Main City Center Research Articles

The movement pattern of app-based transportation in Banda Aceh City, Province of Aceh, Indonesia

Abstract Transportation plays a crucial role in fulfilling people’s need to conduct their activities. Cities established transportation systems to serve the needs of people to travel. Technological advancements have led to the emergence of app-based transportation. App-based transportation has emerged as an alternative to public transportation and personal vehicles. The advantages of app-based transportation, such as flexibility, 24-hour services, swift mobility, and convenience, have influenced citizens’ travel behavior. App-based transportation has been available in Banda Aceh since 2017. This research aims to study the movement pattern of app-based transportation in Banda Aceh. The data on the origin and destination of app-based transportation users were collected from 100 drivers using the accidental sampling method. This research utilized GIS software to analyze the movement pattern. The study shows that based on land use, the app-based transportation origin and destination occurred mostly in settlement areas. The highest trip generation occurred in the education center area, followed by the main city center. A polycentric pattern, with the education center as the main origin and destination point, characterizes the movement patterns of app-based transportation in Banda Aceh. It indicates that the main users of app-based transportation are students living around the education center.

Social and geographical distribution of mobility-related greenhouse gas emissions in Poznań and Tri-city functional urban areas

Mobility is an important source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and a major contributor to human-induced climate change. Much of these emissions result from urban residents’ travel within urban areas (i.e. short-distance travel [SDT]) and away from them (i.e. long-distance travel [LDT]). In this study, we focus on the distribution of mobility-related GHG emissions in two functional urban areas in Poland: Poznań and the Tri-city. Using data from a representative survey (N ~2000 in each area), we investigate the emission distribution and associations between emission levels and the socio-economic characteristics and residential locations of study participants. Emission levels are unequally distributed: the top 10% of emitters contribute >50% of SDT and LDT emissions. People with high education and income levels tend to travel and emit more within and away from the cities. People of retirement age travel and emit much less than the younger people. SDT emission levels are clustered spatially and increase with the increasing distance from the main city centres and decreasing density. LDT emissions have only very weak or no association with residential location.

"Sanitation and Ventilation as required in a Modern House": a review of by-laws in the 1890s relating to toilets in New Zealand Housing

Good public sanitation has a long history in New Zealand, with Joseph Banks recording on 21 October 1769: "Every House or small knot of 3 or 4 has a regular necessary house where every one repairs and consequently the neighbourhood is kept clean." Although piped water was in main city centres (e.g. Dunedin, Wellington) by the 1860s, it was not until the 1880s that it became common in houses. By the 1890s "earth" or "water" closets were built onto laundry outhouse or at the farthest corner of the garden. As the population of cities increased, public health issues became more important, requiring the introduction of by-laws. As well as issues of sanitation, the by-laws were concerned with fire and public decency. The paper will review the evolution of council by-laws dealing with privies and toilets in Wellington in the 1890s.

Outsourcing and urban decentralization: spatial analysis of advanced producer services in the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara

Using an adaptation of the traditional Gini index in spatial autocorrelation models and the analysis of thematic cartography, this article aims to show that there is uncertainty about the spatial patterns found in the outsourcing process of Latin American cities, understanding that certain economic activities in this sector break with the typical center-periphery layouts and take advantage of territorial capacities to establish autonomous production environments. When analyzing different Advanced Producer Services sectors in the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara, in Mexico, it was seen that there is a reduced presence of medium to large-sized businesses, which leads to the limited construction of production agglomerations outside the main city center. However, a relational analysis of the space leads one to consider that apart from showing a predilection for the urban west, there are services that in their strategic role could provide the basis for the future development of clusters in this city.

Urban Development and Impact on Sustainable Economic Development (The case of Albania)

The problematic urban sprawl has become a widespread phenomenon and a global problem, this is the reason why this research was done, to elaborate on a global problem that has also appeared in our country. A phenomenon that has more influenced the expansion of the main cities or capitals by creating industrial areas and residential areas far from the main city center. This uncontrolled urban expansion is a concern across the globe, because it has many negative effects such as: social, environmental and economic effects. According to these effects or impacts, sprawl without criteria demonstrates a threat to sustainable urban development, because it has an effect on the high consumption of land, energy and water and, above all, increases air pollution and the amount of waste. There are many factors that are affecting the growth of urban problems, but one of the main factors that dominates this trend is the migration of the population from undeveloped areas to developed urban areas, economic development, bad government policies. Tirana, the largest urban area in Albania, is the area most threatened by uncontrolled urban expansion in our country. This threat has taken off in recent years, turning into a very serious problem that needs to be analyzed and find ways to prevent this very negative phenomenon for the country. The best way to prevent uncontrolled urban expansion is proper urban planning, urban development and overcoming the consequences during rapid urban development. So the best solution to overcome uncontrolled urban sprawl is the development of sustainable urban forms, to achieve the development of a contemporary city.

