Main Conflict Research Articles

Characteristics analysis and safety evaluation of vehicles turning over long distances

In order to explore the motion and safety characteristics of the U-turn vehicles at long-range U-turn intersections, based on the measured data of the U-turn vehicles at typical locations, we analyzed the characteristics of the U-turn vehicle's trajectories and traffic parameters with the help of probability theory and statistical knowledge, and established the U-turn trajectory model. We used Traffic Conflict Technology (TCT) and take Post Encroachment Time (PET) as the indicator to study the feature of vehicles security of - turn vehicles. Three conclusions are drawn from this study. First, there is a significant difference in the headway between long-range -turn vehicles and those at intersections without opening: the stability of the headway of long-range -turn vehicles is weak, and the release of vehicles is seriously disturbed by the turning flow; Secondly, when turning around at a long interval u-turn intersection, the starting position of vehicle turning is dispersed and the distribution of U-turn trajectories is quadratic distribution. Third, the setting of long interval turning lanes will increase the interference between traffic flows at intersections, thus increasing the number of conflicts with vehicles in the opposite direction. Cross-conflict accounts for the majority of conflicts in long interval U-turn intersections, and rear-end collision is the main conflict type in U-turn intersections without opening. The above research conclusions are helpful to improve the safety of long interval U-turn intersections.

ESCHATOLOGICAL MOTIFS IN THE SHORT NOVEL “DEFINITELY MAYBE” BY A. AND B. STRUGATSKY

The article presents an analysis of eschatological motifs in Arkady and Boris Strugatsky’s short novel “Definitely Maybe” (“One Billion Years to the End of the World”) (1976), in particular, it describes the development of the motifs of the Last Judgment, the end of the world and the fate of the universe in the original idea of the story as reflected in the author’s sketches and in the final text. The motif of the Last Judgment underwent a strong change in the text of the story and was realized in the form of self-judgment of the scientists, who are the heroes of the story. They condemn themselves to a future in which their scientific potential will not be fully realized. The motif of the end of the world is stated in the title and the main conflict of the story, which entails the heroes’ confrontation with the force that prevents scientific discoveries that could lead to the end of the world. Most scientists try to make sense of what is happening by appealing to folklore, religious experience, or ideas about extraterrestrial civilization. The fate of the universe is closely connected with the phenomenon of the Homeostatic Universe, which influences the lives of the characters in the story not directly, but implicitly, through everyday phenomena, which by the story’s finale add up to an insurmountable obstacle for most scientists. The eschatological motifs of the Strugatsky brothers were formed under th

Performability of Valuation Adjustment Mechanism: Value Judgements at the Normative Level

On the occasion of a valuation adjustment mechanism, the main conflict of profit occurs between the shareholders of the repurchasable shares and the creditors of the target company. Since the introduction of the Minutes of the national courts' civil and commercial trial work conference (Minutes), the academic debate on the valuation adjustment mechanism has centred on the enforceability of the share repurchase clause therein. If the dispute is dealt with according to the literal meaning of Article 5(2) of the Minutes, it is not only detrimental to the maintenance of transaction security, but also systematically in conflict with Article 579 of the Civil Code of the Peoples Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as Civil Code) systematically. Therefore, by means of systemic interpretation, Article 5(2) of the Minutes can be limited to the case of insufficient distributable profits in order to achieve the harmonisation of the normative system.

