Main Client Research Articles

A primer to new space business - Beyond “Business in space: The new frontier” (Goodrich, Kitmacher and Amtey, 1987)

The purpose of this article is to serve as a primer and gateway to contemporary developments around New Space as an entrepreneurial phenomenon. Despite its media-presence, commercial space activity in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) has been mostly absent from the management literature. We use considerations that Goodrich et al. had voiced in Business Horizons in 1987 with their piece “Business in Space: The New Frontier” to pick up on earlier thinking around venturing into space, update highlighted themes, and go beyond those. Our article follows the structure set out in 1987 and covers the current state of space commercialization, obstacles to space commercialization, opportunities in space, marketing and managerial implications, and concludes with research avenues. We find that entrepreneurship in space is currently in a phase overcoming many of the previously voiced obstacles, embracing the opportunities that space offers beyond catering to government agencies as main clients. We call this contemporary period for space Transition Space, which is situated between Old government-driven and venture-driven New Space. We argue that space is a critical new context not only for entrepreneurial activity but for entrepreneurship research as well. Our article contributes to the nascent space management literature.

Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Distance Education – Students Perceptions

Technology development has brought many changes in the educational sector; among them are those related to distance education. Although established centuries ago, the need for this form of education was particularly pronounced during the coronavirus pandemic. Since then, different types of tools and techniques have been developed and improved to support the interaction between teachers and their students. Some of those platforms are based on the implementation of artificial intelligence technology. As the most common application based on AI, intelligent tutoring systems provide students with an adjusted and personalized approach to learning. To introduce these systems in education, it is necessary to investigate the perceptions of their main clients, i.e., students. Accordingly, the paper examines the levels of mentioned perceptions, taking into account students' gender and AI anxiety. For this purpose, we applied an online questionnaire. The research was conducted on a convenience sample of 285 students. After testing the scales' reliability and validity, independent samples t-test and Pearson correlation were used. The results pointed to the existence of relatively positive perceptions towards the intelligent tutoring systems. In addition, no significant difference in students' perceptions regarding ITS from the aspect of gender, nor a significant relationship between those perceptions and AI anxiety was found.

A local logistics business entering a niche market: PTL’s open innovation journey

Research methodology In writing this case, the authors collected both primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected through personal observation and semi-structured interviews with Konstantinos Papageorgiou Jr, Papageorgiou Transports & Logistics’s (PTL) CEO. In 2014, Konstantinos Jr participated in an entrepreneurship course for executives instructed by the first author at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. Since then, the first author has served as an advisor to PTL’s CEO. Furthermore, Konstantinos Papageorgiou Jr presented his case during an undergraduate management course at the Department of Business Administration at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens in November 2020. Finally, three semi-structured interviews with the CEO were conducted from December 2020 until March 2021. Secondary data were collected from the company’s website and social media, as well as databases and annual reports. Since the academic year 2021/2022, the authors have each independently taught the case study in various courses, including strategic management (undergraduate and postgraduate), entrepreneurship (undergraduate) and innovation management (undergraduate and postgraduate). Testing the case in class has shaped the instructor’s manual. Case overview/synopsis The case study of PTL highlights a remarkable transformation in response to a critical business challenge. Facing the abrupt loss of their main client in 2010, PTL, led by Konstantinos Papageorgiou Jr, swiftly recovered and sought to proactively mitigate future shocks. Operating amid the Greek economic crisis, Konstantinos Jr recognized an opportunity in the niche market of juvenile Mediterranean fish (fry) transport. Despite lacking prior expertise in this field, PTL engaged in open innovation, collaborating with a variety of partners to acquire the necessary knowledge and capabilities. By 2013, PTL had successfully entered the niche market of fry transportation. Over the subsequent years, this venture grew, and by the end of 2022, PTL operated four trucks dedicated to this niche market. The company’s remarkable transformation exemplifies how a small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) can adapt, innovate, and diversify its offerings beyond its comfort zone, ultimately achieving a tenfold increase in turnover. PTL’s journey showcases the strategic value of partnerships and the potential for SMEs to evolve into “innovation producers” in the face of adversity. Complexity academic level The PTL case is suitable for management, strategic management, innovation management and entrepreneurship courses. The case is recommended for use at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels (a different teaching plan is proposed for each level). It provides both undergraduate and master’s students studying business administration the opportunity to explore issues associated with the management of SMEs, the formulation and implementation of a business strategy and the management of innovation in SMEs.

