Main Cities Research Articles

Age, gender, and cohort in residential segregation: The case of African immigrants in Spain, 2000–2020

AbstractThe composition of the immigrant population by gender and age, and characteristics at the moment of arrival plays an influential role in the levels of residential segregation reached, and in their evolution over time. In Spain, the African immigrant population is notable for a marked gender imbalance, where men outnumber women, and for continuous growth in the number of immigrants over the past two decades. It is also one of the groups presenting the highest levels of segregation. Using data from the Continuous Population Register, this study analyses the residential segregation of this group from the triple perspective of age, period, and cohort for the six main Spanish cities. The results reveal a significant differentiation in segregation levels by sex and age, with lower rates in the more recent cohorts. This perspective offers a dynamic view of segregation indicators and enables better understanding of its future evolution.

Data on New Intermediate and Accidental Hosts Naturally Infected with Angiostrongylus cantonensis in La Gomera and Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain).

Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a metastrongyloid nematode and the etiologic agent of angiostrongyliasis, a disease characterized by eosinophilic meningitis. This emerging zoonotic parasite has undergone great expansion, including in some regions of Europe and America. In the Canary Islands, the parasite was first discovered parasitizing Rattus rattus on the island of Tenerife in 2010. To date, the distribution of this parasite in the Canary Islands has been restricted to the northern zone and the main cities of Tenerife. Using molecular tools for the sentinel species present in the Canary Islands, this study confirmed the presence of the nematode on two other islands in the Canary Archipelago: La Gomera and Gran Canaria. Furthermore, this emerging parasite was detected, besides in the common definitive host R. rattus, in wild Mus musculus and Felis catus and in four terrestrial gastropod species, Limacus flavus, Milax gagates, Insulivitrina emmersoni, and Insulivitrina oromii, two of them endemic to La Gomera, for the first time, increasing the number of non-definitive host species. This study reinforces the expansion character of A. cantonensis and highlights the importance of knowledge about sentinel species for identifying new transmission locations that help prevent and control the transmission of the parasite and, thus, prevent public health problems.

Projections of excess deaths related to cold spells under climate and population change scenarios: A nationwide time series modeling study

BackgroundFuture climate change is likely to alter cold spell-related disease burden. Few projection studies have considered the potential impact of the aging population with changing population size on cold spell-related disease burdens. MethodsWe derived the association between cold spells and daily mortality for 272 main cities in mainland China. We combined these associations with modeled daily temperatures from three different climate models under two climate change scenarios and three population scenarios to project excess deaths related to cold spells. Furthermore, we used the factor separation method to calculate the independent contribution of future population size, age structure, and climate change on projected deaths attributable to cold spells. FindingsCompared to the baseline period, future excess deaths related to cold spells are expected to increase over most of the decades under RCP 2.6 (81.5% in 2050 s and 37% in 2090 s) and RCP 4.5 (55.5% in 2050 s and −19% in 2090 s). The factor analysis indicated that the rise of the aged population (≥65) substantially would amplify the excess deaths related to cold spells (increase by 101.1% in the 2050 s and 146.2% in the 2090 s). For the near future (2021–2040), population aging could fully offset the influence of decreased cold-spell days. In the middle of this century (2051–2070), the total excess deaths will exhibit significant variation across three scenarios. By the end of 21 century (2081–2100), the population shrinking would reduce the total excess deaths. InterpretationExcess deaths related to cold spells may still increase in a warming climate and future demographic shifts would produce considerable influences in this increase for different periods.

Illuminating the threat: a decade-long analysis of light pollanálisis de una década de contaminacio´n lumínica en los principales centros urbanos de Colombia mediante imágenes satelitalesution in Colombian main urban centers through satellite imagery

Light pollution is a form of environmental degradation present throughout the world that affects the natural environment, flora, fauna, and various aspects of human life. Despite the growing concern about this problem, its study in Colombia is still minimal. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of the expansion of artificial nighttime lighting in the main Colombian cities between 2012 and 2022. According to the analysis, light pollution levels in the urban areas of Bogotá, Barranquilla, and Cartagena increased, while in Medellín, Cali, and Bucaramanga, they decreased. However, all the cities evaluated experienced an expansion in the coverage of illuminated areas revealing an evident spatial increase of the problem. In the case of Bogotá, the phenomenon was studied at the locality level. Additionally, we used external data to analyze the relationship between increased light pollution and the installation of new luminaires, the change to LED technologies, and the growing population density and gross domestic product (GDP) in the city. Our results provide valuable information on the threat of light pollution in Colombia and the need to take measures to help control the associated environmental degradation.