OPERA "CREONT" BY DMYTR BORTNIANSKY: FROM PORTUGAL TO UKRAINE

The article examines the creative activity of the outstanding Ukrainian artist Dmytro Bortnyanskyi as an opera composer. The focus is on the operas of his Italian creative period (1768 - 1779) - Creont (1776, Venice), Alcides (1778, Venice) and Quintus Fabius (1779, Modena). The happy modern stage fate of the opera "Alkid" is indicated, its score was published in Kyiv in 1985. The found manuscript of the score by Dmytro Bortnyansky's first opera "Creont" provides new opportunities for studying the artist's work, this score was considered to be lost for a long time; after establishing the location of the score in one of the archives of the Portuguese city of Lisbon, its copy was brought to Ukraine. The history of transfers of the surviving manuscripts of Dmytro Bortnyanskyi's opera works was studied, in addition, the author analyzes the plot, structure and musical dramaturgy of the opera "Creont". The author uses a combination of scientific methods to achieve the goal of investigation, in particular: the source method — for searching and analyzing contemporary handwritten and printed sources; the historical method — to establish historical and cultural parallels in the study of Dmytro Bortnyanskyi's opera heritage and to outline prospects for further study of the specified issues; theoretical method — for the systematization of musical and stylistic factors of the study of the musical text of the opera "Creont" and the creation of certain generalizations. The study determines the numerical structure of the two-act opera "Creont", the plot of which is based on the tragedy "Antigone" by the ancient Greek playwright Sophocles. It is noted that the main conflict of Dmitry Bortnyanskyi's opera takes place between the king of Thebes, Creont, and Antigone, the daughter of the deceased king Oedipus (compared to the tragedy of Sophocles, the ending in the opera is changed from tragic to happy — all the characters remain alive, Antigone becomes the queen of Thebes and wins in the confrontation with by Creont). It is emphasized that the preserved score of the opera "Creont" provides grounds for a deeper understanding of Dmytro Bortnyanskyi's opera heritage and the composer's achievements in the genre of Italian opera, and that an important task is the production of this opera in Ukraine, in the composer's homeland

III. Dis Manibus. Zum römischen Grabrecht

Summary The Roman law of burial can be reconstructed not only from the legal sources, but also from the numerous funerary inscriptions that have been found in the city of Rome. Doing so requires resolving various inconsistencies between the two groups of sources. The main conflict stems from the categorisation of the tomb as a res religiosa in the legal sources, while the inscriptions seem to allow the transfer of the ius sepulchri through transactions and wills. Furthermore, the legal nature of the funerary inscriptions for qualifying a tomb and establishing burial rights needs to be clarified. Contrary to a scholarly opinion, the inscriptions themselves do not constitute the burial order. Instead, they merely reproduce parts of the underlying legal transactions that were used to establish the order of the tomb and the burial rights associated with it. Against this background, an analysis of the well-known distinction between sepulchra hereditaria and sepulchra familiaria provides for new insights into the design and the limits of the grave founder’s dispositions. In sum, the thorough comparison of the epigraphic and the legal material demonstrates the reliability of the funerary inscriptions for the legal analysis of Roman burial law.

Vibration analysis and experimental study of three-dimensional orthogonally coupled plates with through edge cracks

A modeling method for transverse vibration of three-dimensional (3D) orthogonally coupled plates is proposed and the through cracks located at coupling edges are considered. Corresponding experimental tests are performed to validate the effectiveness of this method. The main conflict for modeling 3D orthogonally coupled plates lies in the conflict of local coordinates of neighboring plates at the orthogonally coupled edge. The resolution of this conflict is effectively achieved by employing local collocation points method, this method is used to derive a universal expression for the coupling of plates under any coordinate system. Several cases were analyzed to compare natural frequencies, modal shapes, and dynamic responses against reference and experimental findings. Consequently, the present results are found to closely align with the measured outcomes, confirming the convergence and correctness of the proposed model and its solutions. The effects of crack parameters, such as length and number, on the vibration characteristics of orthogonally coupled plate structures are investigated. It is found that the vibrational characteristics of the coupled plates are more sensitive to the presence and variation of cracks at high frequencies. In the case of this study, as the number of cracks increases, response peaks appear at lower frequencies, with the maximum peak differing by up to twice. These findings are shown to have significant practical implications for understanding and predicting the effects of cracks in real orthogonally coupled plate structures. The effectiveness and convenience of the modeling approach for three-dimensional orthogonally coupled plates with through cracks are demonstrated in this study.