공공택지개발사업 내 상업용지 낙찰가율 비교분석

The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the successful bid price rate of commercial facility sites in public land development projects for housing supply between southern and northern regions of Gyeonggi-do. The data are 255 lots in the southern region and 138 lots in the northern region for commercial land. Multiple regression analysis is conducted.
 The analysis result shows that there are distinguishing points such as floor area ratio, distance to main city center of seoul or subway station between both regions. The result of analysis show that the land, access, environmental factors that affect the winning price rate of commercial facility sites in public land development projects vary depending on the southern and northern regions of Gyeonggi-do. The southern region is most affected by the number of households in the district and The northern region is most affected by floor area ratio. In addition, the closest of distance from seoul's main city center affect both areas, but its direction appears to be reversed The implications could be used as a useful criterion for determining the price of the commercial land in new public land development projects for housing supply.

Otpori stanovnika Bihorskog kadiluka Portinim reformama od donošenja Hatt-i Šerifa od Gülhane do reformi Omer Lutfi paše

With the French Revolution of 1789, a new spirit of nationalism flowed through Europe, in which the era of the national principle began, which will last until the end of the First World War. This principle also won in developed societies, as a result of which it inevitably had to be reflected in the Ottoman Empire, which was a heterogeneous community of peoples and religions. The wars waged by the Ottoman Empire at the end of the 18th century showed that the organization and armament of their army lagged behind the organization and armament of the armies of Christian European countries, which made it necessary to take certain reform steps to prevent the Empire's decline. Almost all structures were interested in the organization that dominated the social life of the Ottoman Empire, due to different interests. Due to the preservation of certain privileges, which the reform could violate, the most significant opponents of the creation of a new order were the Janissaries. The reform action had to first influence them as the bearers of the old military system, which is why it encountered a strong dam of supporters. Along with the janissaries, members of the Bektashi tariqat (order), who were their ideologues, were also attacked. The great social upheaval that arose as a result of the reforms that had begun was difficult and long. That is why it took about three and a half decades for the obstacles to be overcome and for the reforms to begin with the abolition of the mentioned military order, after which the Hatt-i Sheriff was proclaimed, proclaiming the requested freedoms, which was officially announced on November 3, 1839. This paper deals with this process at the local level and covers the period up to 1850, when the great action of the central government on a more organized implementation of the reforms proclaimed by the Hatt-i Sheriff of Gülhane took place, ie until the reaction of the central government against various types of resistance. In the indicated period, the implementation of reforms met with sharp and strong resistance from a part of the Muslim population in the Balkan kadiluks, and thus in the kadiluk Bihor, whose main city center was the town of Akova (Bijelo Polje). The other part of the population fully supported the start of the reform course. The division into supporters and opponents of the reforms was the source of numerous conflicts on personal and other grounds. Members of the ulema class had a great influence on encouraging the population to resist. In the conditions of pronounced ignorance of the rural population, which made up the largest part of the total population of the kadiluk of Bihor, the ulema were, to a significant extent, facilitated in influencing the direction of the process in the desired direction. In this sense, the population was often provided with inaccurate information regarding the demands and expectations of both local and central authorities, which misled them, which, at the same time, influenced the emergence of resistance among them. Forms of resistance ranged from individual rebellions and disobedience to local authorities, through tax refusals to open riots that required regular military forces to quell. Although the implementation of the planned reforms was aimed at overcoming numerous social negativities, such phenomena could not be avoided, which is why this period in the kadiluk area of Bihor remained recognizable by the numerous murders that took place then. The commander-in-chief of the Ottoman forces in the Bosnian eyalet, tasked with pacifying the rebel Muslim population and carrying out the reform to the end, was Omer Lutfi Pasha.