ДОСВІД ВІДБУДОВИ ІСТОРИЧНОГО ЦЕНТРУ МІСТА ҐДАНСЬК ПІСЛЯ ДРУГОЇ СВІТОВОЇ ВІЙНИ

Wars change the pace of urban development. Destruction of the material structure and needs of residents provoke a reassessment of approaches to city reconstruction. The experience of rebuilding cities after the Second World War is divided into several stages. They are distinguished by the limit of compromise between conservative and modernist traditions. (Diefendorf. 1989; Bullock, 2002; Harlander 2012). rebuilding the material substance of cities and the problems of preserving and creating the identity of cities are equally important in the process of reconstruction. (Cherkes, 2008; Petryshyn et al., 2012). After 1945, urban planners, architects and restorers of almost all of Europe faced the question of how to deal with damaged monuments and historical cities. The main section examines the Polish experience. (Zachwatowicz 1946; Lewicki 2016; Rymaszewski, 1984; Stankiewicz 1979; Adamczyk-Bomersbach, 1997; Friedrich 2015; Lubocka-Hoffmann 2019; Matusik and al., 2020). The purpose of the article is to analyze the conceptual foundations and stages of the post-war reconstruction of the historical center of Gdańsk, research of urban approaches, strategies and practices of reconstruction of the historical district - the Main City. Reconstruction of the main city of Gdańsk is assessed ambiguously. Individual monumental buildings - churches, the town hall, some city gates or the most valuable historical and artistic buildings - were restored immediately after the war with the scientific accuracy possible at the time. But bourgeois houses became only a stylish background for these sights. However, the perception of the Main City as a district is generally positive. The history of Gdańsk's reconstruction shows how the original plans for the reconstruction of the Main City underwent far-reaching changes. They were caused by pragmatic, propaganda or political considerations. The rebuilding of the historic center of Gdańsk is the result of a compromise between the supporters of reconstruction and the demands to quickly provide housing for thousands of new residents. The rebuilding process became the connecting link for the newly created community and its sense of local identity. People are attracted by the atmosphere of the old city and the "spirit of the place" associated with it. In this aspect the goal of the reconstruction was achieved.

Dengue and COVID-19 Co-circulation in the Peruvian Amazon: A Population-Based Study.

The COVID-19 pandemic affected the main Amazon cities dramatically, with Iquitos City reporting the highest seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies during the first COVID-19 wave worldwide. This phenomenon raised many questions about the possibility of a co-circulation of dengue and COVID-19 and its consequences. We carried out a population-based cohort study in Iquitos, Peru. We obtained a venous blood sample from a subset of 326 adults from the Iquitos COVID-19 cohort (August 13-18, 2020) to estimate the seroprevalence of anti-dengue virus (DENV) and anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. We tested each serum sample for anti-DENV IgG (serotypes 1, 2, 3, and 4) and SARS-CoV-2 antibodies anti-spike IgG and IgM by ELISA. We estimated an anti-SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence of 78.0% (95% CI, 73.0-82.0) and an anti-DENV seroprevalence of 88.0% (95% CI, 84.0-91.6), signifying a high seroprevalence of both diseases during the first wave of COVID-19 transmission in the city. The San Juan District had a lower anti-DENV antibody seroprevalence than the Belen District (prevalence ratio, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.82-0.98). However, we did not observe these differences in anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence. Iquitos City presented one of the highest seroprevalence rates of anti-DENV and anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies worldwide, but with no correlation between their antibody levels.

