Main Notion Research Articles

Some results on approximation in neutrosophic normed space

Neutrosophic normed linear spaces are the main significant notion in the study of classical functional analysis under a neutrosophic environment to handle indeterminate and inconsistent information. Where the neutrosophic norm function assigns to each vector in the linear space a neutrosophic number, which is a number with a truth, indeterminacy, and falsity component. The main aim of this work is to study and discuss the important properties of proximinality of specific sets and new results for a large class in neutrosophic normed space. Moreover, we show some results closely related proximainality of classes to the normed construction in the space. Also, we prove achieved for generalized sets in neutrosophic normed space, most marks on convexity and Cheby-shevity classes are considered.

Weighted Tree Automata with Constraints

The HOM problem, which asks whether the image of a regular tree language under a given tree homomorphism is again regular, is known to be decidable [Godoy & Giménez: The HOM problem is decidable. JACM 60(4), 2013]. However, the problem remains open for regular weighted tree languages. It is demonstrated that the main notion used in the unweighted setting, the tree automaton with equality and inequality constraints , can straightforwardly be generalized to the weighted setting and can represent the image of any regular weighted tree language under any nondeleting and nonerasing tree homomorphism. Several closure properties as well as decision problems are also investigated for the weighted tree languages generated by weighted tree automata with constraints.

Depth-defying OOF-GNN: Sailing smoothly amidst GNN waves

When it comes to machine learning on graphs, Graph Neural Networks(GNNs) is a potent tool. By iteratively propagating neural messages along the edges of the input graph, GNNs integrate node feature information with graph structure. Nonetheless, not all neighborhood data is valuable. Some of the neighbor data may not be necessary for the downstream task. For a controlled and relevant information aggregation, we propose a flexible method OOF-GNN (Over-smoothing and Over-squashing Free Graph Neural Network). The main notion of this technique is to limit the impact of irrelevant and excessive information propagation during message passing. An extensive discussion of the theoretical and experimental justifications, associated with this method is presented. This technique works on all baseline models (e.g. GCN, GraphSAGE, and GAT). It allows them to gather information from the K-hop neighborhood without node information being over-smoothed and over-squashed. The efficacy of OFF-GNN in addressing the challenges of under-reaching, over-smoothing, and over-squashing, as well as improving the performance of GNN models in node classification tasks, has been demonstrated through comprehensive experimentation on both academic benchmarks and real-world datasets.

Natural quasirandomness properties

AbstractThe theory of quasirandomness has greatly expanded from its inaugural graph theoretical setting to several different combinatorial objects such as hypergraphs, tournaments, permutations and so forth. However, these quasirandomness variants have been done in an ad‐hoc case‐by‐case manner. In this article, we propose three new hierarchies of quasirandomness properties that can be naturally defined for arbitrary combinatorial objects. Our properties are also “natural” in more formal sense: they are preserved by local combinatorial constructions. Similarly to hypergraph quasirandomness properties, we show that our quasirandomness properties have several different but equivalent characterizations. We also prove several implications and separations comparing them to each other and to what has been known for hypergraphs. The main notion explored is that of unique coupleability: two limit objects are uniquely coupleable if there is only one way to align (i.e., couple) them.

On Orthogonal Reverse α-Derivations of Semi-prime -Ring

In this paper, the concept of reverse a-derivation on G-ring M, and some results concerning two reverse a-derivations on M that are related to classical result of E.Ponser are presented. These results shows that if M is a2-torsion free semiprime G-ring, d and g are non-zero reverse derivations of M, then dg are not a non-zero derivation. The new main results present and study notion of orthogonally reverse a-derivations of M.

An enactivist-inspired mathematical model of cognition.

In this paper we start from the philosophical position in cognitive science known as enactivism. We formulate five basic enactivist tenets that we have carefully identified in the relevant literature as the main underlying principles of that philosophy. We then develop a mathematical framework to talk about cognitive systems (both artificial and natural) which complies with these enactivist tenets. In particular we pay attention that our mathematical modeling does not attribute contentful symbolic representations to the agents, and that the agent's nervous system or brain, body and environment are modeled in a way that makes them an inseparable part of a greater totality. The long-term purpose for which this article sets the stage is to create a mathematical foundation for cognition which is in line with enactivism. We see two main benefits of doing so: (1) It enables enactivist ideas to be more accessible for computer scientists, AI researchers, roboticists, cognitive scientists, and psychologists, and (2) it gives the philosophers a mathematical tool which can be used to clarify their notions and help with their debates. Our main notion is that of a sensorimotor system which is a special case of a well studied notion of a transition system. We also consider related notions such as labeled transition systems and deterministic automata. We analyze a notion called sufficiency and show that it is a very good candidate for a foundational notion in the “mathematics of cognition from an enactivist perspective.” We demonstrate its importance by proving a uniqueness theorem about the minimal sufficient refinements (which correspond in some sense to an optimal attunement of an organism to its environment) and by showing that sufficiency corresponds to known notions such as sufficient history information spaces. In the end, we tie it all back to the enactivist tenets.