Analysis of the urban growth pattern through spatial metrics; Ankara City

Analysis of the urban growth pattern through spatial metrics; Ankara City

Residential Location and Travel in the Reykjavik Capital Region

This article presents findings from a mixed-methods study on residential location and travel in the Reykjavik capital region, Iceland, drawing on a combination of a tailor-made questionnaire survey and in-depth qualitative interviews, including cross-sectional and before–after analyses. A residential location close to the main city center of Reykjavik contributes to shorter travel distances and lower shares of car travel. The effect of proximity to the city center is particularly strong for commuting but exists for non-work travel and overall car-driving distances too. There are also effects of proximity to a main second-order center and local centers and of local-area population density, but these effects apply to fewer aspects of travel. The rationales for location of activities and travel mode choice identified in the qualitative interviews explain why travel distances and modes tend to depend more on proximity to the main city center than on neighborhood-scale built environment characteristics. The main patterns found in the Reykjavik area are in line with findings in several earlier studies in the Nordic countries and elsewhere. However, through its methodological approach, the investigation adds to the few studies on the topic where results are underpinned by combined qualitative and quantitative methods and inclusion of before–after analyses.

Retail change in a context of an overtourism city. The case of Lisbon

Purpose The excess of tourism in some destinations has led to the discussion of overtourism. One of the sectors that most interacts with tourism is retail, a key element in the experience lived by tourists. The purpose of this paper is to analyse how retail evolves in a context of an overtourism city, how it relates with touristification and what are the elements that best characterise such evolution and relation. Design/methodology/approach This research is based on a case study, using the main historic city centre of Lisbon for that purpose. Fieldwork was developed by the author to collect information about the commercial fabric and its main characteristics. Findings The findings show a clear adaptation of the commercial fabric of the analysed area to the tourism industry. Furthermore, the author unfolded that the change of retail is towards a consumption environment based on leisure, involving the adaptation of the public space into terraces, and on the thematisation of stores, using elements seen as “authentically” Portuguese, which bestows on theses spaces a sort of certification of quality and authenticity. Originality/value The mere reference to the homogenisation of the retail fabric is too simple to explain the richness and variety of elements imbedded in the process of retail change in a context of excessive tourism and touristification. In this paper, the author produced novel knowledge by analysing the elements that embody the evolution of retail in such a context.

Are compact cities a threat to public health?

ABSTRACT Whereas compact cities have long been suggested to be the most sustainable solution for urban development, the health impacts of living in dense urban environments are contested. We present results from a mixed-methods study on the associations between built environment (residential location, neighbourhood density and distance from green space), and general health, back pain, headache, and depressive symptoms in Oslo metropolitan area, Norway. The study indicates that the built environment has some associations with health. However, it does not support claims from an earlier study of aggregate-scale comparisons of geographical districts about the overall negative health impacts of living in the central parts of Oslo. Overall, living close to the main city centre, appears to contribute to better self-reported general health, whereas high local-area density showed a slight opposite association. Otherwise, there were in general few associations between spatial characteristics of the neighbourhood and different health complaints. Based on this and earlier findings, we suggest that the built environment influences residents’ health via different mechanisms that are partly counteracting each other. Whereas inner-city dwellers are more exposed to air pollution and noise, they travel more by physically active modes, avoid time-consuming and dissatisfactory commutes, and might benefit from more social arenas.

Risk factors associated with road traffic injuries at the prone-areas in Kampala city: a retrospective cross-sectional study.

:Background:Road traffic injuries (RTIs) pose a disproportionate public health burden in the low and middle-income countries (LMICs) like Uganda, with 85% of all the fatalities and 90% of all disability-adjusted life years lost reported worldwide. Of all RTIs which are recorded in Uganda, 50% of cases happen in Kampala —the capital city of Uganda and the nearby cities. Identifying the RTI prone-areas and their associated risk factors can help to inform road safety and prevention measures aimed at reducing RTIs, particularly in emerging cities such as Kampala. Methods:This study was based on a retrospective cross-sectional design to analyze a five year (2011 – 2015) traffic crash data of the Uganda Police Force.Results:Accordingly, 60 RTI prone-areas were identified to exist across the Kampala. They were ranked as low and high risk areas; 41 and 19, respectively and with the majority of the latter based in the main city center. The bivariate analysis showed a significant association between identified prone-areas and population flow (OR: 4.89, P–value: 0.01) and traffic flow time (OR: 9.06, P–value: 0.01). On the other hand, the multivariate regression analysis only showed traffic flow time as the significant predictor (OR: 6.27, P–value: 0.02) at identified RTI prone-areas. Conclusions:The measures devised to mitigate RTI in an emerging city like Kampala should study thoroughly the patterns of traffic and population flow to help to optimize the use of available resources for effective road safety planning, injury prevention and sustainable transport systems.

