Main Caregivers Research Articles

Smartphone Application Usability Test for Dementia Patients' Primary Caregivers: Pilot Study

AbstractBackgroundThe increase in the prevalence of dementia is emerging as a serious social problem by increasing the physical, mental, and social burdens of family caregivers taking care of dementia patients We would like to conduct a preliminary study to evaluate the application design, development, and usability test before conducting a study on the effectiveness of the smartphone application developed for the main caregiver of dementia patients.MethodAfter approval of N university IRB, usability test will be carried out in 2 cycles. We will use the application developed for 10 family caregivers (5 people in 1 cycle) in South Korea aged 18 to 80 years old. We will then collect usability testing surveys on content, interface design, technology etc. either via online (web‐based) or telephone surveys.ResultThe application to be developed in this study will enable key caregivers caring for dementia patients at home to obtain information on dementia knowledge and coping strategies, set physical and mental goals, and monitor their physical and mental status. In addition, through communication within the app, they share information about diseases and care, maintain and improve mental and physical health through emotional support and empathy, and increase coping strategies and care effectiveness.ConclusionThis study is a usability study of a smartphone application developed for caregivers of dementia patients. The results of this study will encourage the use of applications to improve the mental and physical health of caregivers caring for dementia patients, and to improve coping strategies and caring efficacy.

Foster Care Case Management and Child developmental Outcomes: Big Data Analysis for Case Management Records

연구목적: 본 연구의 목적은 가정위탁 사례관리의 현황과 그 성과를 파악하는 데 있다. 이를위하여 이전에 분석된 적이 없었던 가정위탁 사례관리기록의 내용을 분석하고 위탁아동, 위탁부모, 친부모에게 제공된 서비스의 양과 아동 발달성과 간의 관계를 파악하였다. 방법: 본 연구는 2019 가정위탁패널 1-2차년도 조사에 참여한 261명 아동에 대한 10개월 간의사례관리 기록(서비스제공일지)과 설문조사를 통해 측정된 그들의 발달성과를 분석하였다. 서비스제공일지 내용 분석을 위해서는 빅데이터 분석방법 중 키워드 빈도분석, 토픽모델링 분석등을 활용하였으며 서비스 제공 양과 아동 발달성과 간의 관계는 회귀분석을 통해 확인하였다. 결과: 서비스제공일지 분석 결과, 우선 위탁유형 별로 제공된 서비스 종류에 있어 큰 차이가없음을 알 수 있었다. 키워드분석 및 토픽모델링 분석 결과, 여성 양육자에 대한 키워드와 토픽이주되게 드러나 가정위탁의 주양육자는 여성이라고 인식된다는 점과 가정위탁 사례관리 기록이아동 중심보다는 양육자 중심으로 기술된다는 것을 파악할 수 있었다. 또한, 일반위탁의 경우친족위탁에서 나타나지 않던 ‘친가정서비스’, ‘자조모임’, ‘공적자원연계’ 등이 제공일지의 토픽으로 등장하였다. 각 서비스 종류의 양이 아동발달에 미친 영향을 보면, 전화상담이 많이 제공될수록 자아존중감, 우울·불안, 위축, 공격성에, 자립지원서비스는 위축에 각각 영향을 미치는것으로 나타났다. 결론: 본 연구 결과를 바탕으로 가정위탁 사례관리 개선 및 사례관리 기록 체계 개선방안에대하여 논하였다.Objectives: The purpose of this study was to explore the status of foster care case management and the relationship between case management and children's developmental outcomes. Methods: This study analyzed the contents of case management records of ten months of 261 foster care children who participated in the second wave survey of the 2019 foster care panel. In addition, the study merged data pertaining to the service provisions and survey results which measured children’s developmental outcomes. Results: As big data analysis, we used the keyword frequency analysis and topic modeling analysis methods. To analyze the relationship between service provision amounts and children's developmental outcomes, a partial correlation analysis was utilized. The results of the big data analysis were as follows. Firstly, there were no significant differences according to the types of foster care. Secondly, case management records showed that the main caregivers for children were women regardless of the type of foster care. Thirdly, the results of the topic modeling analysis revealed that ‘family home service’, ‘self-help groups’, and ‘links to public services’ were the main topics in terms of services provided only in non-kinship foster care groups. The results of the regression analysis showed that when more ‘telephone counseling’ and ‘services for independent living’ were provided, better outcomes in children's self-esteem, depression/anxiety, social withdrawal, and aggression could be expected. Conclusions: Based on these results, practice and policy implications were discussed to improve foster care case management.

