Main Epochs Research Articles

East Barents Megabasin: Tectonostratigraphy and main epochs of geological history

The East Barents Megabasin (EBM) is a system of sedimentary basins in the Russian sector of the Barents Sea. A large amount of new seismic data has been acquired in this region within recent years. In this work the evolution of the EBM is reconstructed based on new seismic data interpretation integrated with well data and data on major tectonic events on adjacent lands. Development of the EBM started as a result of Frasnian rifting at ∼383 Ma. The subsequent postrift subsidence led to formation of a deep-water basin which was underfilled until Late Permian. In the Early Triassic, vast supply of clastic material from the North Kara Basin, Taimyr and Ural orogens resulted in final filling of the deep-water depression. The main stages of deformation during the evolution of the EBM were associated with orogenies in the Urals (Carboniferous-Permian), Novaya Zemlya (Middle Triassic–Early Jurassic), and, probably, the Verkhoyansk region (Berriasian-Barremian). In the Aptian, extensive basaltic magmatism and emplacement of intrusions took place in relation with High Arctic Large Igneous Province formation. In the Cenozoic, the final stage of deformation and erosion is identified. A new model of mechanism and onset of the EBM evolution is proposed.

SEMIOTIC APPROACH IN THE ARCHITECTURE OF CENTRAL CROSS-SHAPED ORTHODOX CHURCHES

The scientific research highlights the problem of shaping in the cruciform Orthodox churches architecture and the placement of this type of sacred structures in accordance with urban planning and natural conditions. It is revealed the three-dimensional solution of the temple, in which the supporting structures form an architectural space based on the three-dimensional cross symbol. The cross-dome system, which became widespread in the cruciform Orthodox churches architectural structures, was developed in the early Byzantine era. Probably, its origin is based on the late antiquity architecture in the form of reconstruction of ancient Roman temples and Syrian religious buildings. Later it spread to the Caucasus, Palestine and North Africa, the Balkans and, further, to the ancient Rus' territory. The use of relatively new structures will be relevant for the Orthodox churches design in difficult geological conditions or the disclosure, if necessary, of a more complex architectural image. One of the sacred architecture features is the architectural image formation through the sacred symbols use. It is proposed to use the cross symbol in accordance with the name of Orthodox churches. For this purpose, it is identified cross symbol typological groups, divided into two main epochs: pre-Christian and Christian. It is defined the typological groups used in Orthodox architecture, which are divided into five periods. Some of the cross symbol typological groups are presented below in the conceptual model of a centric cruciform Orthodox church. It is identified five main signs of the cross symbol use in an Orthodox church: in the architectural space, exterior, interior, plan, and facade shaping. It is provided a conceptual model of a centric cruciform Orthodox church, in which all five main features of the cross symbol use in an Orthodox church are implemented.

Психоанализ и христианство. Теоретическая динамика

The subject of this research is the psychoanalytic theory of religion and the evolution of its interpretation of Christianity. The dynamics of theoretical development is represented by three main epochs of development. First, it is worth considering the prerequisites from which psychoanalysis and the psychoanalytic theory of religion originated. In Western Christian culture, the intellectual thought of the XIX–XX centuries is fueled by the Enlightenment era, the philosophy of the “death of God” and scientific progress. But psychoanalysis is initially in a twofold position: it exposes primitive ideas about religion, and at the same time there is a lot of evidence that the symbolism and revelations of intuition embedded in the Judeo-Christian religion are included in its structure. The next milestone is the reign of existentialism and the development of postmodern thought. The understanding of the spiritual aspects of the human subject is significantly deepened. Psychoanalytic thinking about religion perceives existential intuitions and turns out to be an ally of Christianity. Finally, the third stage, when by the beginning of the XXI century there is a characteristic request of the New Time for the transformation of previous knowledge about religion and religiosity, from the side of psychoanalysis there are a number of important discoveries about the subject. The dialogue of religions and psychoanalysis is becoming extremely relevant and, as this study shows, modern psychoanalysis has worthy answers to the problem of Christianity in the post-Christian (secular) world. The research is based on the theory of religion, in addition to the theory of Freud, by such authors as G. Bataille, J.Lacan, Y.Kristeva, as well as modern psychoanalytic developments in the field of studying the reality of a religious subject, presented on the intellectual scene over the past decades. In conclusion, conclusions are given regarding the general discourse of psychoanalysis and Christianity.