Atrakcyjność centrum miasta i centrów dzielnic Krakowa w opinii mieszkańców

W artykule zaprezentowano badania empiryczne dotyczące oceny atrakcyjności centrum miasta i centrow dzielnic administracyjnych Krakowa, opierając się na opiniach mieszkańcow. Badania potwierdzają powszechne koncepcje hierarchicznego zaopatrywania się w dobra, czyli klasyczną teorię miejsc centralnych. Jak wykazały analizy, mieszkańcy Krakowa zdecydowanie częściej odwiedzają centra dzielnic niż jego centrum, co jest związane z mniejszą odległością centrow dzielnic od miejsc zamieszkania, jak rownież ze zrożnicowanym zagospodarowaniem, dostosowanym do odmiennych potrzeb ludności, realizowanych w obu rodzajach centrow. Stwierdzono zależność między częstszymi odwiedzinami centrum dzielnicy a częstszymi odwiedzinami centrum miasta, co może świadczyć o bardziej mobilnym stylu życia pewnej grupy osob. Respondenci oceniają centrum miasta jako atrakcyjniejsze niż centra dzielnicowe. Zdecydowanie najniższa ocena dotyczyła oferty kulturalnej i rozrywkowej w centrach dzielnic. Jedynie poczucie bezpieczeństwa w centrum miasta uzyskało niższą ocenę niż w centrach dzielnic.

Who travels more, and why? A mixed-method study of urban dwellers’ leisure travel

This study examined domestic and international long-distance travel patterns of Reykjavik residents. We applied a mixed-methods approach with data triangulation to three datasets, two quantitative and one qualitative. Quantitative analyses included bivariate statistics, spatial statistics, and regression, and qualitative analysis included an explanatory interpretation of semi-structured interviews. The study found a higher number of international trips made by people residing close to the main city centre, particularly among younger adults. Following previous literature, we studied five potential groups of explanations of these patterns: 1) socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, 2) monetary rebound effects, 3) compensation or escape hypothesis, 4) lifestyles and other socio-psychological characteristics, and 5) dispersion of social networks. We found that all these aspects explain the travel activity to some extent, but inconsistently across the different datasets except for the well-known impact of socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. However, above all else, a cosmopolitan attitude in travel and language skill level were found to be the most influential predictors of international travel activity, and access to a summer house was an important predictor of domestic travel activity. Broad social networks were also found to play an important role. Despite geographical trends, the study did not find any strong causal relationship between urban form and long-distance travel that would influence the aggregate patterns. Thus, the results do not challenge the urban planning policies of densification on the premise of causing an unintended increase in emissions from long-distance travel.

Mercado e políticas públicas em Évora

Principal centro urbano da região Alentejo, Évora está classificada como Património Mundial pela UNESCO (1986) e sofreu uma expansão significativa na 2ª metade do séc. XX. Elemento básico de suporte aos processos de autonomização de vida e de (re)inserção social, há uma tendência para a organização espacial de acesso à habitação em áreas de grande homogeneidade interna e forte disparidade entre elas. Évora é marcada pela segregação sócio territorial que, a partir da compreensão da caracterização, da contextualização histórica e atual das políticas habitacionais, são analisadas, no presente artigo, as alternativas atuais sobre a temática nas suas dimensões sociais, territoriais e económicas. O artigo tem como principal objetivo analisar como as decisões do mercado e das autarquias, através das políticas públicas em habitação, incidem no território da cidade de Évora.

Examining the effects of the built environment on auto ownership in two Norwegian urban regions

Based on a study in the Oslo and Stavanger metropolitan areas in Norway combining quantitative and qualitative methods, this paper sheds light on influences of built environment characteristics on auto ownership. In both metropolitan areas, the distance from the dwelling to the main city center, a measure of regional destination accessibility, has an important effect on auto ownership. A quasi-longitudinal analysis shows that outward residential relocation tends to increase auto ownership and inward relocation to reduce it. Neighborhood density variables including population and employment also exert important influences. The analysis of qualitative interview material substantiates the causal mechanism about the effects of the built environment characteristics on auto ownership.