Metacognitive Therapy in Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A review.

Metacognitive therapy is a relatively novel and growing psychotherapeutic approach. Within the last 20 years, several metacognitive-oriented therapy methods have been developed. They are metacognitive therapy which was developed by Wells, metacognitive training which was produced by Moritz et al. especially for patients with psychotic disorder, and metacognitive reflection and insight therapy for psychotic patients. Among them, the most structured one seems the metacognitive therapy. The main notion of metacognitive therapy is to alter the dysfunctional metacognitive interpretations and strategies underlying psychopathology. However, it should be emphasized that it has some fundamental differences from cognitive behavioral therapy because metacognitive therapy is a relatively new school of cognitive therapy, its effectiveness in the treatment of many psychiatric disorders continues to be evaluated intensively. Obsessive-compulsive disorder is one of these disorders. As obsessive-compulsive disorder is a lifelong disorder that causes significant loss of workforce and pharmacotherapy is sometimes insufficient, psychotherapeutic approaches are of great importance. In this context, exposure and response prevention still seems to be an important treatment option in terms of psychotherapeutic approaches. However, it is clear that a new approach is required in psychiatry practice in cases where exposure and response prevention and classical cognitive behavioral therapy are not sufficient and remain with residual symptoms. In this respect, metacognitive therapy can be an important alternative to fill this gap. However, more evidence needs to be created with studies with much larger samples.

The Serbian Shaw

ABSTRACT This article provides a close reading of the Serbian Pygmalion in order to show whether the text (especially Eliza’s lines) has retained or lost some of its vitality in the translation by Borivoje Nedić, one of the finest Serbian translators. The analysis shows that although most of the techniques used by Nedić are appropriate, different translation solutions in specific cases would be more adequate in conveying the play’s main notion that language reveals one’s social class and shapes one’s identity.

Leakage Prediction in Machine Learning Models When Using Data from Sports Wearable Sensors.

One of the major problems in machine learning is data leakage, which can be directly related to adversarial type attacks, raising serious concerns about the validity and reliability of artificial intelligence. Data leakage occurs when the independent variables used to teach the machine learning algorithm include either the dependent variable itself or a variable that contains clear information that the model is trying to predict. This data leakage results in unreliable and poor predictive results after the development and use of the model. It prevents the model from generalizing, which is required in a machine learning problem and thus causes false assumptions about its performance. To have a solid and generalized forecasting model, which will be able to produce remarkable forecasting results, we must pay great attention to detecting and preventing data leakage. This study presents an innovative system of leakage prediction in machine learning models, which is based on Bayesian inference to produce a thorough approach to calculating the reverse probability of unseen variables in order to make statistical conclusions about the relevant correlated variables and to calculate accordingly a lower limit on the marginal likelihood of the observed variables being derived from some coupling method. The main notion is that a higher marginal probability for a set of variables suggests a better fit of the data and thus a greater likelihood of a data leak in the model. The methodology is evaluated in a specialized dataset derived from sports wearable sensors.

Towards the implications of Boverket's climate declaration act for sustainability indices in the Swedish construction industry

Regulatory uncertainty is typically the inevitable consequence of introducing new regulations or even changing the old ones by the state agencies that interacts with the normative structures in the society. This study seeks to shed light on this relational impact in the Swedish construction industry by examining the managers' impression of the recently introduced Climate Declaration act by Boverket. Based on the results of a survey of the industry executives' opinions, it was established that the desired impacts of the regulative measures will require application of binding levers, whether as incentives or deterrents, the lack of which is evident in Boverket's Climate Declaration act. The main notion of the respondents was that the ultimate outcome of such regulations should be to lead the industry towards the selection of products and processes that produce less carbon dioxide over the whole life cycle and actualize a circular economy. The findings also acknowledge that the effectiveness of the Climate Declaration act will appear in the long run and this convention needs to be reviewed and amended over several stages to result in the expected payoffs.