ИСТОРИЧЕСКАЯ ПАМЯТЬ В СОВРЕМЕННОЙ БУРЯТСКОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЕ

The article characterizes the content of the historical consciousness of modern Buryat literature. The main epochs, events and personalities that are reflected in the modern authors’ creativity, and the features of their artistic representa-tion are highlighted. The chronological range of the historical events reflected in modern Buryat literature is concluded to be very wide: from the Huns’ epoch to the turn of the XX-XXI centuries. The epoch of Genghis Khan, the period of separation of the Buryat tribes and clans from the Mongols and their accession to Russia, the revolution period, the Civil war and the repressions that followed, and also the subsequent period of the XX century attract the authors’ greatest attention. Alongside, if there were certain stable assessments and approaches to the key events till the middle of the XX century reflecting the national historical consciousness at its present stage of development, then the events of the recent decades have been mainly depicted through the prism of the authors’ personal experience, and the historical memory about them is still formed from various narratives of the individual biographical memory.

East Barents Megabasin: Tectonostratigraphy and Main Epochs of Geological History

East Barents Megabasin: Tectonostratigraphy and Main Epochs of Geological History

On the viability of the evolution of the universe with Geometric Inflation

We perform a general analysis of the cosmological viability of Geometric Inflation. We show that the evolution of the universe, from inflation to the present day, can be seen from the addition of an infinite tower of curvature invariants into the Hilbert-Einstein action. The main epochs of the Universe can be reproduced: Inflation, Big Bang Nucleosynthesis, and Late-time acceleration driven by the cosmological constant. The slow-roll condition is a robust prediction of the theory. Inflation possesses a graceful exit with enough number of $e-$folds between the limit imposed by the Planck density and the exit of the exponential expansion to solve the horizon problem and the absence of topological defects. We also provide some scenarios where the energy scale of the theory can be calibrated.

The ontogeny of limbs movements towards midline in healthy infants born at term

BackgroundMovements towards midline are part of the age-adequate motor repertoire of infants. They develop contemporaneously to general movements, changing from occasional simple contact to proper midline motor patterns. AimThe aim of this study is to describe the ontogeny of movements towards midline in full term healthy infants. Study designParents were asked to record their infant every second week, from term age to 22 weeks post-term. Subjects25 healthy full-term infants. ResultsThree main epochs of development were detected: in the first one, between birth and 4 weeks post-term, movements towards midline were occasional, apparently due to the dominant flexed posture of elbow and knees and the adducted posture of shoulders and hips. In the second epoch, from 4 to 8 weeks, the limbs movements towards midline markedly decreased. In the third one, after 8 weeks, movements towards midline increased again in frequency, first appearing in lower limbs then in upper limbs, first solely as contact and thereafter as manipulation. A temporal overlapping with the occurrence of intermittent or continual fidgety movements was detected. ConclusionsMovements towards midline progressively change, through a defined timeline, in full term healthy infants. The increased knowledge about the normal age-adequate motor repertoire can help physicians in clinical assessment of high risk infants.