Identifying the Gaps in the Service Quality of the University of Baguio Through the Lens of the Cardinals

In response to the necessity to identify the service gaps that exist in the quality of service that the University of Baguio Athletic Office provides to its main clients, the student-athletes, this study delves into the experiences of the University of Baguio’s student-athletes from different sports from their recruitment until they finished their studies at the said University. This qualitative descriptive study aims to unravel the motivations, challenges, conflicts, gaps, and perspectives of the student-athletes on the services provided to them and have experienced in terms of the different support and facilities and craft a student development program to guide the varsity players in their journey as they perform their duties and responsibilities as students and athletes. This research employed recorded interviews as the goal is to capture the first-hand experiences of the participants as well as their perspectives and the way they feel about the services provided to them. Their responses were carefully analyzed and studied and various experiences from their recruitment to graduation were shared, four gaps were identified using the Gaps Model of Parasuraman et al. (1985). Through this, some recommendations were formulated to address such gaps.

Альтернативное школьное образование: подходы к определению понятия

The world community’s hopes for the formation of new institutional alternatives to existing school education are linked to alternative education. It is considered as a research field for exploring new ways of teaching children in a changing world. The aim of the article is to present approaches to the definition of the concept of alterna-tive education, to show its evolution from the late XX century to the modern stage. The main research methods are the analysis of scientific literature, in-depth interviews, and focus groups. It is emphasized that alternative education differs from public education by the style of interaction between the student and the teacher, the child and his environment. It assumes the subjectivity of the learner, individualization of the content of the educa-tional process, flexible training programs. Parents act as the main clients of education. Alternative educational projects lack a license. Unlike the late XX century, modern alternative practices are implemented not only by education specialists, but also by parents. It is legal and often features a synthesis of different methodologies, programs, and is supported by educational resources and digital tools, along with event-based educational formats. Alternative schools today are created not only by specialists in the field of education.

System Dynamics and Sustainable Solution: The Case in a Large-Scale Pallet Manufacturing Company

The proposal in the present research study is the result of a more than two-year process developed in a pallet manufacturing company for anchor enterprises in Southern Sonora, Mexico dedicated to beer production and export to the United States of America. Considering the high pallet demand for this supplier, a strategic plan was created in 2021, establishing an important project for developing technological solutions to improve decision making supported by graphical user interface and focused on sustainability. This study shows the application of system dynamics in all the wood and pallet manufacturing processes with a strategic sourcing supply chain. The method used for its development had the following stages: (1) developing the mapping process; (2) creating the causal loop diagram; (3) developing a flow and stock model with the representing mathematical equations; (4) simulating and validating current scenarios; (5) evaluating normal, optimistic, and pessimistic scenarios with multicriteria decision making using Technique to Order Preferences by Similarity and the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) and Faire Un Choix Adéquat (FUCA); (6) building the graphical interface. The most relevant results for the company were having quantitative information regarding the pallet demand required by the main client for wood availability, which was the main restriction in the supply chain. The solution was based on four validation tests that allowed decision makers to support the production proposals considering the assistance of the dynamic models. The main conclusion demonstrated that using well-defined operation rules and policies—considering the installed capacity and pallet demand through the model solution—allows anticipating decisions on pallet quantity and reducing the risk of out-of-time deliveries.

The perspectives of intimate partner violence service providers regarding men as clients: between ‘gender’ and ‘gender-inclusive’

ABSTRACT Practitioners who work in IPV services have over the years addressed core questions regarding causes and accountability for IPV. Accordingly, service providers’ perspectives on IPV and treatment of men reveal that different organisations hold different ideologies, policies, and practices. The present study focused on the perspectives of directors of IPV services in Israel about IPV and men’s treatment, and the way they are reflected in practice and policy. 29 directors of centres for violence prevention and treatment in Israel participated in in-depth, semi-structured focus group interviews. The analysis offered three main themes: (1) A process of changing from a ‘gender’ to a ‘gender-inclusive’ perspective. (2) A question of whether service providers should confront men about their role as aggressors at the beginning of treatment. (3) Who is the main client? The study reveals a tension that exists between a ‘gender’ and ‘gender-inclusive’ approach and stresses the need to raise professionals’ awareness about assumptions and stereotypes regarding gender roles, and the way they reflected in policy and practice. In addition, the study emphasises the need to extend training to a variety of stakeholders, allowing them to see IPV as a complex problem, thus, improving policy, treatment, and working models of IPV.

