Main Genetic Types Research Articles

Современное представление о промышленной классификации колчеданно-полиметаллических месторождений Рудного Алтая

There are many classifications of polymetallic deposits. Many researchers, based on the genetic relationship of the deposits, attribute the deposits of the Rudny Altai to the VMS Kuroko type. Other authors classify polymetallic deposits of the Rudny Altai, relying on geodynamic conditions and modes of their formation. Such a variety of classifications makes it difficult to understand and use these classifications for various kinds of research, and questions also arise when comparing with foreign analogues. Therefore, the authors of this article propose to consider the modern unified classification of deposits of the Ore Altai according to J.W. Lydon (1988), based on the division of polymetallic deposits of VMS by volume ratio Zn/(Zn+Pb) into 2 main industrial genetic types (Zn-Pb-Cu and Cu-Zn). The first type (Zn-Pb-Cu) has a mass ratio of Zn/(Zn+Pb) from 0.70 to 0.80; the second type (Cu-Zn) is more than 0.95. Practically all deposits of the Ore Altai can be attributed to the Zn Pb-Cu group, as having mass ratios of Zn/(Zn+Pb) from 0.64 to 0.86 and localized in medium to acidic calcareous-alkaline volcanic rocks mainly of Phanerozoic age

RELIEF FORMING HISTORY OF SOUTH BELARUS AREA DURING QUATERNARY PERIOD

A series of paleogeomorphological schemes based on the analysis of borehole sections and published materials on paleogeography and geology of the region was constructed. The main formation factors of a large trough-shaped form of the earth’s surface and a kind of “Polesie” relief (landscape) in southern Belarus were revealed. Its modern configuration was formed during the Muravian interglacial. Marshy lacustrine-alluvial and alluvial lowlands were the most common relief categories. They were bordered by glacial plains and highlands of the Pripyatian glaciation from the north, west and east, and by a slightly tectonically uplifted surface of the Ukrainian Polesie from the south. The relief was developing in a hereditary manner in the post-Muravian time. There were only some changes in the areas of the main genetic types’ distribution due to the alluvial and lacustrine-alluvial processes.

Этапы формирования инженерно-геологических свойств пород красноцветной терригенной формации Прикамья

The paper analyzes the stages of formation of engineering-geological properties of rocks of the red-colored terrigenous formation. Two main stages are distinguished, which determined the features of their engineering-geological characteristics. The first stage – the stage of progressive lithogenesis was characterized by facies sedimentation environments and determined the main genetic types of rocks of the formation. The second stage – the stage of epigenesis (hypergenesis) was defining for the formation of the engineering and geological properties existing at the present time that must be taken into account when solving problems in the course of design and construction work. The role of local tectonic structures and tectonic fracturing within them is emphasized in the activation of hypergenesis processes and changes in rock properties.

Thermodynamic Concept of Water Retention and Physical Quality of the Soil

The physical quality of the soil is determined by its interfacial interactions in conditions of variable water content. In this regard, water retention characteristics in the form of functions of water content and its thermodynamic potentials are used as indicators of physical quality and its dynamics in the soil. The combination of centrifugation and thermodesorption methods allowed for the first time the assessment of soil water potentials in the entire range of variation from 0 to 106 J/kg for a representative database (more than 400 samples) of the main genetic types of Eurasian soils, grouped into 5 FAO/USDA soil texture classes. The main fundamental achievement of the research is a physically based diagnosis of the critical values of water content and its thermodynamic potentials that separate the areas of dominance of various forms of soil water, physical forces, and mechanisms of interfacial interactions on the WRC-diagrams of the physical quality of the soil. Theoretical and experimental results of the study are of practical interest of sustainable agronomy for determining the optimal ranges of water content in the soil during plant cultivation, water saving, and salt protection in irrigation, mechanical tillage, and other technological operations.

