Main Effects Of Climate Change Research Articles

Long-Term and Decadal Sea-Level Trends of the Baltic Sea Using Along-Track Satellite Altimetry

One of the main effects of climate change is rising sea levels, which presents challenges due to its geographically heterogenous nature. Often, contradictory results arise from examining different sources of measurement and time spans. This study addresses these issues by analysing both long-term (1995–2022) and decadal (2000–2009 and 2010–2019) sea-level trends in the Baltic Sea. Two independent sources of data, which consist of 13 tide gauge (TG) stations and multi-mission along-track satellite altimetry (SA), are utilized to calculate sea-level trends using the ordinary least-squares method. Given that the Baltic Sea is influenced by geographically varying vertical land motion (VLM), both relative sea level (RSL) and absolute sea level (ASL) trends were examined for the long-term assessment. The results for the long-term ASL show estimates for TG and SA to be 3.3 mm/yr and 3.9 mm/yr, respectively, indicating agreement between sources. Additionally, the comparison of long-term RSL ranges from −2 to 4.5 mm/yr, while ASL varies between 2 and 5.4 mm/yr, as expected due to the VLM. Spatial variation in long-term ASL trends is observed, with higher rates in the northern and eastern regions. Decadal sea-level trends show higher rates, particularly the decade 2000–2009. Comparison with other available sea-level datasets (gridded models) yields comparable results. Therefore, this study evaluates the ability of SA as a reliable source for determining reginal sea-level trends in comparison with TG data.

Toward the Genetic Improvement of Drought Tolerance in Conifers: An Integrated Approach

The constant rise in the global temperature and unpredictable shifts in precipitation patterns are two of the main effects of climate change. Therefore, there is an increasing amount of interest in the identification of tree species, provenances and genotypes capable of withstanding more arid conditions and tolerating drought stress. In the present review, we focus our attention on generally more susceptible conifers and describe the different strategies that plants adopt to respond to drought stress. We describe the main approaches taken in studies of conifer adaptations to low water availability, the advantages and limitations of each, and the main results obtained with each of these approaches in the recent years. Then we discuss how the increasing amount of morphological, physiological and genetic data may find practical applications in forest management, and in particular in next-generation breeding programs. Finally, we provide some recommendations for future research. In particular, we suggest extending future studies to a broader selection of species and genera, increasing the number of studies on adult plants, in particular those on gene expression, and distinguishing between the different types of drought stress that a tree can withstand during its life cycle. The integration of data coming from different disciplines and approaches will be a key factor to increasing our knowledge about a trait as complex as drought resistance.

LOCAL DIFFERENTIATION AND ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN COASTAL GHANA

ABSTRACT This study investigates the perception of the impact of climate change on the livelihoods of small-scale fishing communities in the Western Region of Ghana. A mixed-method approach was employed, consisting of a survey of 400 fisherfolk households and 20 interviews with stakeholders. Changes in rainfall pattern, decreasing rainfall, stronger waves and storms that increase coastal erosion and cause persistent flooding were found to be the main effects of climate change on the livelihoods of small-scale coastal fisherfolk. Transnational fishing practices by fisherfolk in response to climate change contributed to the building of resilience of fishing households, while other adaptation strategies appeared to be insufficient in the long run. Coastal communities are not homogenous with respect to climate change impacts and corresponding adaptation strategies. Based on the empirical results, policy implications are suggested related to early warning systems and multiscalar marine planning.

СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ ПОСЛЕДСТВИЯ ГЛОБАЛЬНОГО ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ КЛИМАТА В ПРИБРЕЖНЫХ РАЙОНАХ ВЬЕТНАМА

The article discusses the main effects of climate change on socio-economic processes in the coastal areas of Vietnam.As the climate continues to change, millions of people face growing challenges related to extreme events that affect health, economies, migration and forced displacement and other associated risks. Vietnam is one of the first countries to acutely feel the effects of global climate change. It is coastal areas, such as the Mekong Delta in the first place, that are subjected to devastating floods and tropical cyclones every year, causing enormous economic damage and causing the need to relocate large numbers of people. As a country heavily affected by climate change, Vietnam has come up with many solutions to adapt to climate change and minimize the impact of climate change. Viet Nam is also one of the first developing countries in the world to include a commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the legal system for the entire population to comply with. Gradual climate events such as rising temperatures and rising sea levels affect livelihoods and can lead to long-term migration. This article analyzes the impact of global climate change on Vietnam, namely coastal areas. Coastal areas can be a powerful engine for Vietnam's further economic and social development, but rapid urbanization, economic growth and climate change mean that disaster risks will inevitably increase in the future. The socio-economic consequences of global climate change are determined, in particular for the coastal regions of Vietnam. Attempts to respond to global climate change are presented. To date, the region has implemented many policies and programs related to climate change.