Transnational companies in environmental conflicts: Rio Tinto, anti-mining resistance in Serbia, and the contradictions of Europeanization

AbstractAfter decades of outsourcing mining activities, Global North governments have begun to domesticate production sites. This strategy aligns with decarbonization goals but also contributes to the emergence of new environmental conflicts and protest movements. The analysis of these movements provides an important insight into the changing shape of transnational rule in the context of resource extraction for the European Green Deal. Building on the approach to reconstruct rule from resistance, we reconstruct the anti-mining resistance movement against a lithium mine in Serbia. Tracing their tactics and addressees, we identify three main conflict actors that the movement is opposed to (the transnational mining company Rio Tinto, the Serbian government, and the European Union (EU)). By addressing these institutions, the protesters do not only constitute a multifaceted conflict constellation around the Jadar project, but they also submit an argument about who can and who is allowed to dictate to others how they ought to behave. While all involved parties play their part, the EU appears more as a structural force during the conflict, preconfiguring the possible conduct of others. Particularly, the accession process places contradictory expectations on Serbia, both enabling and restricting the agency of the government and domestic protest movements. Yet, transnational companies are likely profiting from this constellation in the long run, because the inbuilt contradiction between a commitment to green policies and a pressure to open markets to foreign investments in the context of the accession process is conducive to that end.

Threads of Tradition Social Expectations and Marriage in Emma by Jane Austen and Tess of the D’Urbervilles by Thomas Hardy

This study explores the theme of marriage and social expectations in two beloved novels: In case of two British novelists Jane Austen's Emma and Thomas Hardy's Tess of the D’Urbervilles. The paper is focused on revealing a multi-faceted character of the figure of gender roles, social values and traditions linking the lives of Emma Woodhouse and Tess Durbeyfield by means of a comparative analysis. These tensions between female characters' individual goals and social constraints are exposed by the study and the opinions of Elizabeth V. Spelman, Ann Bo-Hubert, Hazel Carby, Elaine Showalter, Susan Gubar and Sandra M. Gilbert are referred to. Austen dismantled the precedent social norms of the Regency period through the vital tool of satire and wit after this novel is through and through analysed out. The made decision to make the word association “Brain” instead of “love” is a pretty good way to show the society who sees marriage as only a calculated action, not the passionate connection. The multilayered substructures of a theme are formed due to the "crazy woman in the attic" metaphor constructed by Gilbert and Gubar which implies the true self of a woman in society is suppressed due to restricted roles. Unlike Stone's 'Greek Myths,' Hardy in Tess of the D’Urbervilles focusing on a gloomy story that work to demonstrate the harmful consequences of ignoring Victorian society rules. The article analyses the marriage and gender role issues that Hardy has shown in a vivid manner as Eagleton says. The main conflict of the play is about what man want and what society demands, that is: what is true happiness and what is right in social term. Social class differences get intensively scrutinized, as the plot shows how the social systems influence the lives of the characters and build their destinies which deepens the theme analysis further. The study shows that these classic novels have been excellent guides and examples that have helped readers figure out what they would like to do with their lives. Moreover, the readers have been able to see people confront the challenges they encounter from institutions or interpersonal dynamics as well as expectations to balance their culture and social obligations.