ANALISIS PENGARUH KINERJA PENGAWAS KAMAR TERHADAP KEPUASAN TAMU DI HOTEL PACIFIC PALACE BATAM

Tourism is described as an economic activity that attracts people and encourages them to stay in certain places, either permanently or temporarily. Batam City, one of the main cities in the Riau Archipelago Province, has the potential to become a tourist attraction. Pacific Palace Hotel Batam is the most distinctive hotel in Batam City, with a ship-shaped building inspired by Greek mythology, the sea god Neptune, and a spectacular interior design. Guest happiness is also an indicator of the company's future success. Guests are happy when their expectations are met, and they are even happier when their expectations are exceeded. However, if the visitor is not satisfied it can hurt the business and make the customer unhappy. Monte Carlo Sig. Calculations (2-tailed) produce a value of 0.255 for the normality test using the one-sample Kolmograv-Smirnov Test calculation. This variable has a significant value greater than 0.05 which indicates that the data in this study are regularly distributed. The linearity test produces a significant value that deviates from the linearity of 0.891 when the significance value is greater than 0.05. It can be stated that there is a fairly large linear relationship between service quality and guest satisfaction measures. The Validity Test findings were collected based on the data obtained from the questionnaire results, and using the Pearson Product Moment correlation, it was claimed that all data was valid. According to the reliability test, the data is credible because the Cronbach alpha value is more than 0.60. A significant value of 0.000 0.05 was achieved using the simple linear regression test, indicating that the variable quality of room attendant service (X) had an influence on visitor satisfaction (Y). According to the determinant coefficient or R2 test findings, which is equivalent to 0.490 or 49%. It is possible to establish that service quality has a 49% impact on guest satisfaction.

New insights on Teotihuacan color technology: a proposal of a technological style for mural painting

Teotihuacan, the main city of the Classic period in Central Mexico (ca. 150/200–650 CE), was among many things, a colorful city. Through its application on mural painting, ceramics, lapidary, bone, textiles, and the human body itself, coloring materials gave meaning to the Teotihuacan reality. This research presents color as a socio-technological phenomenon from the archaeology of color, the anthropology of technology, and the application of the concept of technological style.From this scope, pictorial palettes of mural painting fragments from three Teotihuacan architectural compounds were studied by digital microscopy, colorimetry, fiber optic reflectance spectroscopy (FORS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Raman spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) in order to identify the color technology of pigments. This approach led us to identify materials shared by the three studied compounds, red and yellow earths, cinnabar, malachite, pseudomalachite, azurite, and the Teotihuacan grayish blue, found to contain a mix of bone black with calcite. Our results contribute to the discussion on the use of raw materials and their mixtures. We observed a standardization of pigment technology in Teotihuacan mural painting through the use of shared and standard formulations with four indicators that we propose as markers of a technological style for pigments, along with variations in the color materials that evidence the use of different strategies for the procurement and distribution of raw materials among the diverse architectural assemblages of the city.

A multilevel approach to understanding the relationship between entrepreneurship and the urban environment

This document explores the relationship between the structure of cities and entrepreneurial intention EI, supporting empirical evidence of the incidence of exogenous regional factors on business activities. From a sample of Master Business Administration (MBA) students in fourteen cities in Colombia, EI is studied in an urban setting using a two-level binary logistic regression with random intercepts. The purpose of this document is to show empirical evidence for Colombia of the influence of the urban structure on entrepreneurial intention EI, disaggregating hard and soft factors and controlling the initial endowments of a sample of MBA students. At the individual level, EI is driven by gender, age and the presence of family entrepreneurs. In relation to the educational level of the fathers, the EI of the students is not being influenced by the academic training of the mothers. In the same way, our results suggest that the approximate urban structure of cities through hard and soft amenities stimulates EI in MBA students. Our results suppose systematic evidence in order to adapt the business ecosystem to the form and urban conditions of the main cities in Colombia.

Jordanian Women Entrepreneurs and the Role of Social Media: The Road to Empowerment

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the factors that have influenced women entrepreneurs to use social media to run their businesses. Additionally, it explores how social media has influenced and affected women entrepreneurs' businesses and examines the social changes in their lives instigated by using social media for business purposes.
 Methods: The study adopts a qualitative-inductive approach and utilizes semi-structured interviews with 30 women entrepreneurs from various industries in three main cities in Jordan.
 Results: The paper highlights that social media platforms have provided women with varying degrees of empowerment. The degree of empowerment differs among women and is associated with their motivations for entrepreneurship. Women who started their businesses with opportunity motivations and used social media as their primary platform are found to be more empowered compared to women who engaged in necessity entrepreneurship. The research findings confirm that female entrepreneurs have experienced positive effects by using social media as their primary business platform. Embracing social media has presented new marketing opportunities, leading to significant economic gains.
 Conclusions: This study supports the notion that the status of women's entrepreneurship in Jordan is rapidly increasing, particularly due to the presence of social media platforms. Women adopt different titles and descriptions to gain control over their lives, often referred to as empowerment, which is achieved through access to financial resources, education, and confidence. This empowerment subsequently manifests as entrepreneurship.