DISTRIBUTION OF QUATERNARY DEPOSITS IN THE UDMURT REPUBLIC TERRITORY

The article describes the main genetic types of Quaternary deposits in Udmurtia and explains their genesis and spatial location in accordance with modern scientific concepts. In particular, the relationship between geological structure of the territory and the distribution of eluvial, slope and aeolian deposits was revealed; the issue of the formation of fluvioglacial and limnoglacial formations on the territory of the republic was considered; patterns of formation of Aeolian massifs were indicated. A detailed regionalization of the aeolian material of Udmurtia was carried out with the allocation of three arrays divided into eight branches, as well as the explanation of the configuration of each of them. The differences between aeolian sediments on watersheds and other formations of this genetic type were identified and explained. The nuances of creating a digital map of the Quaternary sediments of the region based on existing maps and data obtained during the analysis were indicated, an assessment of the use of such a map for landscape studies was given.

Sources of Organic Matter in the Bottom Sediments of Small Rivers Estuaries in Basin of the Tatar Strait

The distribution of organic matter (OM), hydrocarbons, phytopigments and ecological–trophic groups of bacteriobenthos has been investigated in the bottom sediments of the internal estuaries of the small Muchke and Toki rivers. The morphological and hydrological characteristics of estuaries influence the quantitative and qualitative composition of the OM in bottom sediments. The investigation into the molecular and group composition of n-alkanes in bottom sediments has identified the main genetic types of OM closely associated with the specific hydrodynamics of waters and sedimentation in small tidal estuaries.

Paleosols and host rocks from the Middle–Upper Permian reference section of the Kazan Volga region, Russia: A case study

The Urzhumian (Wordian) and Severodvinian (Capitanian) reference section of the Monastery Ravine (Kazan Volga region, Russia), contains two siltstone lithofacies: (a) laminated and (b) massive. Depositional settings of the laminated siltstones can be interpreted as perennial to ephemeral lakes; depositional settings of the massive siltstones are interpreted as floodplains with soil cover and periodical silt influx in wet seasons. The bulk geochemistry of siliciclastics has revealed a high degree of weathering of both types of siltstone. The similar chemical composition, mineralogy, and grain size suggest the same provenance of silt material. Geochemical data indicate eastern source rocks, which are the Permian red beds of the Cis-Ural plains.The main genetic types of paleosols hosted in the massive siltstones in the studied section, include moderately developed Vertisols and Calcisols with drab-colored root traces, calcareous nodules, low chroma mottles, angular blocky peds and slickensides. These pedofeatures indicate in general a semi-arid climate with clear seasonality of rainfall. Major oxides of the paleosol matrix were used to estimate paleoprecipitation through the bases to alumina (ΣBases/Al) ratio and chemical index of alteration minus potassium (CIA-K) proxies. Estimates from Urzhumian paleosols indicate relatively low mean annual precipitation (MAP) of 390mm/yr. The transition to the Severodvinian paleosols is marked by a noticeable MAP increase up to 777mm/yr. This climate moistening coincides with changes in the morphology of paleosols from dolomitic with low redoximorphy to calcitic with gley horizons. The pedogenic carbonate nodules consisting of dolomicrite (5–10μm) are very common in the Urzhumian paleosols and their morphology, micromorhology and isotopic features indicate the pedogenic origin of dolomite.Sedimentological and paleopedological features of the studied siltstones, as well as the location of the Volga-Ural basin in a mid-latitude position (25–32°N) indicate a monsoonal character of precipitation during the Middle Permian.

QUATERNARY DEPOSITS AND GEOMORPHOLOGY OF THE GREEN BELT OF FENNOSCANDIA

The article provides a brief description of the main genetic types of Quaternary deposits and landforms within the GBF, with respect to special features of the territory associated with a significant stretch from North to South. In terms of its geomorphological structure, the territory falls into four parts which differ significantly in relief structure and composition of Quaternary deposits. Glacial, glaciofluvial and glaciolacustrine deposits of the last Scandinavian Late Valdai/Weichselian glaciations, with thickness ranging from 0 to 60 meters and mean values of 3-10 meters, prevail in the structure of the Quaternary cover. Holocene deposits are represented by peat, lacustrine, alluvial and seismo-gravita-tional sediments. The latter are developed locally within paleoseismic displacements. Continental ice was retreating from the study area from the end of the Allerod (12.3-11.3 Ka B. P.) to the beginning of the Preboreal time (10-9.5 Ka B. P.), wherefore modern landforms were shaped by various processes at different times, leading to a high variety of genetic types of Quaternary deposits and landforms. Earthquakes occurred in some moving parts of the GBF territory in postglacial time as a result of glacial isostatic equilibrium, leaving behind numerous evidence of paleoseismic displacements. The unique geological nature monuments in each of the four parts require further detailed study. It is of high relevance in connection with the special interest in borderland and protected areas, the ongoing development of a number of environmental protection and natural heritage preservation measures.