The origins of art and education in ancient China

The purpose of the research is to study the problem of the origins of Chinese art, in particular, the topic of musical education, which is interesting for its history, dating back to antiquity. The article also raises issues of music and theatrical origins. The methodology uses comparative, historical, and biographical methods in the study of this subject. The scientific novelty of the article is to study the actual problem that has arisen in the educational system, to study in more detail the origins of musical education, as well as to clarify the role of music and theater in China. The originality of the art of this country is not fully understood, with its ancient traditions. Conclusions. On the basis of studying the problem of China's musical education, we discovered the processes of development and modernization. Were also studied the problems of art, especially the formation of music in China and the musical and theatrical art, through the study of folk sources. The article also presents ancient samples of musical instruments. The main epochs marked by important events in the cultural life of China are vividly highlighted. At the moment, the culture of education and musical and theatrical life is not fully understood, which is of great interest for further study.

“The art of endlessly taking another view”


 This paper deals with Fichte’s The Characteristics of the Present Age, and in particular with his discussion of the “empty form of knowledge” he claims stands at the centre of the third – i.e. the present – age.
 Fichte speaks of a fundamental principle that forms the ‘common denominator’ between the third and fourth main epochs. This fundamental principle – the “maxim of comprehensibility” (Maxime der Begreiflichkeit) – makes knowledge and comprehension the measure of all that “counts as being valid and as really existing”. But the question arises: How can one and the same principle act as the “unifying concept” for two different “main epochs of human life”? Does this not go directly against Fichte’s claim that two main epochs differ from each other in every respect, precisely because they arise from two entirely different “unifying principles”, and because everything in them must reflect the difference between their “unifying principles”?
 Fichte’s answer to this question is as follows: a) the fundamental maxim in question allows for two diametrically opposed interpretations, so that each of them provides the principle or the “unifying concept” from which the third and fourth main epochs arise, and b) the third main epoch only gives rise to the empty form of science, as opposed to “truly real science”: it stands for a careless and easy-going, shallow, conventional, trivializing and incorrect conception of the “fundamental maxim of comprehensibility” – so that it misses what is essential, does not do justice to the fundamental maxim, overlooks its implications, and indeed goes against its innermost meaning.
 Special attention is paid to the question of whether and how some major features of Fichte’s “empty form of knowledge” result from a misguided and superficial understanding of Kant’s “maxims of the self-preservation of reason” and can be reconstructed from this vantage point. 
 
 
 
 

The Shared Time of the Mass Line: Economics, Politics and Participation in a Chinese Village

The development and spread of capitalism speeds up society and reconfigures social relations. This process is under way in the West, urban China and even in China’s countryside. Heyang village presents a case study of the historical processes of, and controversy over, these developments. A review of three main epochs of the temporal implications in China’s engagement with the West highlights the relevance of the Chinese Communist Party’s mass line as a response to the capitalistic development of social relations. Ethnographic research and focus group interviews with residents and leaders of Heyang indicate the need and the opportunity to rejuvenate the mass line as a means for leaders and the people to once again share time in order to address problems of unity within the village.

Археологія як сенс життя (пам'яті Леоніда Мацкевого)

The article is dedicated to the memory of Leonid Matskevyj – Ukrainian archaeologist who studied Palaeolithic and Mesolithic period. Main epochs of his life were highlighted and major publications were listed.

Fichte’s “empty form of knowledge”

«Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. Философия и конфликтология» — научно-теоретический рецензируемый журнал, обобщающий результаты исследований ученых всего мира в области традиционных философских дисциплин — онтологии, теории познания, логики, этики, социальной философии, эстетики, истории философии, философии культуры и философии религии, а также актуальные разработки в конфликтологии, философии политики и права.