Addressing environmental awareness through immersive VR experiences, gamification and hypothetical scenario development

This research article presents part of a series of VR experiences that are focusing on persisting and globally recognized environmental issues. The main objective of this project is to visualize and address the situation through a different window compared to traditional awareness programmes. Although increased consciousness about environmental issues has been widely achieved through various forms of media, the sense of being confronted with the ‘situation’ may have not been created yet. This means that traditional awareness programmes can visualize the environmental impacts of unsustainable human activities but may not be able to fabricate scenarios in which individuals can face relevant consequences. Encountering undesired environmental impacts such as glacier meltdown, sea level rise, or landfill crisis, are not part of the daily routine of urban inhabitants living in artificially harnessed lands. This was the main notion for this research project. The initial idea was to create inhabitable lands that are severely damaged by human activities furnished with elements such as deforestation, deceased animals, water pollution, etc. However, this idea seems to be slightly raw and non-constructive. Therefore, in the second approach, multiple hypothetical scenarios, including an actual, were developed to gradually lead the users to the destinations created by themselves. For the first milestone of this project a recycling VR game targeting the majority of age groups, while still containing dark and bright elements without leaving undesired memories, was developed. The game was first presented during Malaysia’s biggest United Nations concert/event Rock the Goals held on 25 September 2019 in Sunway University. The results from the pilot study and the data collected through user experience opened few windows for discussing possibilities of addressing environmental issues through VR. This article partly focuses on confrontation with undesired environmental impacts in full immersive VR experiences. The main discussion is centred around the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of various scenarios among different target audiences. Should we create virtual phobia from the environmental issues? Or must we focus on constructive educational experiences? Or a combination of both?

BENEFITS OF USING “JUST IN TIME” CONCEPT IN ESP TEACHING

There are a lot of claims about the term “Just in Time” concept and its appropriateness in teaching process. Some researchers even doubt about the target term being a concept at all. The current article demonstrates the utilization of the “Just in Time concept” in ESP teaching process and its drawbacks as well. Not a secret, the profession of Economist requires the specific skills and abilities, due to the importance of data they provide to be correct and detailed. Moreover, the experts should be aware of international state of economy, of developed countries, so that they are able to compare, modify collect data. The main notion of the concept, which will be focused on within the article, is to encourage future economists to develop their cognitive skills. Aligned with the advantages some drawbacks will be pointed out, and discussed based on literature review.

A COMBINED STRAIN ELEMENT TO FUNCTIONALLY GRADED STRUCTURES IN THERMAL ENVIRONMENT

Functionally graded materials are commonly used in a thermal environment to change the properties of constituent materials. They inherently withstand high temperature gradients due to a low thermal conductivity, core ductility, low thermal expansion coefficient, and many others. It is essential to thoroughly study mechanical responses of them and to develop new effective approaches for an accurate prediction of solutions. In this paper, a new four-node quadrilateral element based on a combined strain strategy and first-order shear deformation theory is presented to achieve the behaviour of functionally graded plate/shell structures in a thermal environment. The main notion of the combined strain strategy is based on the combination of the membrane strain and the shear strain related to tying points as well as bending strain with respect to a cell-based smoothed finite element method. Due to the finite element analysis, the first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) is simple to implement and apply for structures, but the shear correction factors are used to achieve the accuracy of solutions. The author assumes that the temperature distribution is uniform throughout the structure. The rule of mixtures is also considered to describe the variation of material compositions across the thickness. Many desirable characteristics and the enforcement of this element are verified and proved through various numerical examples. Numerical solutions and a comparison with other available solutions suggest that the procedure based on this new combined strain element is accurate and efficient.

جماليات التشطير في القصيدة العربية بين الماضي والحاضر

Survival and advancement of nations is attributed to their literatures. This is because literatures enable individuals to transcend the material life and be able to visualize the noble meanings and the world of aesthetics. Indeed, a language is the best level of describing self and others as it does not originate from the ego, but rather from the laws of the universe and existence. Moreover, it is not only a lexicon, but also a combination of words, indications, gestures, spaces, and imagery. It is, hence, possible to realize the significance of poetry as a definition of all the previous elements. Tashteer is a type of poetic art where a poet does not invent a new idea but rather adopts the idea of poetry by another poet. The poet follows the meter and rhyme set by the original poet, and thus is not allowed much space for creating a purpose apart from the original one. Therefore, a poet is confined to the predefined purpose and notion in terms of grammatical, syntactic and semantic aspects. The paper focuses on the study of the art of Tashteer of poet Ali al-Deeb who performed Tashteer on the poet of Abi Firaas (Araaka `Asaiyya al-Dam`). The study aims to introduce the art of Tashteer by addressing its practical aspect. The study also uses the descriptive analytical approach to illustrate the strength points of Mushatir (a poet performing Tashteer) and compare his poet with the original one in terms of serving the concept. The study comprises two parts; Part one is for defining the art of Tashteer in the Arabian poetry. Part two includes the analytical study of the poetry under Tashteer. The study concluded several findings including: al-Deeb clearly comprehended the purposes that Abi Firaas had in his poetry. Thus, he was able to have hold of the main notion of the text both linguistically and semantically. He was even able to penetrate into some of the lines and reveal the thoughts.