The results of the research of sandstones closed porosity

The article presents the results of the study of gas inclusions in quartz grains of Donets Basin sandstones. It describes the main genetic types of inclusions, their conditions of formation, shape, size, as well as features of the transformation under the conditions of catagenesis of rocks.The presence and distinctive features of the primary and secondary inclusions were established by studying of their homogenization temperatures. Thanks to these studies, it was found that the homogenization temperature of the primary inclusions is 1.5–2 higher than for secondary ones. Also, characteristic of the primary inclusions is that they are mainly gas-liquid. In size, primary inclusions are 1.5–2 times larger than secondary ones, and on average they are 2–3 µm. Secondary inclusionsessentially consist of gas. A characteristic feature of secondary inclusions in quartz grains of the sandstones of the Donetsk Basin is that they decorate the microdeformations of these grains, thereby forming numerous Boehm stripes. The gas inclusions of Boehm strips are indicators of paleotemperature, and the Boehm strips themselves carry information about paleopressure. To calculate the volume of gas inclusions, a methodwas proposed.This method is easy to use and does not require significant financial expenses. For its implementation, standard petrographic thin sections are used, which are examined using an optical microscope with a total magnification of 1000-1200 times. Using the proposed method, the volumes of gas inclusions in quartz grains of sandstones of different substages of catagenesis were established. Considering that gas inclusions are part of closed porosity, it is proposed to conditionally subdivide closed porosityinto cement closed porosity (volume of closed pores in the cementing substance of the rock) and grain closed porosity (volume of closed pores in detrital grains of the rock). It is established that the indicator of grain closed porosity is 2-3 times higher than the indicator of cement closed porosity. The largest volumes of gas inclusions are established for the middle substage of catagenesis. Considering that rock and gas outbursts occur only at the middle substage of catagenesis, this confirms the theory about the additional effect of gas inclusions on the progress of gas-dynamic phenomena in mine opening.Also, duringthe determination of absolute porosity of rocks in laboratory conditions, it is very important to grind the rock to micron-sized fraction. This will allow opening a part of inclusions in the clastic grains of rocks, which will substantially complement the indexes of absolute porosity.

Reservoir Rock Genetic Types Using Log Curve Shapes: Abu- Madi Formation, Offshore Nile Delta - Baltim Gas Field, Egypt

Recognizing of detail rock genetic types in Abu-Madi Formation using log curve shapes techniques is the main object of this research work. Abu-Madi Formation has been drilled in The Baltim gas field, offshore Nile Delta, and is deposited in a fluvio-marine environment which exhibits complex lithofacies. It is composed mainly of sandstone intercalated with siltstone and shale interbeds. The Abu Madi Formation is considered as the main gas producing reservoir rock in the Baltim gas field. Facies analysis and reconstruction of facies patterns for Abu-Madi Formation were performed using Log curve shapes interpretation. The constructed vertical profiles of three borehole logs data against lithologic intervals of the Abu-Madi Formation define the depositional history and the prevailing different rock genetic types. Two main rock genetic types were recognized indicating deltaic sedimentation. They are: 1. Distributary channel and 2. Stream Mouth bar deposits. They are exhibited either by a single unit of distributary channel or a complex superimposed on a stream mouth bar unit. Generally, they are representing lower deltaic plains and deltaic fringes sediments respectively. These rock genetic types are considered as the main gas producing zones in the Baltim field.