Looking Back at the Past 25 Years and Forward to the Next 25

Earlier in the second half of the 20th century, asset management evolved dramatically as it became common practice to revisit certain principles which had underpinned the institutional world: the introduction of quantitative practices in general and the “discovery” of the efficient frontier in particular forced a rethink of risk-taking and thus portfolio construction. Index investing probably is the single most visible development still visible today. The private wealth world waited longer to embark on the same path of reformation, but made up for its initial lateness by innovating at a fast pace since the early 1990s. Three crucial changes accompanied a gradual shift from the inherited wealth, as the main client, to the advent of new wealth, which was arguably more prepared to ask for new approaches. The recognition that taxes matter and that tax day is everyday was, chronologically, the first, though it capitalized in part on work that had been carried out in the institutional world with certain insurance companies. The advent of open architecture simply reflected a reality which already existed in the institutional world, but was not necessarily appreciated by managers who were “product-driven.” This allowed a broadening of the strategies offered to individuals, including the use of alternative and illiquid strategies. Finally, the recognition of the fact that individuals have multiple goals, multiple time horizons and different risk tolerances for different goals brought Goals-Based Wealth Management, with a key catalyst being the work of Das, Markowitz, Scheid and Statman in 2010. Looking ahead, one can see that a lot still has to be done, with an important element probably involving the integration of insurance into the wealth management mix.

The innovation networks of blackberries

Objective: Map the innovation networks of blackberry producers in the Los Reyes Michoacán region, as well as to identify the degree of centrality, density and intermediation of the network and some options for improvement. Design/methodology/approach: Visits and interviews were made to the main collection centers Sunbell, El Cerrito, SPR and Driscoll, to the personnel of Trusts Established in Relation to Agriculture of the Western Region, the Zamora Agency. For the baseline survey, a universe of 50 producers was considered, including partners and main clients; then, all the red was relieved with the "snowball" technique. Results: 39% of the producers are also dedicated to the production and marketing of avocado. Most of the production (92%) is destined for export. The main collection centers for export are Sunbelle, Splendor and Driscoll. El Molinito and Moradely account for 70% of the total national market. Agrofertilizadores de Michoacán Agromich, Fertimich, Bucosa and Agrupe concentrate 70% of the inputs sold to producers. The company Procal stands out in the supply and service management network. Limitations on study/implications: It is a study focused on the Los Reyes region, which could be extended to other regions, crops, and expand the number of actors involved in the study. Findings/conclusions: The relationships between different actors centralization, inputs-outputs, and intermediation indicators take higher values, which shows the role of producers and key companies (Ere03 and OP01) as source, collector, and articulator actors. It is important to promote high productivity and profitable technologies for innovation

Globalizing financial valuation: International property consultants in São Paulo

AbstractInternational property consultants (IPCs) have become key intermediaries in the globalization of property markets by providing a range of services that generate transparency and comparability in land and property-based investments. While their role in generating standardized information on local markets is well known, what is less is known is how IPCs help turn property into an income-yielding asset in less developed economies. This article investigates the contested diffusion of financialized valuation approaches in São Paulo's local property market. Through a qualitative inquiry into large IPCs and their main clients in the city, we show that IPCs have promoted valuation approaches that are tailored to the needs of financial market investors, thus affecting key investment decisions taken by diverse actors. Though these financialized techniques have at times clashed with more traditional views of property ownership prevalent in the country, we show that most often they co-exist with long-established valuation techniques that reflect the social and economic circumstances of Brazil's economy. The socially contingent nature of property valuation raises theoretical issues concerning the complexity of attributing value to fixed capital, as well as several policy issues.