Transmission of Information in Channels Specified by Structures of Partial Erasure. Part 2

The paper is the second part of the research. The main notion introduced in the first part is a structure of partial erasure. The second part is devoted to construction of a protocol for transmitting information via a channel specified by such structure. We formulate the mathematical model of the protocol, give an explicit example of implementation and estimate throughput of this example.

A Combined Strain Element in Static, Frequency and Buckling Analyses of Laminated Composite Plates and Shells

This paper deals with numerical analyses of laminated composite plate and shell structures using a new four-node quadrilateral flat shell element, namely SQ4C, based on the first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) and a combined strain strategy. The main notion of the combined strain strategy is based on the combination of the membrane strain and shear strain related to tying points as well as bending strain with respect to cell-based smoothed finite element method. Many desirable characteristics and the enforcement of the SQ4C element are verified and proved through various numerical examples in static, frequency and buckling analyses of laminated composite plate and shell structures. Numerical results and comparison with other reference solutions suggest that the present element is accuracy, efficiency and removal of shear and membrane locking.

Galen’sSimple Drugsand Its Medieval Readers: Some Notes on the Reception of Galen’s Pharmacology

This paper offers a general overview of the reception and the use of Galen’s Simple Drugs between the 13th and the 14th century. In particular, this study focuses upon the direct tradition of the two Latin translations produced by Gerard of Cremona and Niccolò da Reggio, and on the indirect reception of the main notion of Galenic pharmacology through works like Avicenna’s Liber canonis. Special attention is paid to the role played by some “Scholastic physicians” active in 14th century Italy.

Modeling the Semantics of States and State Machines

A system s behavior is typically specified through models such as state diagrams that describe how the system should behave. According to researchers, it is not clear what a state actually represents regarding the system to be modeled. Standards do not provide adequate definitions of or sufficient guidance on the use of states. Studies show these inconsistencies can lead to poor or incomplete specifications, which in turn could result in project delays or increase the cost of the system design. This paper aims to establish a precise definition of the notion of states and state machines, a goal motivated by system modelers (e.g., requirement engineers) need to understand key concepts and vocabulary such as states and state machine, which are major behavioral modeling tools (e.g., in UML). State is the main notion of a state machine in which events drive state changes. This raises questions about the nature of these state-related notations. The semantics of these concepts is based on a new modeling methodology called the thinging machine applied to a number of examples of existing models. The thinging machine semantics is founded on five elementary actions that divide the static model into changes/states upon which events are defined.

English

We propose a motivic generalization of rational homotopy types. The algebraic invariants we study are defined as algebra objects in the category of mixed motives. This invariant plays a role of Sullivan's polynomial de Rham algebras. Another main notion is that of cotangent motives. Our main objective is to investigate the topological realization of these invariants and study their structures. Applying these machineries and the Tannakian theory, we construct actions of a derived motivic Galois group on rational homotopy types. Thanks to this, we deduce actions of the motivic Galois group of pro-unipotent completions of homotopy groups.

Review on Quantum Mechanically Guided Design of Ultra-Strong Metallic Glasses

Quantum mechanically guided materials design allows for the prediction of mechanical property trends and enables hence the identification of composition-structure-property relationships for crystalline materials. However, quantum mechanics based design guidelines and material selection criteria for ultra-strong metallic glasses have been lacking. Hence, based on an ab initio model for metallic glasses in conjunction with an experimental high-throughput methodology geared towards revealing the relationship between chemistry, topology and mechanical properties, we propose principles for the design of tough as well as stiff metallic glasses. The main design notion is that a low fraction of hybridized bonds compared to the overall bonding in a metallic glass can be used as a criterion for the identification of damage-tolerant metallic glass systems. To enhance the stiffness of metallic glasses, the bond energy density must be increased as the bond energy density is the origin of stiffness in metallic glasses. The thermal expansion, which is an important glass-forming identifier, can be predicted based on the Debye-Gruneisen model.