Urbanization Process: A Simulation Method of Urban Expansion Based on RF-SNSCNN-CA Model

One of the focal points in Geographic Information Science (GIS) is to uncover the spatial distribution patterns of geographical phenomena. In response to the insufficient spatial feature learning concerning neighborhoods in traditional machine learning-based Cellular Automata (CA) models for land use change, this study couples the Random Forest (RF) model and the Spatially Non-Stationary Convolutional Neural Network (SNSCNN) model to the CA model. The resulting RF-SNSCNN-CA model considers the issue of spatial non-stationarity by incorporating attention mechanisms. Using observed urban land change data from 2010 to 2017 in the 21 districts of Chongqing’s main city as an example, two sets of experiments comprising eight scenarios were designed to verify the neighborhood effects. The results demonstrate that the proposed RF-SNSCNN-CA model achieves an Overall Accuracy (OA) of 97.82%, Kappa of 0.7683, and Figure of Merit (FoM) of 0.3836. The study reveals the following findings. Firstly, the RF-SNSCNN-CA model integrates the dual advantages of traditional machine learning and deep learning models, in which SNSCNN improves by the combined effect of channel and spatial attention mechanisms improves the learning of neighborhood features; secondly, the machine learning-like urban sprawl CA modeling process, regardless of the approach taken to obtain development suitability, cannot completely replace the learning of the neighborhood part; lastly, the use of traditional neighborhood modeling methods may produce suppression of simulation results and make the model inadequately learn spatial features.

Analysis of an acute effect of air pollution on cardiovascular mortality in Eastern Poland (EP-PARTICLES study)

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): National Science Center. Background According to WHO reports, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are responsible for almost 18 million deaths worldwide annually. The harmful effect of air pollution on human health in highly polluted regions is well documented. However, Eastern Poland is a region with so-called "Polish smog" – air pollution causing exceptionally adverse cardiovascular effects. Purpose The aim of our study was to assess whether "Polish smog" has an impact on mortality due to CVD,. Methods All-cause deaths from 5 main cities in Eastern Poland in 2016-2020 were analyzed. Mortality data was obtained from Central Statistical Office, while air pollution concentrations (PM2.5, PM10, and NO2) were attained from Voivodeship Inspectorate for Environmental Protection. The analysis with almost 6 million person-years of follow-up with a time-stratified case-crossover design was performed. Results are reported as odds ratio (OR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (95%CI) associated with an increase of 10 μg/m3 in a daily concentration of air pollutants. The study was financed from the funds of the National Science Center granted under the contract number UMO-2021/41/B/NZ7/03716. Results We recorded 87990 all-cause deaths, including 34907, 9688, and 3776 deaths due to CVD, acute coronary syndromes (ACS), and ischemic stroke (IS) respectively. A 10 μg/m3 increase in all analyzed air pollutants was associated with an increase in mortality due to CVD on the day of exposure (PM2.5 OR 1.034, 95%CI 1.027-1.041, p<0.001; PM10 OR 1.033, 95% CI 1.027-1.039, p<0.001; NO2 OR=1.083, 95%CI 1.073-1.094, p<0.001) [Figure 1]. Moreover, a similar effect was also noted on LAG 1 and LAG 2 (LAG 1: PM2.5 OR 1.028, 95%CI 1.021-1.036, p<0.001; PM10 OR 1.025, 95% CI 1.02-1.031, p<0.001; NO2 OR=1.082, 95%CI 1.069-1.094, p<0.001 and LAG 2: PM2.5 OR 1.024, 95%CI 1.017-1.032, p<0.001; PM10 OR 1.023, 95% CI 1.017-1.029, p<0.001; NO2 OR=1.075, 95%CI 1.063-1.087, p<0.001). An increase in PM level caused increased mortality due to ACS on LAG 0 [(PM2.5 OR=1.029, 95%CI 1.011-1.047, p=0.002; PM10 OR=1.015, 95%CI 1-1.029, p=0.049)] [Figure 2]. On LAG 1 we recorded an increase in both IS- (PM2.5 OR=1.03, 95%CI 1.001-1.058, p=0.04) and ACS-related mortality (PM2.5 OR=1.028, 95%CI 1.01-1.047, p=0.003; PM10 OR=1.026, 95%CI 1.011-1.041, p=0.001; NO2 OR=1.036, 95%CI 1.003-1.07, p=0.04). These effects were the most noticeable in women (ACS: PM2.5 OR=1.032, 95%CI 1.006-1.058, p=0.01; PM10 OR=1.028, 95%CI 1.008-1.05, p=0.01) and in older adults (ACS: PM2.5 OR=1.03, 95%CI 1.01-1.05, p=0.003; PM10 OR=1.027, 95% CI 1.011-1.043, p<0.001 and IS: PM2.5 OR=1.037, 95%CI 1.007-1.069, p=0.01; PM10 OR=1.025, 95%CI 1.001-1.05, p=0.04). Conclusions "Polish smog" has a significant impact on CVD-related mortality. The negative influence of PMs was observed on mortality due to ACS and IS, whereas NO2 affected only ACS-related mortality. The most vulnerable subgroups to air pollution were women and people over 65 years old.