Formation and extent of peloid deposits in the Caspian Plain

Main mud resources of brine lakes for balneological purpose form and accumulate in the zone of steppes and semi-deserts in the south and south-east of Russia (for example, in the Caspian Lowland). The main genetic types of peloids in the zone of steppes and semi-deserts are: 1) sulfide silt muds; 2) sapropels; 3) freshwater clayey silts. Sulphide silt muds form in the areal extent of salt-dome tectonics of the Caspian Lowland. According to the salt ionic composition of slush, the peloids of the lakes of the Caspian Lowland are sodium chloride, magnesium, magnesium-sodium; sulphate-chloride magnesium-sodium (less often sodium); the sodium bicarbonate chloride peloids are less common. Slush mineralization varies between 73 and 328 g/dm3. The deposits of the Inder, Botkul, Elton, and Baskunchak Lakes and a number of shors are an example of highly mineralized sulfide muds. Black muds are oily to the touch. The silt deposits of lakes and shors are those of (bromine) salt saturated peloids - from weakly sulfide to strongly sulfide. They belong to promising or unpromising deposits due to the low power of the layers. The balneological resources of lakes, mud, and brine are a multipurpose product and can be comprehensively used in the national economy and in the improvement of the population's health.

Human Norovirus Evolution in a Chronically Infected Host.

Typically, human noroviruses cause symptoms of acute gastroenteritis for 2 to 4days. Often, the virions are shed in stool for several days after the symptoms recede, which in turn can lead to further contamination and transmission. Moreover, a number of reports have considered that chronic norovirus infections, i.e., lasting months and years, might even function as reservoirs for the generation of novel strains that can escape the herd immunity or have modified binding interactions with histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs). In this study, we analyzed noroviruses isolated from a patient who has presented a chronic infection for more than 6years. We found that the isolated capsid sequences clustered into two main genetic types (termed A and B), despite a plethora of capsid quasi-sequences. Furthermore, the two genetic types corresponded well with distinct antigenicities. On the other hand, we showed that numerous amino acid substitutions on the capsid surface of genetic types A and B did not alter the HBGA binding profiles. However, divergent binding profiles for types A and B were observed with human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which structurally mimic HBGAs and may act as natural antivirals. Importantly, the isolated capsid sequences only had approximately 90% amino acid identity with other known sequences, which suggested that transmission of these chronic noroviruses could be limited. IMPORTANCE The norovirus genogroup II genotype 4 (GII.4) variants have approximately 5% divergence in capsid amino acid identity and have dominated over the past decade. The precise reason(s) for the GII.4 emergence and persistence in the human population is still unknown, but some studies have suggested that chronically infected patients might generate novel variants that can cause new epidemics. We examined GII.4 noroviruses isolated from an immunocompromised patient with a long-term infection. Numerous norovirus capsid quasi-species were isolated during the 13-month study. The capsid quasi-species clustered into two genetic and antigenic types. However, the HBGA binding profiles were similar between the two antigenic clusters, indicating that the amino acid substitutions did not alter the HBGA binding interactions. The isolated sequences represented two new GII.4 variants, but similar sequences were not found in the database. These results indicated that chronically infected patients might not generate novel noroviruses that cause outbreaks.

Геодинамическая эволюция и морфоструктурный анализ западной части арктического шельфа России

The paper considers issues of the Barents Sea shelf geodynamic evolution and influence of basement geologic structural processes on seabed morphology in their interaction. The obtained data have made possible to assume that the Norwegian-Mezenskaya rift system, Voronin graben, St. Anne and Victoria grabens were formed at the expense of the lithosphere stretching processes, but the Vostochno-Barentsevomorskaya basin and MedvezinskoEdzinskaya area of depressions developed on the initial stage of lithosphere plate evolution due to collision of several island arcs and now all of them are outliers of the ancient oceanic crust. The technique of morphostructural analysis developed by the authors has allowed solve the inverse problem, and under morphological approach split all largest depressions on two main genetic types that confirm received geodynamic conclusion. Ключевые слова: геодинамика, морфоструктурный анализ, Баренцевоморский шельф, рельеф.

Inundatios on the Black Sea coast of Krasnodar krai

Inundatios on the Black Sea coast of Krasnodar krai between 1945 and 2013 have been analyzed. The main genetic types of inundations on the coast have been identified. The specific features and regularities of inundation wave transformation along the rivers and over time have been studied. Seasonal and maximal runoff of Black Sea rivers has been analyzed over a long-term period. Regularities in the variations of the number of inundatios and their characteristics over the coastal area have been revealed both at the annual and long-term scales. Quantitative estimates are given to the hazard and damage to the population and economic activity due to inundations in the valleys of Black Sea rivers.