Engineering Multigenerational Host-Modulated Microbiota against Soilborne Pathogens in Response to Global Climate Change.

Simple SummaryIn order to face the challenges posed by climate change, scientific research should be directed towards global needs while also keeping into account the need for increased plant productivity. In this sense, our scientific group from the Biocontrol Research Laboratory BIOREN (Temuco, Chile) and our collaborators, have been studying the enormous potential to enhance productivity by using suppressive soils. In this review, we highlight soil-suppressive microbiota as a natural source of biocontrol agents and we propose a strategy to create microbial assemblages, where the plant selects its own inoculants (when plants “cry for help”). This approach is based on the selection of specific taxa during the transition from a conducive to a suppressive soil. We hope that this strategy leads to generation of personalized bioinoculants to counteract the effects of climate change and increase agricultural sustainability.Crop migration caused by climatic events has favored the emergence of new soilborne diseases, resulting in the colonization of new niches (emerging infectious diseases, EIDs). Soilborne pathogens are extremely persistent in the environment. This is in large part due to their ability to reside in the soil for a long time, even without a host plant, using survival several strategies. In this regard, disease-suppressive soils, characterized by a low disease incidence due to the presence of antagonist microorganisms, can be an excellent opportunity for the study mechanisms of soil-induced immunity, which can be applied in the development of a new generation of bioinoculants. Therefore, here we review the main effects of climate change on crops and pathogens, as well as the potential use of soil-suppressive microbiota as a natural source of biocontrol agents. Based on results of previous studies, we also propose a strategy for the optimization of microbiota assemblages, selected using a host-mediated approach. This process involves an increase in and prevalence of specific taxa during the transition from a conducive to a suppressive soil. This strategy could be used as a model to engineer microbiota assemblages for pathogen suppression, as well as for the reduction of abiotic stresses created due to global climate change.

Climate change impact on Caspian Sea wave conditions in the Noshahr Port

Excessive usage of fossil fuels and high emission of greenhouse gases have increased the earth’s temperature and consequently have led to changes in wind and wave regimes. The main effects of climate change on oceans are warming of the ocean water, melting of ice, acidification of ocean water, and change in the ocean currents. The main effects of climate change on coastal regions are change in the coast hydrodynamics, sea level rise, change in wave height, coastal erosion, coastal structure damage, food shortage, and storms. Due to the importance of waves in the coastal zone and its effect on erosion and sedimentation, it is necessary to study wave changes. In this study, the effect of climate change on wave specifications was evaluated in the southern coast of the Caspian Sea in Noshahr Port. To simulate wave parameters, the third generation spectral Simulating WAves Nearshore (SWAN) model was used. Wave modeling was carried out using the SWAN numerical model for two 30-yearly periods, including the control period (1984 to 2014) and the future period (2051 to 2080). For wave modeling in the control period, the European Center for Average Weather Forecast wind field was used, and for the future period, a downscaled wind field from Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment projection, which was sponsored by World Climate Research Programme, based on the most recent emission scenarios RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5, was used. The model results were calibrated and verified with buoy-recorded data. The effect of the climate change on the wave parameters was evaluated by studying the differences between the patterns in three scenarios and the control period. Results showed that the 30-year maximum significant wave height will increase because of climate change, and the wave direction will not change. In addition, the intensity of storms will increase in the future.