Prezentacija objašnjenja koja se odnose na kreditni rizik banke

The phenomenon of credit risk is one of the main distresses for the bank portfolio. If it becomes nonviable to gather claims from various main clients, a bank could persist in being insolvent. The latest financial crises have distinguished the necessity for a bank to identify, measure, assess, and control credit risk, in addition to providing an acceptable degree of capital to protect against possible decline in case of loan defaults. Accordingly, risk management depends steadily on the straight implementation of mathematical and statistical methods and models and the application of their outcomes for business goals. The aim of this paper is to present the disclosures that are related to bank credit risk, bearing in mind that credit risk management is one of the indicators of the results of banking operations.

ЦИФРОВОЙ БАНК ДЛЯ ИНКЛЮЗИВНОГО ФИНАНСИРОВАНИЯ: ОПЫТ КИТАЯ

The article discusses the experience of WeBank, China's digital financial inclusion bank recognized as the best digital bank in the world. The indicators of WeBank's successful activity over the past five years are analyzed. It is revealed that the main clients of WeBank are socially vulnerable groups, small and medium-sized enterprises. The main success factors of WeBank have been identified and studied. They include digital innovation in customer service, development of the platform business model, social media integration, significant cost reduction, quick and affordable credit products, enhanced security measures, crossfunctional teamwork of employees, and regular research into user behavior. It is proposed to implement the Chinese digital banking experience in the Eurasian Economic Union member states.

T(w)alking responsibility: A case ofCSRperformativity during the COVID‐19 pandemic

This paper centers on a case study of CSR performativity during the COVID‐19 pandemic. In the extant CSR literature, CSR performativity has focused on “walking the talk” and/or “talking the walk,” wherein narrative and action around CSR are typically treated as two different things with their relationships questioned. We focus on what has been called “t(w)alking” wherein speech is understood to be performative and wherein speech acts and CSR are merged, becoming one and the same thing. Performativity then entails what is (and what is not) said, whereby CSR involves taking responsibility for speech and/or silences. Our thesis is that the COVID‐19 pandemic led to the “presenting” of CSR as performativity, in the presence of Levinas' Other, as noble (speech) acts. We examine what became of CSR performativity in a for‐profit medical services provider when the COVID‐19 pandemic turned fatal for its main client group: the infirm elderly. The performativity of the statement: “The elderly and their carers must be protected” turned out to be crucial and set the stage for the provider's emergency action. Following on insights derived from Nietzsche and Levinas, and more specifically from their views on the particularity of ethical action, we find that CSR morphed into ethical performativity in the case study at hand. Against the backdrop of the views of these thinkers, the research potential of the performativity of “t(w)alking” in future CSR studies emerges and is critically discussed.

Legal Translation: Professional Activities at the Periphery of the Juridical Field

The relevance of this topic is defined by the growing involvement of legal interpreters in legal proceedings. This article aims to study the peculiarities of the professional activities of interpreters in criminal legal proceedings involving migrants from post-Soviet states. The main characteristics of the field of legal translation are analyzed, and the peculiarities of the recruitment of legal interpreters and their interaction with the procedural parties in courts of different jurisdictions are revealed. The theoretical framework of the study is composed of Pierre Bourdieus sociological theory, including his analysis of the juridical field, and contemporary approaches in the anthropology of professions. The main empirical methods include semi-structured interviews and nonparticipant observation. The study singles out the criteria of stratification of legal interpreters, and demonstrates how the institutional and sociocultural contexts influence the professional activities of interpreters. The forms of interaction of interpreters with procedural parties and the judge were analyzed, demonstrating the costs of communication between the interpreters and different actors of the juridical field. According to the results, legal interpreters follow informal rules that have been formed in the process of their everyday interaction with their main clients law enforcement bodies. Structural and epistemic disagreements between jurists and interpreters were revealed. The research data also demonstrate that interpreters are not full-fledged actors of the juridical field, but they fulfill a technical function within that field. A conclusion is made about the weak structuring of the field of legal translation and predominance of precarious employment of actors of this field. The revealed problems could be solved by the institutionalization of the expert position of court interpreters.

The implementation of a precision case management model in a Canadian inpatient rehabilitation center: The 12-months post-implementation findings of a quality improvement project.