Comparative Response Spectrum Analysis on 15- and 50-Story Reinforced Concrete Buildings Having Shear Walls with and without Openings as per EN1998-1 Seismic Code

Medium-rise reinforced concrete (RC) framed apartment complexes with stories ranging from 15 to 50 are becoming more common in Ethiopia’s main cities. In these RC-framed structures, shear walls are included for lateral load resistance. As apertures are frequently provided in shear walls, it is critical to evaluate their influence on story drift, stiffness, shear and moments, and stress within the shear walls. A 3D study with five different cases was carried out with ETABS version 19.00 software to investigate the influence of apertures in a building’s shear wall. This study looks at the effects of changing the size and location of these apertures. Based on this analysis, extensive data were acquired, and useful conclusions were formed that will be useful to practicing engineers. The seismic parameter utilized for the response spectrum study was Building Code of Ethiopia ES8-15, which conforms to Eurocode 8-2004 seismic code guidelines (based on EN1998-1) with target response spectrum type-I. The following parameters were used: ground acceleration, ag/g = 0.1, spectrum type = I, ground type = B, soil factor, S = 1.35, spectrum period, Tb, = 0.05 s, spectrum period, Tc = 0.25 s, spectrum period, Td = 1.2 s, lower bound factor, beta = 0.2, behavior factor = 1, and damping ratio = 5%. The outcomes are compared using various parameters such as displacement, story drift, story stiffness, story shear, and story moment both with and without shear wall opening cases. This study will give tremendous insight into the effect of shear wall openings on the performance of the structure. The analysis in this work was carried out on a linear model, which may not represent the complete local response of the structure; thus, future researchers should perform nonlinear analysis based on a performance-based design. It was concluded from this investigation that incorporating shear walls considerably enhanced the performance of the building over framed structures. Shear wall openings in a structure have a significant influence on the building’s performance. Due to their significant resistance to earthquake forces, shear wall structures are highly recommended for seismic hazard zones.

TBE in France

The first human case of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) infection in France was reported in 1968 in Alsace, an eastern region next to the German border: a gamekeeper working in a forest near Strasbourg. Between 1970 and 1974, an extensive research survey confirmed the presence of TBEV in ticks and rodents in this French region. Eight percent of adult tick batches collected were infected (Ixodes ricinus) by the TBEV. Tick collection occurred in a forest near Strasbourg, the main city in the region. Nymphs were more rarely infected (1.6% of the collected lots). These data were confirmed in 2011 in Alsace in Guebwiller’s Valley, a middle altitude forest, with identification of western (European) subtype TBEV (TBEV-EU).

Hybrid Renewable Energy System for Terminos Lagoon, Campeche, Mexico

The implementation of renewable energies represents a crucial step in meeting the sustainable development goal of the United Nations for affordable and clean energy. The Terminos Lagoon region in Campeche, the largest coastal lagoon in Mexico, offers potential for renewable energy sources such as wind, photovoltaic, and current energy. This study presents a renewable energy potential assessment for the main city at Terminos Lagoon, Ciudad del Carmen, which has the largest oil activity in Mexico and high electricity consumption. The outputs of high-resolution numerical models were analyzed to evaluate wind and photovoltaic resources and currents. A hybrid system consisting of 24 wind turbines, 5516 photovoltaic panels, and 32 hydrokinetic turbines could generate 521.33 GWh, which is 39.63% of the state’s energy demand and exceeds the energy consumption of Ciudad del Carmen by 10.24%. Wind and photovoltaic energy are the most significant contributors (517.15 GWh and 3.77 GWh, respectively), while hydrokinetic energy contribution is marginal (0.407 GWh) and requires further research and development. The results suggest that the region has the potential for clean and renewable energy technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and contribute to the energy transition.