Singenetic Avalanche In The Ukrainian Carpathians

Purpose. Study of natural conditions of formation and passage of avalanche situation until the avalanche’s going within the North-Eastern macro-slope of Chorohora and Borzhava landscapes. Methods: fieldwork, GIS modeling, cartographic and statistical methods. Results. Describe main genetic types of avalanche on the Ukrainian Carpathians limit and their affect characteristic on formation of avalanche situation. Investigate some snowfall and blizzard affect conditions on the snow cover stability. The special feature of syngenetic avalanche slide in mountain range Chornogora and Borgava is analyzing. The place of this territory in the physico-geographic regionalization is constituted. Research the snow types and stratigraphy structure which are forming within limits of Chornogora and Borgava nature regions. Particularity of meteorological characteristics and phenomena by avalanche situation development is study. Investigate influence of ground surface on avalanche slide. Determine numerical importance by temperature, wind and other characteristics under the terms are fix avalanche. Describe snowfall intensity during avalanche period. Analyzing special feature of snow cover stratigraphy structure, that are typical for syngenetic avalanche and number of snow layer before slide. Determine avalanche regime in Ukrainian Carpathians. Conclusions. Syngenetic avalanche in the Ukrainian Carpathians provoked snowfall confined to the slopes of different exposures. Meteorological conditions of avalanche situations vary depending on the avalanche mode.

Red paleosols in the key sections of the Middle and Upper Permian of the Kazan Volga region and their paleoclimatic significance

This paper presents the preliminary results of investigations of carbonate nodules from red paleosols of the reference sections of the Middle and Upper Permian of the Kazan Volga region. The main genetic types of paleosols are calcic gleysols and gleyed vertisols, the pedogenic nodules are composed of dolomite and calcite. Scanning electron microscopy and spectroscopic and isotopic methods of analysis show that the nodules retained their original mineral composition and were formed with the participation of soil microorganisms under conditions of contrasting seasonality in an arid climate. In the vicinity of the Kiama–Illawarra paleomagnetic boundary, the Urzhumian paleosols show a transition in the composition of pedogenic nodules from dolomite to calcite. It is suggested that this transition was caused by the humidization of climate, which is supported by lithological and isotopic data.

Advances and Overview of the Study on Paleo‐earthquake Events: A Review of Seismites

AbstractThe distribution and formation mechanisms of typical identified seismites are analyzed based on various factors from plate tectonic positions, types of sedimentary basins and properties of seismogenic faults to focal mechanisms. Especially, structural styles, reserved positions, activity times, formation mechanisms and dynamics of soft‐sediment deformation structures triggered by seismic activity are systematically analyzed. According to the genetic types of seismites, we propose 5 categories, including liquefied deformation, thixotropic deformation, hydroplastic deformation, superimposed gravity driving deformation and brittle deformation. Further, based on the main genetic types, composition of sediments and deformation styles, we draw up 35 secondary classifications. To determine paleo‐seismic sequences in different times, activities of seismogenic faults, high‐resolution tectonic events in one main tectonic movement and paleo‐tectonic settings, and to understand the inducing mechanisms of paleo‐earthquakes and ecologic environment evolution, researching on seismites are of great significance. Combing multiple approaches to identify the paleoearthquake records, simulating experiments on various soft‐sediment deformation structures triggered by different magnitudes of shocking, dating precisely on paleo‐seismic events, impacting on paleogeography and biological environment and on energy and resources domain are the frontiers of paleoseismic research.