MODERN APPROACHES TO CONFLICT MANAGEMENT IN HOTEL AND RESTAURANT BUSINESS ESTABLISHMENTS

The article examines the essence and features of conflicts. Conflicts should be understood as a complex phenomenon that can be caused by various circumstances, contradictions between two or more parties, and is accompanied by mutual actions or disagreements and can have various consequences. The main features of conflict are given, which include: contradiction, mutual disagreement, interaction, tension, desire for influence and the need for a solution. The existing conflict theories were studied, in particular within the framework of systems theory (conflicts arise as a result of disagreements and imbalances in systems, in particular social, political and economic), functionalist theory (conflicts are considered as a normal and necessary part of social life) and social-psychological theory (conflicts arise as a result of disagreements interests (individual, group and intergroup). The main advantages and disadvantages of the considered theories are given. With the development of the theory of conflicts, their essence and meaning were rethought and considered from different points of view. It should be noted that until the 20th century, conflict was considered as an exclusively negative phenomenon, however , after the 20th century, views on its essence have changed, and it is considered from the point of view of positive content, which contributes not only to problems in the activities of organizations, but also to their development. Conflicts between guests and employees result in the form of various complaints, which are divided into the following categories: complaints about service, complaints about cleanliness and hygiene, complaints about technical problems, complaints about the quality of food in the establishment, complaints about accommodation and comfort, etc. The article lists the main conflict generators by manifestation and behavior (negative attitude, condescending attitude, boastful attitude, mentoring relationships, dishonesty and insincerity, ethical violations, regressive behavior) and by the field of manifestation (social, economic, political, cultural, psychological). The article describes the peculiarities of conflict management in the hotel and restaurant business, which are caused by a large number of interested parties, emotional tension, a variety of cultures and communications, and the presence of guests.

The image of a rebel writer (based on the novels "The Revolt of Denis Bushuev" by S. S. Maksimov and "The Revolt of the Sunflower" by L.D. Rzhevsky)

The article examines the image of the writer in the novels "The Sunflower Rebellion" by Leonid Rzhevsky and "The Rebellion of Denis Bushuev" by Sergei Maksimov. The subject of the study is the poetics of the image of the writer in the works of major writers of the second wave of Russian emigration. Russian literature is based on the general problems of the novels, the similarity of the destinies of the main characters and the authors belonging to one direction of Russian literature of the XX century – the second wave of Russian emigration. Using the example of the fate of an emigrant writer and a writer of the metropolis, the uprising against the ideological restrictions dictated by the political regime is considered. Special attention is paid to the literary tradition of depicting the hero-creator at the beginning of the 20th century, as well as autobiographical and historical facts that influenced the transformation of the image in question in the work of second-wave emigrants. The methodological basis of the study is an integrated approach that includes biographical, historical, typological and comparative methods. The author's attention is focused on the conflict "artist-power", which is at the center of the novels "The Revolt of Denis Bushuev" and "The Revolt of the Sunflower". The novelty of the study is due to the introduction of previously little-studied material, and for the first time a comparative analysis of novels authored by representatives of the second wave of emigration is presented. As a result of the analysis, the following typological similarities were revealed in the depiction of hero-artists by S.S. Maksimov and L.D. Rzhevsky: the personal experience of the authors lies at the heart of the images of rebellious hero-creators; the main conflict of both works is the aggravation of contradictions between the writer and the authorities; this conflict underlies the creativity of the majority of emigrants of the second wave. Russian literature also proved that the depiction of the literary hero in the works of the second wave of Russian emigration continues the tradition of classical Russian literature in depicting the conflict between the artist and power, but emigrant creativity interprets it in a tragic way.

Memorialization at Conflict Heritage Sites in Aceh based on Major Events

Aceh’s conflict heritage is a category of dark heritage that has been taking shape since the start of the political conflict between the Indonesian government and the Free Aceh Movement in 1976 and the post-tsunami peace agreement in 2005. These events have left a contested tangible and intangible legacy. There is the need to learn from past events with the aim of truth-telling, restoration of victims’ rights, maintaining and nurturing peace. This research aims to identify conflict heritage sites in Aceh and see how the process of memorializing sites is starting to take place. The identification process was conducted through literature review, interviews, focused group discussions, and field verification. Preliminary findings show that 20 significant heritage sites have been mapped, concentrated in the main conflict zones. The heritage objects are identified based on main events timeline and collective narratives of conflict. It also examines the typology of the physical memorials built across the main conflict heritage location and analyzes the process and the results of these memorialization efforts. The results show memorialization efforts face challenges in both the process and form of memorialization. Also, in realizing inclusive and empathic memorialization, it does not only rely on the multi-parties involved but more on the local environmental and cultural context.