Planeación de bajo carbono de megalópolis en México

El objetivo del artículo es identificar los desafíos principales para la planeación urbana de bajo carbono en México a partir del reconocimiento de los efectos principales del cambio climático en los centros de población de la megalópolis del centro de México y de la revisión de los avances parciales en materia de Programas Estatales para la Acción ante el Cambio Climático de los Estados de la República Mexicana. Se hace una propuesta inicial de estrategias para la planeación sustentable de ciudades de bajo carbono que integra los diversos usos del suelo urbano con algunos de tipo rural y se concluye que dicha propuesta podría servir como punto de partida para coadyuvar al reordenamiento en materia urbana y rural en las zonas urbanas de mayores conflictos que, a juicio de los autores, son las megalópolis y, así, vislumbrar soluciones para el mejoramiento del medio ambiente.

ФОНТАНИ ЯК АРХІТЕКТУРНО-БУДІВЕЛЬНИЙ ЗАСІБ АДАПТАЦІЇ УРБАНІЗОВАНОГО МІСЬКОГО СЕРЕДОВИЩА ДО КЛІМАТИЧНИХ ЗМІН

Ukraine's population living in cities is about 68%. The tendency of population growth and increasing their concentration in large cities of the country is anticipated. There happens the formation of a qualitatively new urbanized environment. The relevance of this study stems is dued to the global report on human settlements “Cities and climate change: strategy directions” (United Nations Human Settlements Program, 2011). The consequences of urbanization and climate change are dangerously combined, threatening environmental, economic and social stability in the world. The report aims to raise awareness of governments and anyone who's interested in the strategic development of cities on a number of topical issues: the impact of cities on climate change; the impact of climate change on cities; the role of cities in consequences mitigation. The aridity of climate has significantly increased in Ukraine, during the last decades. This article discusses the main effects of climate change, mitigation measures, and ways to adapt the urban environment. The factors affecting the increased climate change in the urban environment are described here. And the negative effects of climate change in the cities of the country are analyzed. Much attention is paid to the problem of the formation of heat island in an urban environment. The heat island is the result of a temperature anomaly over the central part of the city and factor influencing the manifestation of heat stress. The leaded research has been analyzed in next direction: heat stress - as a consequence of climate change in an urbanized city environment. Here were learned the groups of measures to improve the adaptability of the city to the negative effects of climate change. The article deals with research on modeling urban spaces. Much attention is paid to developing a plan for adapting the urban environment to climate change. The fountains were recognized as the main architectural and construction method for adapting large cities of the country to heat stress. The evolution of the development of modern fountains as architectural objects in the urban environment is traced, as well as a historical change in the functional content. Modern fountains are “living” urban air conditioners that regulate the climate of the urban environment (cool and moisten the air, reduce air pollution). The noise of urban street fountains, created by the variety of water sounds, improves the sound of urban areas affected by traffic noise. Fountains contribute to increasing the comfort of an urbanized city environment and increasing the adaptation of cities to heat stress. Here's clarified the definition of the term. A fountain is a specific structure for improving the climate of the environment with all the main and auxiliary devices and equipment that belong to it (State Standard D.1.1-1: 2013 Rules for determining the cost of construction). Here's raised the issue of the rational use of water resources in the organization of fountains in an urban environment. The article examines the experience of building fountains in countries with arid climate. Described in detail: • The Bellagio fountain in Las Vegas - the brand identity of tourist destinations, internationally recognized as the most spectacular; • The Dubai Fountain is the largest fountain in the world, a prime example of the rational use of water resources. As a result of the study, the following conclusions were made: modern fountains help to reduce the negative effects of climate change, reduce the manifestation of heat stress, passively cool urban spaces, normalize the functioning of urban energy systems, reduce air pollution, improve the quality of used water. Fountains also improve the sound of urban areas affected by traffic noise. Fountains as a part of the city’s adaptation plan to climate change manifestations increase the adaptability of the urbanized city environment to heat stress and carry out a set of measures aimed at increasing the comfort of urban areas. Creating interactive maps of cool zones with the presence of fountains on the territory of large cities where people can spend a hot day, and giving a block of such information to maps located in the city for tourists are the first steps to improve the adaptation of cities to climate change. Also, fountains are a tourist potential for the development of recreation zones and the historical part of the cities of Ukraine.

