovery profile and hemodynamic effects. In Group 1 (cisatracurium), the baseline mean arterial pressure (MAP) was recorded as 98.40 ± 8.02 mmHg, which increased to 112.20 ± 8.88 mmHg before intubation, resulting in a change of 13.56 ± 5.59 mmHg. In contrast, in Group 2 (atracurium), the baseline MAP was 94.10 ± 7.91 mmHg, which rose to 109.07 ± 8.35 mmHg before intubation, indicating a change of 16.50 ± 4.38 mmHg. The study concluded that cisatracurium is more effective in exhibiting neuromuscular blocking properties than atracurium in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anesthesia.

How Qualified is The Company’s Earning Quality: a Study of The 100 Most Liquid Indonesian Companies

Investor behavior can be reflected in the market price. Market price movement have strong correlation with market perspective about company earnings. Market does not always positively react to high earnings information, but should be high quality of earnings. High quality earnings can reflect the company's actual financial condition, which useful for investment decision making for investors, and determine business strategies for companies. The aim of this study is to obtain empirical evidence regarding the effect of earnings persistence, liquidity, growth opportunity, profitability, and capital structure toward earnings quality. The objects in this study are companies included in the Kompas100 Index, index that ranks 100 companies with the highest liquidity, consecutively during 2018-2020. Secondary data used was obtaining from financial reports and analyzed using multiple linear regression equations. This research found that companies which can generate profit from their main operation, not from foreign exchange or other income supposed to be companies with high quality earnings. Moreover, business strategic that such as market expansion, differentiation even though in the early stage judge can improve quality of earnings.

Influence of main operating parameters on the incineration characteristics of municipal solid waste (MSW)

To study the influence of the main operating parameters on the incineration characteristics of municipal solid waste (MSW), a 375 t/d mechanical grate incinerator is selected as the research object, and the effects of primary air temperature, secondary air arrangement, and grate speed on the MSW incineration process are simulated, and experimental tests are carried out under different primary air temperature and grate speed conditions. The results show that the relative errors between the measured and simulated values of the incinerator outlet O2 content and the measurement point temperature are within ±5% for all test conditions. When the primary air temperature increases from 423 K to 503 K, the position where the MSW incineration ends moves 3.32 m towards the front of the grate, and the moisture evaporation and fixed carbon combustion rates also increase, but the maximum volatile release rate and the optimal incineration condition of the MSW occur at the primary air temperature of 483 K. The increase in grate speed delays the incineration process of MSW and decreases the moisture evaporation rate and fixed carbon combustion rate, but it worsens the incineration effect of MSW. When the grate speed increases from 6.94 m/h to 13.88 m/h, the MSW incineration process is delayed by 3.20 m, and the moisture evaporation and fixed carbon combustion rates decrease by 43 kg·m−2·h−1 and 9 kg·m−2·h−1, respectively. To achieve the optimal operating conditions, the secondary air volume ratio of the front and rear arches is 1.59:1, the secondary air direction of the front arch is 40° and 60°, and that of the rear arch is 0° for the primary air temperature of 463 K and 483 K, respectively. This study can provide useful insights for optimizing the design and operation of mechanical grate incinerators.

Convergence of High-Order Derivative-Free Algorithms for the Iterative Solution of Systems of Not Necessarily Differentiable Equations

In this study, we extended the applicability of a derivative-free algorithm to encompass the solution of operators that may be either differentiable or non-differentiable. Conditions weaker than the ones in earlier studies are employed for the convergence analysis. The earlier results considered assumptions up to the existence of the ninth order derivative of the main operator, even though there are no derivatives in the algorithm, and the Taylor series on the finite Euclidian space restricts the applicability of the algorithm. Moreover, the previous results could not be used for non-differentiable equations, although the algorithm could converge. The new local result used only conditions on the divided difference in the algorithm to show the convergence. Moreover, the more challenging semi-local convergence that had not previously been studied was considered using majorizing sequences. The paper included results on the upper bounds of the error estimates and domains where there was only one solution for the equation. The methodology of this paper is applicable to other algorithms using inverses and in the setting of a Banach space. Numerical examples further validate our approach.

Treatment of Coking Wastewater Using Hydrodynamic Cavitation Coupled with Fenton Oxidation Process.

Effective and economical processes for the advanced treatment of coking wastewater were urgently needed to reduce the persistent organic pollutants of external drainage. In the present work, we investigated the degradation of organic pollutants in coking wastewater through IHC/FO (imping stream hydrodynamic cavitation (IHC) coupled with the Fenton oxidation (FO) process) and IHC alone for their feasibility in the advanced treatment of coking wastewater. To select the optimum parameters, attention was paid to the effects of main operation conditions including inlet fluid pressure, medium temperature, initial pH, reaction time, and initial Fe(II) and initial H2O2 concentrations. The results showed that the effects of conditions that need energy to be maintained (such as initial pH and inlet pressure) on the organic pollutant removal efficiency through IHC/FO were less pronounced than those through IHC alone. Moreover, the application of IHC/FO could remove more organic pollutants from coking wastewater than IHC even at an energy-efficient condition. For example, the highest COD removal efficiency of 12.5% was achieved in the IHC treatment at 0.4 MPa, pH 3, and 60 min for the reaction time. In the case of IHC/FO, the maximum COD removal of 33.2% was obtained at pH 7, 0.1 MPa, 12 mmol/L H2O2, and 3 mmol/L Fe2+ after reacting for 15 min. The ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis) absorption spectra and gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis further revealed that the kinds and amounts of pollutants (especially those that had benzenes) remaining in water treated through IHC/FO were much fewer and smaller than in water treated through IHC alone. The better performances of IHC/FO than IHC alone were likely related to the more hydroxyl radicals produced through IHC/FO. Taken together, our findings indicate that IHC/FO has great application potential in the advanced treatment of coking wastewater.

Рассуждения с темпоральными ограничениями

The work deals with the organization of temporal reasoning basing on constraint satisfaction methods. The definition of the constraint satisfaction problem and the notion of constraint consistency are given. The possibilities of epresentation of a planning problem as an interval constraint network are considered. As a mathematical apparatus for the formalization of temporal reasining, the Allen’s interval algebra is described, which main operations are composition and the intersection of temporal relations. A path consistency algorithm is given that implements one of the types of local consistency on interval constraint network and uses computations based on operations of interval algebra. An example of the application of this algorithm is presented. In the conclusion the prospects for the development of methods of temporal reasoning are considered.