Main Line Network Research Articles

Climate change resilience beyond the mainline railway: a review

The UK’s national railway network has evaluated climate change impacts, risks and adaptation solutions. This review establishes the case for greater attention to be given to the vulnerability of rail transport beyond the mainline network. By considering the resilience of high-speed rail, mass rapid transit systems and light rail transit systems, the overall resilience of journeys can be improved. To this end, this review establishes current knowledge, practice and policy relating to rail beyond the mainline and outlines the next steps to achieve resilience. By providing this overview of advances, challenges and opportunities, practitioners and academics alike will be stimulated to pursue further resilience.

Expanded statistical analysis of squats on the Great Britain (GB) mainline network

Squat defects are one of the most common rail surface defects. Significant research effort has gone into understand squat defects over the last 10 years which has brought about important developments in the understanding of their initiation mechanism; however, further work is still required to fully understand squat and the best methods to control them.This study considers records of squat defects over a period 9 years, considering 2600 km of track across 8 different routes on the GB mainline network. The analysis separately reviews squats on: plainline, crossings, joints and welds. Results include an overview of the main factors influencing the development of each type of squats, practical methods to immediately reduce and manage squat defects and recommends focus areas for further research to understand squat defects.Results suggest that squats on plainline, crossings, joints and welds, all correlate with different influencing factors; headcheck defects appear to significantly influence the probability of squats and how other factors influence squat development.There is a strong connection between total head wear rate (combined material removal due to traffic and grinding) and squats; 90 % of all squats appear on rail with a headwear rate of <0.2 mm/year. Overall larger section rail (60 kg/m vs 56 kg/m) and harder material (260 Brinell vs 220 Brinell) is significantly less susceptible to squat damage. Track curvature has an influence of squat development, especially in rail with no headcheck cracking, where the tightest curves are significantly more likely to sustain squat damage. The probability of squat at vertical discontinuities, i.e. joints and crossings are significantly more likely as train speed increases. Whilst squats on joints are 1000 time more likely than squats on welds.

Multi-Objective Optimization of Train Timetable with Consideration of Customer Satisfaction

This paper presents a multi-objective optimization framework for mainline train timetabling with consideration of customer satisfaction. The customers’ perspectives considered include their perceptions of service punctuality, waiting times, and comfort of journeys. The optimization formulation is subject to constraints representing operational requirements and signaling systems. The optimization model is applied to the Brighton main line network in south-east England as a case study, and the results demonstrate how the proposed optimization framework can help government and train operators to derive more effective and equitable timetables with consideration of customer satisfaction.

Cost functions and multi-objective timetabling of mixed train services

This paper investigates a set of cost functions for assessing and timetabling mainline train services. The present study incorporates considerations from both operators’ and passengers’ perspectives including service running times, punctuality, waiting times, and comfort of the journeys. The cost functions are applied to a multi-objective optimisation formulation subject to constraints representing operational requirements and signalling systems. The optimisation model is applied to the Brighton Main Line network in Southeast England as a case study, and the results demonstrate how the proposed optimisation framework can help government and train operators to derive more effective and equitable timetable with consideration of customer satisfaction. A Pareto analysis is further derived to illustrate the trade-off between conflicting objectives in the optimisation process under different circumstances.

(Improving Learning Outcomes Learners by Implementing Cooperative Learning Model Round Table Type on the Main Line Network in Plant in Class XI MIPA 2 SMA Negeri 2 Pekanbaru)

Learning is essentially a process of interaction with all situations around individuals. Learning can be viewed as a process directed to the goals and processes of doing through various experiences. Learning is also a process of seeing, observing, and understanding things. In the learning process there are two activities that interact, namely learning activities and teaching activities.Learning is an active activity of learners in building meaning or understanding. Activity learners in undergoing learning activities is one key to success to improve learning outcomes. Optimal learning outcomes are the main goals to be achieved in the learning process. To optimize the learning outcomes of learners required methods and learning models in accordance with teaching materials. The learning process can be done in school, at home, or in the place of study guidance. For learning in school, learners are exposed to a number of subjects, one of them is biology subjects. Biology is one of the subjects received by students in high school. Biology is the study of the structure contained in living things. More simply can be said that biology is closely related to daily life. What we experience, what we do, why it happened and why. Subjects in the subject of biology are generally theoretical, but also the ability of learners to understand the concept to link learning with daily life. One of the biology subject matter in the form of conceptual or theoretical understanding is tissue in plants.

Resource monitoring for the detection of parasite P2P botnets

Detecting botnet behaviors in networks is a popular topic in the current research literature. The problem of detection of P2P botnets has been denounced as one of the most difficult ones, and this is even sounder when botnets use existing P2P networks infrastructure (parasite P2P botnets). The majority of the detection proposals available at present are based on monitoring network traffic to determine the potential existence of command-and-control communications (C&C) between the bots and the botmaster. As a different and novel approach, this paper introduces a detection scheme which is based on modeling the evolution of the number of peers sharing a resource in a P2P network over time. This allows to detect abnormal behaviors associated to parasite P2P botnet resources in this kind of environments. We perform extensive experiments on Mainline network, from which promising detection results are obtained while patterns of parasite botnets are tentatively discovered.

Main Line Network Optimization of Express Based on Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm

This paper discusses the main line network optimization of express enterprise, First of all, it analyze the existing problems of the main line network, in order to optimize network transport resource, meeting the delivery time, this paper establish the influence level of the distribution center selection index system, To the design of the main network, this paper build mathematical model, using particle swarm algorithm to calculate the model. This article develops application software based on JAVA language on eclipse development platform. At last, an example is given to validate the feasibility of the main line network optimization model.

Integration of Ramps into Pavement Management Systems

Ramps constitute an essential part of an agency highway network. They not only provide access to the mainline highway network, but some ramps also may be of sufficient length to be treated as a highway segment. Ramps can deteriorate faster than mainline routes, with resulting safety issues and discomfort to motorists. To be maintained in the same fashion that highway agencies maintain mainline pavements, ramps need to be included in pavement management systems (PMSs). A recent informal survey from 11 highway agencies in the United States and Canada showed that no agency had a formal maintenance and rehabilitation (M&amp;R) program for ramps. All of them, on most occasions, include ramp M&amp;R with adjacent mainline pavement M&amp;R projects, and on a few occasions they fix ramps separately. A novel approach was developed to integrate ramps with the existing mainline network database that resulted from 8 years of PMS development and enhancement efforts. Included are the scope and methodology for the ramp survey and analysis, development of a ramp identification system, a condition-rating procedure for field testing of the ramp network, a ramp data-loading and data-processing procedure, and a ramp M&amp;R and optimization analysis. Also described are the benefits of such analysis and how it can be used in other agencies to improve ramp pavements in the long term. The integration of ramps into the PMS provides the ramp's condition, needs, and budgeting summaries. The PMS modeling capabilities can be used to determine the asset value of the ramp network. Therefore, integrating ramp inventory and condition-rating data with the PMS mainline network can lead to effective ramp M&amp;R decision making.