Violent Conflict and Hostility Towards Ethnoreligious Outgroups in Nigeria

ABSTRACT This study examined the effect of exposure to violent conflict on hostility towards ethnic and religious outgroups among Nigeria’s population and among its two major religious groups (i.e., Christians and Muslims). Violent conflict had a robust positive effect on outgroup hostility among the Nigerian population and among Christians. A plausible mechanism behind this finding is that the threat posed by violent conflict strengthens ingroup cohesion, erodes trust in outgroup members, and makes intergroup boundaries salient. This is especially so when the opposite party to the conflict constitutes a distinct cultural outgroup. The main conflict affecting Christians involves nomadic pastoralists of Fulani ethnicity, who are Muslims. Among Muslims, violent conflict rather had a weak positive effect on outgroup hostility that was not robust to alternative operationalizations of outgroup hostility. The null effect might be because the main conflict affecting Muslims—the Boko Haram insurgency—does not involve Christians. A significant number of Muslims are also affected by conflicts involving nomadic Fulani pastoralists.

Роль Евросоюза в (де)стабилизации постъюгославского пространства

Since the launch of the Stabilization and Association Process in 1999, the European Union has become the main conflict mediator on the post-Yugoslav space. The EU’s policy towards the region of the so-called Western Balkans implies the juxtaposition of integration and conflict settlement goals, which was not the case during the previous enlargement waves. Besides promoting peacebuilding initiatives through traditional foreign policy instruments, Brussels has been practicing a complicated system of incentives and sanctions related to the European integration procedures. Progress of the post-Yugoslav republics in enlargement is conditional on their willingness to implement particular requirements. The article analyzes the efficiency of the European Union’s conditionality from the perspective of regional stability. The ambivalence of such approach lies in politicization of peacebuilding agenda as the EU advances its specific image of recent civil wars in the Balkans. Using the methods of retrospective analysis of European politics, including foreign policy documents, the author substantiates the political nature of the demands made by Brussels on the parties to the conflicts. The distinct feature of the EU enlargement policy is the hierarchization of actors in foreign policy processes, which provides various countries with different negotiating power. This conditionality, due to the value contradictions within the communities, leads to the point when the applied measures of settlement lead not to the expected normalization, but to the aggravation of the situation and polarization of the parties. Thus, the author identifies the discrepancy between the declared objectives of the European Union as a mediator and the practical results. This inconsistency has prompted the decay of neighbor relations on the post-Yugoslav space as the EU member states attempted to instrumentalize their position within the Union for the ultimate solution of bilateral disputes with candidate countries, blocking the integration process in general.

Effect of conflicts on the contracting business failure in the construction industry

The construction industry plays an important role in the economy of countries and provides the necessary services to achieve the needs and welfare of societies. For this, attention should be given to this sector. The research aims to indicate the most important causes of conflicts in construction projects, the most important reasons for the failure of construction contracting companies, and to study the relationship between conflicts and failure of contractors in the construction industry. This study uses the questionnaire method to achieve its objectives. The target participants are contractor of grade 1 and 2 in Palestine. Eighteen (18) conflict factors and 17 influencing factors in contracting failure are identified and tabulated in a questionnaire form. Results show that the main conflict factors include: delaying monthly payments from the project owner, frequent variation orders, the quality of work is poor, rework, and delay in delivering the works according to the schedule. While the main factors of contractors failure are: cash flow problems, conflict between parties, bidding strategy, local political conditions and low profit due to high competitions. The results show a correlation between conflict and contracting business failure. The results of the research would be of great importance to those interested in the construction industry, as they contribute to identifying the causes of major problems in the construction sector and help in its renaissance and development.

Freight Transport by Vans in Switzerland: Operational Profiles, Challenges and Options for Action

Compared to overall freight transport, freight transport with light commercial vehicles in Switzerland is growing more rapidly. We analyse the relevance of various light vehicle types in commercial traffic, identify and assess operational profiles for freight and service traffic segments, identify main conflict fields, estimate future developments and their impact on the use of light commercial vehicles and derive and assess measures for different directions of action. Our analysis demonstrates that van use varies by logistics market, type of cargo and industry. The main challenges for commercial traffic with light vehicles are congestion, lack of space for loading and unloading as well as parking, safety concerns and emissions. The number of stops and the mileage of light commercial vehicles will increase substantially while the impacts of different identified trends are limited. Tackling challenges in freight and service transport with light commercial vehicles requires differentiated measures targeting the respective segments. We identify seven directions of action and propose tangible measures to improve the situation of freight and service traffic.