Криза освіти, сучасні соціокультурні трансформації та зміна повсякденних освітніх практик

The crisis of education occupies a significant place in a number of crisis problems, which are particular indicated, in the jubilee report of the Club of Rome (April 2018). The main conclusion from this report is: “The old world is doomed, the New World is inevitable.” The article makes an attempt to find a logic in which one can understand the essence of this transition from the “doomed” to the “inevitable” world (the New Cultural Era), in particular, in the plane of educational transformations.
 The methodological choice of finding the answer to this question lies in the plane of a systemic, non-linear and interdisciplinary view of social and cultural dynamics, which suggests that there is a certain meta-parameter that sets the essence of the phase (crisis) transitions in these processes.
 As such a parameter, it is suggested to consider those typical basic experiences of the world that correspond to the main cultural epochs of the Western cultural range (Tradition, Modernity, Postmodern). A Quintessence of it can be described in terms of a person's experience of the relationship “I am - the World”. It is justified that in such conceptual frameworks it is logical to expect from the New Era the domination of the paradoxical individualistic-holistic experience of the World: I acutely realize myself as individuality, but at the same time it experiences its unity with the World, I belong to the World and create it simultaneously.
 In support of the reliability of such a forecast, the available points of growth of such a perception of the world are indicated, which take place in our sociocultural realities - the volunteer movement, playback theater, experimental schools (live school, game), the Internet as a parallel social reality and self-organizing communities that arise there . It emphasizes the value ambiguity of such cultural transformations and the need to track them not at the formal and institutional level but at the level of social self-organization, life styles, the transformation of everyday practices, in particular, everyday practices in the educational field.

One hundred years of the cosmological constant: from “superfluous stunt” to dark energy

We present a centennial review of the history of the term known as the cosmological constant. First introduced to the general theory of relativity by Einstein in 1917 in order to describe a universe that was assumed to be static, the term fell from favour in the wake of the discovery of the expanding universe, only to make a dramatic return in recent times. We consider historical and philosophical aspects of the cosmological constant over four main epochs: (i) the use of the term in static cosmologies (both Newtonian and relativistic); (ii) the marginalization of the term following the discovery of cosmic expansion; (iii) the use of the term to address specific cosmic puzzles such as the timespan of expansion, the formation of galaxies and the redshifts of the quasars; (iv) the re-emergence of the term in today's Lamda-CDM cosmology. We find that the cosmological constant was never truly banished from theoretical models of the universe, but was sidelined by astronomers for reasons of convenience. We also find that the return of the term to the forefront of modern cosmology did not occur as an abrupt paradigm shift due to one particular set of observations, but as the result of a number of empirical advances such as the measurement of present cosmic expansion using the Hubble Space Telescope, the measurement of past expansion using type SN 1a supernovae as standard candles, and the measurement of perturbations in the cosmic microwave background by balloon and satellite. We give a brief overview of contemporary interpretations of the physics underlying the cosmic constant and conclude with a synopsis of the famous cosmological constant problem.

Ophiolites in the Xing'an-Inner Mongolia accretionary belt of the CAOB: Implications for two cycles of seafloor spreading and accretionary orogenic events

The Xing'an-Inner Mongolia accretionary belt in the southeastern segment of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) was produced by the long-lived subduction and eventual closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean and by the convergence between the North China Craton and the Mongolian microcontinent. Two ophiolite belts have been recognized: the northern Erenhot-Hegenshan-Xi-Ujimqin ophiolite belt and the southern Solonker-Linxi ophiolite belt. Most basalts in the northern ophiolite belt exhibit characteristics of normal-type to enriched-type mid-ocean ridge basalt affinities with depleted Nd isotopic composition (epsilon(Nd)(t)>+5), comparable to modern Eastern Pacific mid-ocean ridge basalts. Most basaltic rocks in the southern belt show clear geochemical features of suprasubduction zone-type oceanic crust, probably formed in an arc/back-arc environment. The inferred back-arc extension along the Solonker-Linxi belt started at circa 280 Ma. Statistics of all the available age data for the ophiolites indicates two cycles of seafloor spreading/subduction, which gave rise to two main epochs of magmatic activity at 500-410 Ma and 360-220 Ma, respectively, with a gap of similar to 50 million years (Myr). The spatial and temporal distribution of the ophiolites and concurrent igneous rocks favor bilateral subduction toward the two continental margins in the convergence history, with final collision at similar to 230-220 Ma. In the whole belt, signals of continental collision and Himalayan-style mountain building are lacking. We thus conclude that the Xing'an-Inner Mongolia segment of the CAOB experienced two cycles of seafloor subduction, back-arc extension, and final Appalachian-type soft collision.