Impact of climate change on water resources in Iran

Climate change may be defined as a change in the time variation of weather conditions over a period of time. It is caused due to amount of precipitation, temperature, rate of evaporation, and variation in solar radiation received by earth. Other than that, human activities have also been identified as significant causes of climate change and often referred to as global warming, and all regions of the world are expected to experience a net negative impact of climate change on water resources and freshwater ecosystems where, intensity and characteristics of the impact can vary significantly from region to region. It is worth mentioning that flash floods and drought are a worldwide hazard and it is necessary to address these complicated events. Therefore, there is an urgent need to understand the climate to provide adequate supplies of good-quality water for all people living today and future generations and sustain crucial functions of ecosystems. Several models have been used to predict climate change but long-term prediction of weather parameter is a challenge required for water resources management. For this reason, Fourier series and The Francou and Rodier empirical approach have been used for assessment of precipitation and flood analysis, respectively. It has been found that, the main effects of climate change related to water resources are rising temperature, shifts in precipitation patterns, snow cover, and increasing the likelihood of floods and droughts. Climate change may significantly change the seasonal variation in river flow changes too.

Modelación dinámica de los efectos del cambio climático en gestión del agua en la cuenca del río Conchos

In the last decades there have been some deficits in water deliveries that Mexico must make to the United States under the Water Treaty between the two countries. Population growth and the effects of climate change make possible foresee that the difficulties will increase in the future. This text analyzes the observed changes in rainfall in the basin, and a dynamic model is developed to estimate the effects of climate change on the water balance of the Conchos river basin, which contributes 87% of the amount of water established as Mexicans commitments in the Treaty. The results of three scenarios are shown and the effects on water availability in the basin are exposed. A sensitivity analysis is presented, with the Montecarlo method, regarding the main effects of climate change in the basin. To analyze the effects on irrigation, the main use of water in the basin, a adaptive dynamic model and its results are also presented. Finally, the expected effects on future availability are concluded, and general recommendations are made for adaptation to climate change.

Perspectives Regarding the Impact of Climate Change on World Economy

By elaborating this article, we want to analyse the current situation, but also anticipating the actions that will result from climate change and its impact on global economy. Firstly, it is necessary to clarify the terms of specialty, a brief introduction to climate change, but also the presentation of legislative concepts at national, European and international level. Secondly, we shall briefly outline some possible scenarios on global climate change, but also various strategies and policies that can help achieve the expected climate change outcomes. Further, present and future situations will be presented by geographic regions, but also differentiated according to the large economic production flows, and finally, the main effects of climate change on the world economy will be identified.

Prevention, mitigation and adaptation to climate change from perspectives of urban population in an emerging economy

Abstract This paper discusses the current knowledge and opinions of urban population in a city of a country that it is recognized with greater vulnerability to climate change, as it is Bogota the main city of Colombia. It is important to analyse the opinion of the urban population on climate change, taking into account that in the next years cities will be vulnerable and affected by this phenomenon. This research uses a survey that determine the knowledge, causes and effects of climate change, as well as measurements and information that are required to address climate change issues more fully. The main results suggest that the Bogota's respondents have heard about climate change and all consider that this phenomenon is a reality. The main effects of climate change according to respondents are droughts and floods, with consequences for health and water, energy and food availability. Moreover, the respondents consider the design and application of adequate measurements that allow adaptation and mitigation to climate change important. The findings of this study are significant for awareness at all levels of urban society of the activities and programs that allow for sustainable development in consideration of climate change.

Impact of Climate Change on Cultivar Choice: Adaptation Strategies of Farmers and Advisors in German Cereal Production

The objective of this study is to understand which requirements for cereal cultivars—with regard to climate change adaptation—are in demand by farmers and advisors, and to clarify whether there are any differences in their assessments. A comparative survey was used to collect data from 410 farmers and 114 advisors in Germany. The majority of both farmers and advisors reported perceivable effects of climatic change on plant production. The increase in droughts and hot spells, the increased incidence of torrential rain, and mild winters were mentioned as the main effects of climate change. For climate change adaptation, the farmers and advisors mostly relied on a locally-adapted cultivar selection. It is estimated that eco-stability, grain yield, resistance to lodging and drought tolerance are important cultivar properties. In the study, farmers and advisors equally pointed out the need for additional cultivar evaluation according to eco-stability. Finally, only minor differences regarding farmers’ and advisors’ assessments were found within the study. The outcome of this research points to the need of implementing farmers’ demands in cultivar recommendations. For example, an impartial assessment of cultivars’ eco-stability could help support the choice of cultivars and reduce the growing risks in cereal production with regard to climate change.