Despite recommendations, few have reported on quality improvement initiatives to implement length of rehabilitation stay benchmarks, while actively monitoring functional outcomes. This article describes the development, implementation, and evaluation of a precision case management model across all inpatient rehabilitation client groups in a Canadian facility. To develop the length of rehabilitation-stay (LoRS) benchmarks, patient data was retrospectively analyzed. A severity specific method was used to stratify median length of stay. A target reduction on 8.6 days in LoRS was established. Functional discharge targets were also set and monitored at specific intervals via the Functional Independence Measure (FIM®). The implementation used an incremental quality improvement phased approach. Following 12-months, a statistically significant reduction in mean LoRS of 13.2 days was achieved, along with a small increase in FIM® change across all rehabilitation client groups. A similar pattern was seen across the three main client groups, where a LoRS reduction greater than the target was achieved, along with important improvements in LoRS efficiency. This study demonstrates how the implementation of a precision case management model can assist a facility in markedly reducing LoRS across inpatient groups, without compromising functional change or community discharge rates and begin its transformation to a value-based organization.

Contemporary but not modern

The Amsterdam architect Arnold Ingwersen (1882-1959) left behind a substantial body of work, yet it is still largely undocumented and has left very few traces in Dutch architectural history. One reason for this was Ingwersen's lack of affinity with the architectural world of his day; in the 1920s and 1930s he did not belong to any of the movements now regarded as of historical importance. His orthodox Protestant views were incompatible with those of his modernist confreres. As an introduction to the work of Arnold Ingwersen, this article first sketches his background: his Protestant youth and his long apprenticeship in the profession of architect. This is followed by a brief account of his architectural oeuvre, which is characterized by a craftsmanlike and sober style that, combined with a certain purism, was contemporary but not modernist. Compositions of brick volumes with alternating horizontal and vertical elements were accentuated by means of different roof forms and a rhythmic disposition of windows, bays and dormers, supplemented by recurring archetypical motifs like arches, chimneys and pointed gables. A meticulous detailing of ‘pure’ forms was also typical of his work. Ingwersen’s commissions emanated from his own Protestant community. Initially, the Patrimonium housing association provided the bulk of those commissions, but later on other contacts within the Protestant network and organizations became his main clients. Public housing projects in Amsterdam – in collaboration with Tjeerd Kuipers – constitute an important component of his oeuvre. In the mid-1920s Ingwersen ventured outside this field as an independent architect, designing schools, churches, homes for the aged and private houses. Relatively little is known about his private housing commissions. In a class apart are the hostels he built in Limburg and Brabant (in particular Eindhoven) for Protestant workers from the north. In the mid-1930s Ingwersen turned to renovations of which the Valeriuskliniek in Amsterdam was a major commission. Ingwersen in addition wrote articles and books, chiefly serving his ‘own circle’, such as the Protestant newspaper De Standaard. In 1935, when his career as architect was at an end, he addressed the much wider readership of De Telegraaf in a series of articles critical of modernist colleagues. The ensuing fierce debate whereby Ingwersen became an object of scorn and alienated himself still further from his profession is discussed, along with In Holland stond een huis (1950), the book in which Ingwersen expounded his ideas about the importance of Calvinist culture for Dutch architecture and town planning. Notwithstanding the moralizing tone of his publications, Ingwersen’s architectural work is not without its own special merits, witness the fact that several have been heritage listed. A considerable number of his buildings have been demolished, while others have yet to be tracked down. Nevertheless, greater attention to the architecture and underlying ideas of Arnold Ingwersen (as one of many who operated outside the well-known movements) can help to foster a broader understanding and appreciation of relatively unknown architecture in the first decades of the twentieth century.

Performance Measurment and Lead-Time Reduction in EPC Project-Based Organizations: A Mathematical Modeling Approach

To characterize the process of lead-time reduction in EPC project-based organizations, including the engineering, procurement, and construction activities, various elements such as organizational issues, firm resources, used methods and techniques, and performance measuring tools are important. In this study, the four mentioned elements are evaluated through a survey in different EPC project-based organizations. The survey is sent to only experts and managers who are involved in EPC projects, and the obtained data is used to test the relationship between the mentioned variables and the lead time of developing new products. This evaluation is followed by a set of generalized lessons learned and courses of action to improve the development process. Additionally, the attributes of performance measurement in such projects are scrutinized. Therefore, to analyze the impacts of the mentioned variables and their variations on the performance measurement, a mathematical model based on the fuzzy approach is developed. The results show that all of the four considered variables are correlated to the lead time and affect the quality perceived by the main client and the cost of the project. Moreover, data obtained from the proposed mathematical formulations illustrated that the fuzzy modeling approach is an effective method to predict the performance measurement level when the levels of the input variables are given.