Cretaceous paleogeography of the West Siberian sedimentary basin

For paleogeographic reconstruction of the West Siberian basin during the Cretaceous we used a set of paleogeographic maps, which were compiled for the main epochs of the Cretaceous period. The paleogeographic maps presented in this study suggest progradational filling of the deep basin with avalanche-type sedimentation during Volgian-Barremian regression. The paleorelief and provenance of terrigenous sediments were reconstructed.

Jurassic paleogeography of the West Siberian sedimentary basin

Paleogeographic reconstruction of the West Siberian basin during the Jurassic is based on a variety of criteria used to evaluate the depositional environments (paleontological, sedimentological, geochemical, etc.). Extensive geochemical data on the hydrocarbon biomarkers in bitumen from organic matter are first used to constrain the depositional setting of this large region over a span of about 45 Myr. The study provides a detailed description of paleogeographic maps compiled for the main epochs of the Jurassic period with the reconstruction of paleorelief and differentiation of potential external and internal sources of terrigenous material. The paleogeographic reconstructions of the basin are considered with implications for the formation of regional seals and reservoir units. A special emphasis is given to interpretation of organic matter type and depositional setting of the major oil and gas source rocks. The study infers a paleogeographic control on the stratigraphic and areal distribution of hydrocarbon accumulations in the basin.

Refiguração do tempo histórico pela ficção

M. Bakhtin afirma que a representação de acontecimentos, relações e processos no romance deve abranger a totalidade de uma época – nela deve haver uma peculiar concatenação, literariamente expressa, espácio-temporal. Essa formulação contém elementos basilares para o entendimento e análise do romance, objeto deste estudo, Leite derramado de 2009 de Chico Buarque. A narrativa figura, pelo menos, duas grandes épocas históricas do Brasil: uma que vai do início do século XIX até 1930 e outra que vai desse momento ao início do XXI. É a representação da saga histórica da decadência de uma categoria social (fração da classe dominante), personificada na família Assumpção, com seus valores éticos e culturais, suas concepções de mundo e seu comportamento, estilizando sua dissolução social e moral. Ao fazer isso o romance coloca inúmeros problemas – desde humano-existenciais até histórico-políticos – para a reflexão do leitor.

Modeling general laws of spatial–temporal evolution of society: hyperbolic growth and historical cycles

The article investigates a distributed model of global evolution of humanity. The model utilizes a onedimensional quasilinear heat equation with a volume source and a nonlinear thermal conductivity coefficient. The model is applied to describe cyclic processes that unfolded over the entire span of human evolution against the backdrop of general population growth with blowup. The model parameters are chosen so that they satisfy the following requirements: the space integral (total population size) increases hyperbolically; the evolution of the system goes through 11 stages corresponding to the main historical epochs in accepted classification and matches actual quantitative indicators.

Anthropic Ideology Throughout the Ages

The goal of the present study is to try to understand this phenomenon. A working hypothesis is that man always looked for his place in the Universe and that the anthropic principles provide him new guide-lines in his struggle to find a meaning of his existence. To verify this hypothesis, or to make it more precise, would require a thorough study in the style of the „history of ideas”. The present paper should be regarded as a first reconnaissance along this way. I shall focus on the „extraterrestrial life debate” which has obvious ideological connections with tendencies giving force to the anthropic principles, and on philosophical implications of the Copernican revolution which spoiled man his cosmologically central position. Because of the richness of the available historical material, my discussion becomes more sketchy as it enters the after Galileo and Newton period of the modern sciences. All this makes of my conclusions only provisional suggestions pawing the way (let us hope) for better documented results. Composition of the paper reflects the main epochs of the development of the Western philosophy and science.