Two worlds of choral dramaturgy of G. Meyerbeer’s “Robert le Diable”

Statement of the problem. Recognized as a masterpiece of romantic art, G. Meyerbeer’s five-act ”grand” opera, due to its genre specificity, demonstrates brilliant examples of the use of choral scenes, which carry an important mean and emotional load in the opera. We can talk about the presence of choral dramaturgy in the work, which vividly embodies the idea of romantic “two-worldliness” expressed in the confrontation between Good and evil, real, human, and unreal, otherworldly ones. Objectives, methods and novelty of the research. The purpose of this study is to reveal the essence of the conflict between the real and the unreal in the choral drama of G. Meyerbeer’s opera “Robert le Diable”. The systematic approach to the study of the choral layer of the opera conditioned the application of genre, intonation-dramaturgical, structural-functional, and contextual types of analysis. The genre affiliation of G. Meyerber’s opera, its connections with lyrical tragedy and romantic drama attracted the attention of researchers (Everist, 1994; Sakalo, 2017; De Van, 1996, and other), as well as the symbolic richness of the opera (Pendle, 1979; Zolotariova, 2018, etc.) associated with its legendary a medieval plot adapted to the opera stage by the best librettists of the 19th century, however, the choral component of the opera in chosen aspect has not been studied in detail. For the first time in domestic musicology, the choral scenes of G. Meyerbeer’s opera were examined with the determination of the dramatic functions of the choir and focusing attention on the embodiment of two opposite “worlds” through the peculiarities of the choral dramaturgy. Research results and conclusion. According to the results of the analysis, it was found that the “two worlds” of the choral dramaturgy of G. Meyerbeer’s opera “Robert the Devil” visualize the main conflict of the work – the opposition of the Divine and demonic principles, and the use of “nvisible” (located behind the scenes) choirs emphasizes the two dimensionality of the artistic space of the opera and allows not stop stage action in choral scenes. Choirs bear a significant dramaturgical load at each stage of the development of the opera action and convincingly embody the most important feature of the plot of the opera – multiple intersections of the real and the unreal relying on the combination of the principles of contrast, suiteness, symphonism in the unfolding of opera and choral drama. The choral component in G. Meyerbeer’s opera “Robert the Devil” is represented in almost all its functional diversity and richness of gradations, from effectiveness to contemplation, and is an active carrier of the ideological and plot content of the opera.

Криптограф. Заметки для ненаписанных биографий Чехова

The article is based on the analysis of A.P. Chekhov’s play The Three Sisters. It is executed according to “newly discovered circumstances”, in other words, based on the facts that were not taken into account before: from the subtleties of the passage of time in the play to the legal features of status rights in Russia in the late 19th — early 20th century. The undertaken analysis allows us to assert that the conventional view on the play can be corrected, since it generates an inadequate perception and interpretation of The Three Sisters. This is the main conflict of the first part of the article. The second part presents the thesis that the new data in The Three Sisters allow us to go beyond the text itself and look at the life circumstances of the author and, perhaps, his entire work from a different, somewhat unexpected angle. Chekhov’s stories and plays were traditionally regarded as casts of the socio-political realities of Russia in the 1880s-1890s, practically devoid of such a feature as literary play. To show and prove the unsoundness of such a view, some “newly discovered circumstances” from The Three Sisters are extrapolated to the biography of the author of the play. This allows us to ask legitimate questions concerning not only the life but also the modus operandi of the author of The Three Sisters and to conclude that the conventional narrative of Chekhov’s life, where he is traditionally defined as “a self-made intellectual”, is falling apart and requires rethinking.