Enhancing Healthcare Project Definition with Lean-Led Design

Decisions regarding project definition have a significant impact on client value generation. However, although this phase is of utmost importance, traditional management practices are inadequate, as the focus is rather on budget and technical aspects leaving aside the functional ones. Neglecting the functional aspects could have serious consequences on the operation and thus quality of workspace, especially in complex projects including hospitals that involve multiple clients and with a high degree of uncertainty of change. The Lean-led Design approach provides a participative solution which involves the main project clients, namely the users (doctors, patients, etc.), project managers, and the government, with the intention of delivering facilities with a better fit for purpose and use. The main objective of the paper is to develop a framework that summarizes the steps leading to the implementation of such an approach during the project definition of a new hospital. The methodology chosen is a case study and the main contribution is to develop theoretical knowledge regarding its implementation. This may support managers in their decisions when coordinating project definitions.

Tradition or innovation? Cafe Galavis, a brand with an international vision

Research methodology An interview was conducted with the general manager and semi-structured interviews with Likert scale to the main clients, collaborators and suppliers to establish the key competencies of the firm. Secondary information was collected through the organization’s historical and strategic documents. Learning outcomes At the end of the case study, students will be able to learn international marketing, innovation, strategic management, international business strategy; analyze the brand equity construct through the associative neural network model for decision-making; determine the internationalization strategy using the dual pressures model and sources of competitive advantage for international marketing management; and propose the innovation of a product by applying creativity techniques or innovation models to enter international markets. Case overview/synopsis Café Galavis is a family business leader in the production and commercialization of roasted and ground coffee for 103 years in Colombia. The new chief executive officer recovered the financial stability during his management during the period from 2015 to 2019, implementing internationalization processes. However, the sanitary crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 in Colombia, generated an economic recession, which led to a decrease in coffee consumption. How to innovate in the development of a product or service in times of pandemic? What internationalization strategy implement? These are the challenges that the new management and its collaborators will confront. Complexity academic level The teaching case is aimed at students of postgraduate academic programs in areas Management or MBA. In the modules of Marketing the case allows the orientation of the concepts of brand equity or branding. Likewise, in the modules of International Management, the definition of the internationalization strategy through the analysis of dual pressures and sources of competitive advantage. Finally, in the modules of Innovation different methodologies or techniques for innovation can be applied such as: SCAMPER, Design thinking or the Stage Gate Model. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 5: International Business

THE STUDENT VOICE TO IMPROVE OSCE

Background: Nursing education is not only about cognitive field but also include the affective and psychomotor domains. Nursing involves “hands-on” psychomotor skills and clinical decisions in the affective and psychomotor domains which needs to be evaluate in a method that cover both domains. The most important goal of student’s assessment is promoting learning process and improvement of educational programs quality. through different methods of assessment OSCE(An objective structured clinical examination) could be mentioned as an appropriate way for evaluating the medical students specially nursing students.it is undeniable that the student’s attitude toward evaluation methods, as a main client of education programs, could be highly effective and valuable for educational systems objective: present study is conducted to investigate the student’s views toward OSCE, to find out the present problems in this evaluation method. Design: A qualitative, exploratory study. Methods: For this qualitative study, twenty-five students who experienced OSCEin their university were selected purposively. The data were collected by using semi structured interviews. The interviews were verbatim transcribed and analyzed according to the qualitative content analysis based on Graneheim and Lundman method. Findings: Two main themes emerging during data analysis were: 1- Management aspects problem, that includes 3 categories: 1) supervisor’s behavior, 2) time management,3) Facilities, and 2- Educational aspects problem including three categories of 1) Simulation, 2) Educational background, 3) Question design which are key factors in conducting a more rational and helpful OSCE exam. Conclusion: the result of the present study could be highly effective in promoting both clinical skills evaluation and educational programs. Using this kind of methods requires revision on education method, using more student-center methods in teaching and providing facilities to bring students to the real world of profession helping them to improve their ability in clinical decision making for their career prospect.