Konkurencyjność gospodarki województwa małopolskiego a rozwój ekosystemu startupowego

W XXI wieku konkurencyjna gospodarka regionu jest gospodarką opartą na wiedzy i nowych technologiach. Przedsiębiorstwa typu startup wraz z ekosystemem startupowym stały się wyznacznikiem innowacyjności regionu. Artykuł ma na celu ukazanie zależności pomiędzy rozwojem krakowskiego środowiska startupowego a wzrostem konkurencyjności województwa małopolskiego. Za podstawowe czynniki oddziałujące na konkurencyjność Małopolski uznano liczbę udzielonych patentów na wynalazki krajowe przez Urząd Patentowy RP, dynamikę zatrudnienia w B+R, nakłady inwestycyjne na B+R, liczbę przedsiębiorstw z kapitałem zagranicznym oraz PKB per capita w cenach bieżących. Po przeprowadzonej analizie korelacji wykazano, że najsilniejsze zależności zachodzą pomiędzy PKB per capita w cenach bieżących a liczbą przedsiębiorstw z kapitałem zagranicznym oraz nakładami inwestycyjnymi na B+R. Główny ośrodek miejski, jakim jest w analizowanym obszarze Kraków, stał się magnesem skupiającym wokół siebie osoby zakładające startupy, budujące innowacyjną gospodarkę oraz całe zaplecze biznesowe. Krakowski ekosystem startupowy ma pozytywny wpływ na konkurencyjność regionu małopolskiego z uwagi na gromadzenie wysoko wykwalifikowanego kapitału społecznego, krajowych i zagranicznych inwestorów, fundacji i instytucji wspierających pomysłodawców w zmaterializowaniu idei, działalności instytucji i administracji publicznej w kierunku współpracy z obszarem nauki i biznesu.

Which D’s are the important ones? The effects of regional location and density on driving distance in Oslo and Stavanger

Based on a study in the Greater Oslo and Greater Stavanger urban areas in Norway, this paper employs quantitative and qualitative research methods to investigate the influences of residential location and neighborhood characteristics on car driving distances. Cross-sectional and quasi-longitudinal analyses show that built environment characteristics — especially the distance from the dwelling to the main city center — influence driving distances in both urban areas. In Stavanger, the impact of inward moving seems to be larger than that of outward moving, possibly reflecting self-selection to the inner city. In the relatively monocentric Greater Oslo, the distance to the city center has a stronger impact on weekday driving than on weekend driving. In the more polycentric Greater Stavanger, where the importance of downtown as a destination for commuting is weaker, the distance to the city center has similar effects on weekday and weekend driving. In Greater Stavanger, distance to the secondary center Sandnes also plays a role although the impact is small. Population density and job density have impacts in Greater Oslo but not in Greater Stavanger, where we instead find a weak effect of local-area job surplus. There is no tendency toward compensatory increased weekend driving among inner-city dwellers in either Greater Oslo or Greater Stavanger.

High-Quality Solid Fuel Production from Leaf Litter of Urban Street Trees

Leaf litter is a growing concern for cities. Due to adherent dirt such biomass is rarely utilized nowadays but may constitute a renewable energy source for communities or private households. Leaf litter from main roads, residential areas and city centres collected by the vacuum technique or the sweeper technique was sampled and analysed for ash content and chemical composition. Ash content of leaf litter collected by the sweeping technique was higher (21.6%–40.1% dry matter, DM) than in material collected by the vacuum technique (12.0%–21.7% DM). Leaf litter from residential areas had the highest contamination (21.7%–40.1% DM), followed by main roads (20.8%–26.2% DM) and city centres (12.0%–21.6% DM). Ash content was reduced by up to 60% with a washing treatment and reached values comparable to those achieved by multiple manual rinsing, which was conducted as a reference treatment. The chemical composition of washed leaf litter could be further improved by mechanical dehydration treatment due to a reduction in harmful elements for combustion such as K, Cl, Mg and S. Heating value of leaf litter increased and the risk of corrosion and ash melting during combustion were reduced.

Overview of psychiatry in Poland, 2000–2015

At the beginning of the 21st century, psychiatry in Poland was functioning in the model based mostly on the network of large institutions localised outside of the main city centres. Due to Poland's accession to the European Union, it was necessary to change the mental health care system. This need was legally sanctioned when the Law on Protection of Mental Health was passed in 1994. The solutions were included in the National Programme on Mental Health Care (NPOZP). NPOZP comprised the guidelines on the mental health care system shift to community-based health services, including a roadmap for its implementation in 2011–2015. According to the evaluation of the NPOZP, including the information gathered by the Ministry of Health, the programme was implemented to a small extent. The number of large psychiatric institutions and the number of in-patient beds were reduced, the numbers of day wards as well as psychiatric wards in the multidisciplinary hospitals were increased. The training of the staff for the new system beginned. A serious challenge for the continuation of the reforms being carried out is the provision of the sufficient number of mental health professionals, particularly in the face of economic migration. A short duration of the proposed NPOZP implementation period did not allow for a full application of the new mental health care solutions, however the awareness that its implementation may be at risk led to a public and media discourse which definitely will have an impact on the improvement of the execution of the programme.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.