PELOIDS OF THE DEEP BLACK SEA – MATERIAL COMPOSITION, PROPERTIES AND POTENTIAL RESOURCES

The main purpose of this study is to prove that certain types of genetic materials of the deepwater Black Sea sediments correspond to the notion of “deepwater peloids”, and that their stocks in the upper layers of the bottom sediments are virtually inexhaustible. To achieve the main goal the number of problems is solved, namely the particle size, mineral and chemical composition of the solid phase of the deepwater silt deposits were defined, including the analysis of their carbonate and organic matter content, moisture content, mass, density, bulk density, plastic strength, stickiness and other properties of the bottom sediments. The preliminary estimates of reserves and the prospective resources estimation of deepwater Black Sea peloids were conducted. The object of the study is the main material and genetic types of the deepwater silt sediments of the Black Sea.As the material for this study the authors used the archival and published data of analytical processing with a wide range of involved methods and core samples of bottom sediments obtained in numerous expeditions in the deep Black Sea, including those obtained during the 30th voyage of the SRS “Vladimir Parshin” (2010), as well as 62nd and 75th voyages of the SRS “Professor Vodyanitsky” (2005, 2013) [1, 3, 6]. According to their research results the authors proved that for the last 7 – 10 thousand years the multiphase dispersed heterogeneous physic-chemical system was formed in the deep Black Sea that spatially occupied mainly the upper (0 – 3 m) layer of the bottom sediments. With the unique granule-metric, mineral, chemical and physic-chemical and physic-mechanical properties, this system may be defined as “peloids”.The results of geological and geologic-environmental studies of the deepwater area of the Black Sea confirmed the perspective of conducting within its Ukrainian sector of the specific geologic exploration operations in order to delineate the deposits of the Black Sea deepwater peloids. Preliminary calculations show that such deposit may be huge in size.The target area for immediate geologic exploration works for identification of the main types of industrial deepwater Black Sea peloids, their stocks and medicinal properties is defined. Given these results it could be predicted that production and widespread use of the Black Sea deep peloids shall be economically feasible with the application of sustainable technologies and ensuring compliance with both Ukrainian and international law.

Vertical structure and dominating factors of sand body during Late Triassic Chang 9 time of Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin, NW China

Based on a synthetic geological study of drilling, well logging and core observations, two main genetic types of Chang 9 sand body in Odors Basin were recognized, which included two effects, that is, delta environment and tractive current effects that lead to the development of mouth bar, distal bar, sheet sand and other sand bodies of subaerial and subaqueous distributary channel, natural levee, flood fan and delta front, and shore-shallow lake environment and lake flow transformation effects that result in the development of sandy beach bar, sheet sand and other sand bodies. Chang 9 sand body mainly developed five basic vertical structures, namely box shape, campaniform, infundibuliform, finger and dentoid. The vertical stacking patterns of multilayer sand body was complex, and the common shapes included box shape + box shape, campaniform + campaniform, campaniform + box shape, infundibuliform + infundibuliform, campaniform + infundibuliform, box shape + campaniform, box shape + infundibuliform, and finger + finger. Based on the analysis on major dominating factors of vertical structure of sand body, sedimentary environment, sedimentary facies and rise, fall and cycle of base level are identified as the major geological factors that control the vertical structure of single sand body as well as vertical stacking patterns and distribution of multistory sand bodies.

Comparative analysis of the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) infection of unfed adult ixodid ticks Ixodes pavlovsky Pomerantsev 1946 and Ixodes persulcatus Schulze in the area of sympatria of their natural habitats

With the use of the ELISA method to detect an antigen, reverse transcription with quantitative real-time PCR with subtype-specific fluorescent probes, phylogenetic analysis of E and NS1 gene nucleotide sequences, bioassays with suckling mice, hemagglutination and neuroinvasiveness tests there was made a comparison of the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) infection of ixodid ticks Ixodes persulcatus P.Schulze and Ixodes pavlovskyi Pomerantsev 1946 in the area of sympatria of their natural habitats in the Novosibirsk region during growth period of their populations with the replacement ofprevailing species of monodominant type of the ixodid population structure. The ratio of 2 tick species didn’t depend on biotopes ofpine or birch forest but rather on the distance from the Novosibirsk Scientific Center: the lower anthropogenic pressure the smaller I.pavlovskyi proportion. The TBEV rate (including both pathogenic and apathogenic for laboratory mice virus), spectra of the TBEV3 main genetic types, neurovirulence and hemagglutination activity were similarfor both I.persulcatus and I.pavlovskyi. However, the proportion ofpathogenic for laboratory mice virus and the TBEV Far Eastern subtype, as well as viral loads of Siberian and European types for the TBEV from I.pavlovskyi were significantly higher than those from I.persulcatus.