Conflicts in urban peripheries in Europe

Urbanization is a global trend which is taking place at the costs of agricultural, forest, and other natural or semi-natural areas. As a result of urbanization, transitioning zones in urban peripheries located between urban and rural areas have a mixed character from a spatial, ecological, socio-demographic, and economic point of view. Different land use mixes and interests exist there in parallel and cause tensions and conflicts. In our research, we aimed at investigating the specific characteristics of conflicts in urban peripheries across Europe, showing striking examples and discussing possible recommendations for policy and planning addressing those conflicts. A structured literature review of 94 papers was conducted. The findings reflected a huge diversity in locations, contexts, and methods. Conflicts in urban peripheries in Europe is an interdisciplinary topic that is handled by social as well as natural sciences. We have identified four main conflict categories in urban peripheries: (a) land-use conflicts that relate to diverging interest in land use, (b) socio-economic conflicts that related to social aspects emerging between governance actors and different economic interests, (c) ethnic conflicts that related to race, religion, and custom, and (d) human-wildlife conflicts. The majority of papers were found in the category of land-use conflicts in urban peripheries. The main conflict topics in urban peripheries were related to socio-economic imbalances, house construction, and ethnic differences. Several types of governance actors and conflict topics could be assigned to each conflict category showing the variety in this context. A general recommendation to mitigate conflicts in urban peripheries could be a combination of various top-down and bottom-up policy and planning approaches, consulted and implemented by the governance actors who have been sensitized for the different viewpoints.

Comparative analysis of responses to COVID-19 in UNESCO Landscapes and World Heritage sites from Southern Europe and America

PurposeDue to the global COVID-19 pandemic, UNESCO Landscapes and World Heritage sites have faced unstable situations. Both at the sites themselves and in the research centres, universities and even the homes of the people involved, they have acted and responded to the best of their ability. In this context, the aim of the comparative analysis of different cases carried out here is to understand the main effects of the pandemic in the short term. On the one hand, the purpose is to determine what the general response trends have been and, on the other, to measure the resilience capacity in each case.Design/methodology/approachUp to eight cases studies representing different and diverse kinds of Heritage and Protected Natural sites from Southern Europe and America are compared.FindingsIn a context of uncertainty, new responses, unique opportunities and hitherto unseen weaknesses have arisen in research and management of natural and cultural heritage. In general terms, the dialogue between officials, technicians and researchers that have put together this article underlines the need to work towards a governance model that engages everyone in dialogue. Discrepancies between overlapping strategies and plans, which is the main conflict detected, should be avoided while a decentralisation of policies could be more operational. In this sense, situated knowledge may be of help in configuring practical management tools.Originality/valueThis paper compares and contrasts for first time the effects of the pandemic in Europe and Latin America. This exercise has provided a valuable diagnostic for present and future heritage management.

Indonesian National Defense Strategy in the Asean Region of the 21st Century Based on Defense System and Security Population Demography

Given its strategic position between the Indian and Pacific Oceans, Indonesia has a very significant strategic interest and role in shaping the ASEAN Region. The proximity of Indonesia's position to one of the main conflict flashpoints in the ASEAN Region, namely the South China Sea (LCS), makes Indonesia vulnerable to spillover effects arising from various possible incidents and conflicts in the region. To safeguard its interests, Indonesia must be able to play its strategic role in ensuring a stable, safe and peaceful ASEAN Region during conflicts of interest of other countries in the region. To advance Indonesia's national interests in the region, diplomatic steps taken by Indonesia must be complemented and supported by strategic steps in the defense sector. Indonesia has long adhered to the Total People's Defense and Security System (the Universal People's Defense and Security System, hereinafter referred to as Sishankamrata) as the basis of its national defense policy. Sishankamrata contains core values ​​and principles that guide the formulation and implementation of Indonesia's national defense policy. Sishankamrata is embodied in the doctrine, strategy, and posture of Indonesia's national defense As a strategic defense concept, Sishankamrata must remain relevant and suitable to deal with a volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous strategic environment (VUCA), while at the same time contributing to the advancement of Indonesia's national interests.