Future climate change in the Mediterranean area: implications for water use and weed management

Results obtained within research activity from the Climesco Italian Project are summarized. These results suggest that in regards to the impact of climate change in the Mediterranean area, a decrease of water availability and a more frequent occurrence of drought periods are expected. In order to describe the main effects of climate change on water use in some agro-ecosystems in the Mediterranean area we showed that the Penman-Monteith equation can be modified to simulate future changes in reference evapotranspiration by recalibration of the crop resistive parameter. Moreover, the use of adjusted crop coefficients (Kc) can help quantify the climate change impact on water use for irrigated crops grown in Southern Italy and elsewhere in the Mediterannean. For this region temperature rise and the concomitant expected rainfall reduction may lead to an increase yearly potential water deficits. For autumn-spring crops a further increase of water deficit is not expected. In contrast for a significant increase of water deficit, and thus of irrigation needs, is expected for spring-summer crops. Another aspect considered in this review is how in the Mediterranean area, drought conditions and warmer temperatures will alter the competitive balance between crops and some weed species. We report experimental data showing how weed aggressiveness and competition is already increasing due to warmer temperatures in the Mediterranean region.

Global Warming Induced Water-Cycle Changes and Industrial Production – A Scenario Analysis for the Upper Danube River Basin

Summary Using the environmental decision support system DANUBIA, we analyze the effects of climate change on industry and compare the effectiveness of different adaptation strategies. The observed area covers Germany and Austria up to 2025. Since the main effects of climate change in this region are expected to be caused by changes in the water-cycle, we place a special focus on the exemplary region of the upper Danube catchment area. Industry is the main regional user of water resources.Water is an essential production factor and is used in almost every production process of a manufactured good. We apply estimates of regional production functions, based on AFiD-panel micro-data for Germany, to calibrate regional industrial production and water usage within DANUBIA. Thus, we are able to simulate region-specific effects of climate change and the impact of social scenarios using an innovative model of the reciprocal influences of a huge network of interdisciplinary research areas. Simulation results show wide regional differences in production site reactions as well as between differing scenarios. Comparing scenarios of moderate and serious climate change, we are able to illustrate the severe environmental effects in some regions and to determine considerable economic effects on regional economic growth.

Effects of global climate change on freshwater biota: A review with special emphasis on the Italian situation

There is much evidence that climate is rapidly changing at a global scale, especially regarding mean annual temperatures, precipitations and evaporation. The consequences of this rapid environmental change on freshwater biota are still not clear, but undoubtedly they could be severe. Among the main effects of climate change, we can individuate the enhancement of water temperatures, particularly important for poikilothermic organisms, with the consequent diminution of dissolved oxygen, and the reduction of available habitats for most stenothermal organisms. Another consequence of climate change is the alteration of hydrologic cycles, with increasing intensity and frequency of extreme events such as droughts, especially in Southern Europe. This scenario could severely affect freshwater biota, especially in mid-latitude regions, such as the Italian peninsula: shifts in phenology, life cycles and distribution ranges are likely to be expected for many organisms, with the extinction of many sensitive species. In particular, species adapted to perennial and cold waters are likely to suffer reductions in their distribution range and also local extinctions, while more tolerant organisms may enlarge their distribution ranges. Global climate change may also promote and enhance invasions of alien species. In this work, concepts and hypotheses about the presumable impacts of climate change upon freshwater biota are reported, with examples and predictions related to the Italian situation.

Climate Change Research and Policy in Mexico: Implications for North American Security

Mexico has a host of environmental problems nowadays and others are piling up because of the expected impacts of climate change. This article discusses the main effects that global climate change is having on Mexico. President Felipe Calderon's current administration has designed a climate change strategy (Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático) toward the purpose of generating policies to mitigate emissions as well as to foster adaptation to global warming. We discuss the main effects of climate change on Mexico and describe two recent research endeavors, one related to identifying vulnerability and another that determines the costs to the economy of policies to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. In the final part we discuss how climate change policies across North America are divergent and identify some methods that could potentially promote better cooperation among these neighboring countries.