Spatial modelling and mapping of urban fire occurrence in Portugal

Fires in urban areas typically carry severe consequences. High population density together with the complexity of urban network potentially imply significant impacts in property loss, physical damage and life losses. However, despite the impact that fires may have in urban areas, research in urban fire prediction remains limited. In this study, we modelled urban fire occurrences while making a comparative analysis of different strategies to account for spatial autocorrelation. Considering space dependence in addition to a range of social-economic explanatory variables has proven to strengthen the validity of the fitted models.The spatial Durbin error model, including population density, degraded buildings density and buying power, was selected as having the best fit. This model allowed to map the estimated probability of fire occurrence across Portugal, revealing a spatial pattern with clusters centred on the two main Portuguese city districts (Lisboa and Porto). Ultimately, the analysis of the relation between the observed urban fire incidence and the actual number of fire stations in each municipality allowed to underline the need for planning the spatial configuration of fire stations, both in number and location, at a regional scale.

Analysis of rainfall dynamics in the three main cities of northern Cameroon.

The northern zone of Cameroon, which depends mainly on agriculture, is considered one of the most vulnerable regions in the country to climate change. Few studies based on field data have examined the changes in climatic conditions that affect agriculture. This research focuses on fluctuations in precipitation that determine dry and wet seasons. From 1973 to 2020, data were collected from weather stations located in three major cities in northern Cameroon: Ngaoundere, Garoua and Maroua. Data were tested for homogeneity using the Pettitt and Buishand tests. Trends were analyzed using the Mann-Kendall test, Sen's slope estimator and the regression line, while drought severity was assessed using the standardized rainfall index method. These data homogeneity tests were performed using two statistical tools, SPSS and XLSTA software. According to Pettitt's test, rainfall increased by 29.6% in Ngaoundere from 1997 to 2020 compared to the previous years of 1973-1996; in Garoua, rainfall increased by 36.2% from 1988 to 2020 compared to the previous years of 1973-1987. However, from 1973 to 2020, the average rainfall in Maroua remained stable at approximately 716.5mm, with a decreasing trend according to the Mann-Kendall test. In conclusion, this study shows that rainfall has increased significantly in the cities of Ngaoundere and Garoua, making these areas favorable for seasonal and market gardening. However, in Maroua, caution is advised, as rainfall is reportedly decreasing in this locality, increasing the risk of food insecurity. A credible climate warning system must be implemented on a large scale to guide farmers.

Islamic banks’ service quality in Somalia: Customer loyalty, satisfaction, and the role of trust as a mediator

The purpose of this study is to assess how the PAKSERV paradigm affects brand loyalty, customer satisfaction, and trust in Somalia's banking industry. With an emphasis on the mediating function of trust in the Somali scenario, these comprehensive assessments stress the cultural component of quality of service. This study adopts a quantitative method by assessing 370 Islamic bank customers in Somalia for two main cities, Mogadishu and Hargeisa. Our respondents are existing and potential users of Islamic bank products and the sample was selected using the convenience sample technique. The data were examined with the quantitative method of structural equation modeling using SmartPLS 3.3.7. The study found a connection between client satisfaction, loyalty, and the PAKSERV quality of service attributes through the intermediary role of trust. In the cultural context of Islamic finance in Somalia, this study offers fresh information on how trust may function as a partial mediator in the interaction between client satisfaction and customer loyalty.

THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIO-ECONOMICS ON POLITICAL AWARENESS IN THE EFFORT TO INCREASE A NATION'S RESILIENCE (CASE STUDIES OF FIVE MAJOR CITIES IN INDONESIA)

<p align="justify">The existence of an income gap in political participation is explained in this article using Stylized Facts. This study examines the relationship between income and political consciousness in five major Indonesian cities using population, Growth Domestic Product (GDP), health spending, and education spending. The population effects GDP and the proportion of income allocated to Education and Health. In five main cities in Indonesia, income inequality will affect political consciousness. The population affects GDP, which in turn affects the proportion of income allocated to Education and Health. An acceptable allocation of wealth to Education and Health affects political awareness since it influences an individual's aptitude and capacity to reason about their political perceptions.</p>

The Relationship Between Project Risk Management Framework and Sustainable Development of Mud Architecture Building in Yemen

This study was carried out to examine whether project risk management framework affect the sustainable development of mud architecture building in Yemen. The targeted population in this study was 260 projects of mud buildings implemented in the areas of Wadi Hadramout city. The study utilized a stratified sampling method and divided the population into three strata as represented by the geographical location within the main cities in Wadi. The modelling aspect of the study was performed using the structural formula of partial least squares (PLS-SEM, v3.2.7). The paper revealed the relationship between project risk management framework, and Sustainable Development was found a positive and significant at the level of 0.05. The findings are important contributions for policymakers and practitioners, offering valuable information on how project risk management framework can be integrated to achieve ssustainable development.