Pengaruh OTOF (One Team Student One Family) terhadap Pengetahuan Ibu dengan Balita Mencegah Stunting

Introduction: The incidence of stunting is caused by several factors, one of which is the family factor. Mothers as the main caregivers for toddlers have a very important role in preventing stunting in children. Efforts to improve mothers' knowledge and skills in preventing stunting in toddlers continue to be carried out, but innovation is needed to increase mothers' understanding of the growth and development of toddlers so that stunting in toddlers can be prevented. One of the educational method innovations that can be carried out effectively is based on empowerment, namely 1 student 1 family, but there has been no research on a student team 1 family. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the OTOF (One Team Student One Family) on the level of knowledge among mothers of toddlers.Methods: This research was conducted in the working area of the Kertosari Public Health Center, Banyuwangi Regency from the beginning of June to the end of October using a pre and post-test quasy experiment with group control and using an independent t test. The population is all mothers who have toddlers. Sampling with stratified random sampling technique 61 respondents consisting of 31 interventions and 30 controls. The data collection instrument was Stunting Related Knowledge Questionnaire that has been declared valid and reliable the intervention used is to empower health students (nursing, analyst, midwifery, pharmacy and nutrition) according to their ability to carry out Health Education to 1 family. Results: The results showed that after giving the OTOF treatment the knowledge of the mother of toddlers increased and after being tested with the paired t-test, the result was p = 0.00 which means that there is an effect. Conclusion: The conclusion is the results of the study show that there is an effect of the OTOF on the knowledge of mothers of children under five. Keywords: Mother Knowledge, OTOF, Stunting.

Pengaruh OTOF (One Team Student One Family) terhadap Pengetahuan Ibu dengan Balita Mencegah Stunting

Introduction: The incidence of stunting is caused by several factors, one of which is the family factor. Mothers as the main caregivers for toddlers have a very important role in preventing stunting in children. Efforts to improve mothers' knowledge and skills in preventing stunting in toddlers continue to be carried out, but innovation is needed to increase mothers' understanding of the growth and development of toddlers so that stunting in toddlers can be prevented. One of the educational method innovations that can be carried out effectively is based on empowerment, namely 1 student 1 family, but there has been no research on a student team 1 family. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the OTOF (One Team Student One Family) on the level of knowledge among mothers of toddlers.Methods: This research was conducted in the working area of the Kertosari Public Health Center, Banyuwangi Regency from the beginning of June to the end of October using a pre and post-test quasy experiment with group control and using an independent t test. The population is all mothers who have toddlers. Sampling with stratified random sampling technique 61 respondents consisting of 31 interventions and 30 controls. The data collection instrument was Stunting Related Knowledge Questionnaire that has been declared valid and reliable the intervention used is to empower health students (nursing, analyst, midwifery, pharmacy and nutrition) according to their ability to carry out Health Education to 1 family. Results: The results showed that after giving the OTOF treatment the knowledge of the mother of toddlers increased and after being tested with the paired t-test, the result was p = 0.00 which means that there is an effect. Conclusion: The conclusion is the results of the study show that there is an effect of the OTOF on the knowledge of mothers of children under five. Keywords: Mother Knowledge, OTOF, Stunting.

The Effect of the Otof (One Team Student One Family) Model on Knowledge of Mothers and Toddlers to Prevent Stunting

The incidence of stunting is caused by several factors, one of which is the family factor. Mothers as the main caregivers for toddlers have a very important role in preventing stunting in children. Efforts to improve mothers' knowledge and skills in preventing stunting in toddlers continue to be carried out, but innovation is needed to increase mothers' understanding of the growth and development of toddlers so that stunting in toddlers can be prevented. One of the educational method innovations that can be carried out effectively is based on empowerment, namely 1 student 1 family, but there has been no research on a student team 1 family. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the OTOF (One Team Student One Family) model on the level of knowledge among mothers of toddlers. This research was conducted in the working area of ​​the Kertosari Public Health Center, Banyuwangi Regency from the beginning of June to the end of October using a pre and post test Quasy Experiment with group control and using an independent t test. The population is all mothers who have toddlers. Sampling with stratified random sampling technique 61 respondents consisting of 31 interventions and 30 controls. The data collection instrument in the form of a questionnaire that has been declared valid and reliable the intervention used is to empower Health students (Nursing, Analyst, Midwifery, Pharmacy and Nutrition) according to their ability to carry out Health Education to 1 family. The instruments used in this study were Questionnaires and SOPs . The results showed that after giving the OTOF Model treatment the knowledge of the mother of toddlers increased and after being tested with the Paired T Test, the result was p = 0.00 which means that there is an effect. The conclusion is the results of the study show that there is an effect of the OTOF Model on the knowledge of mothers of children under five.

Adoption of the role of the primary caregiver of the adult patient following a hospital stay

Introduction: The fundamental axis of the patient is his family, it produces a change within the family nucleus in a hospitalization situation, demanding greater dedication of time to the affected person and leaving aside daily situations such as work, education, personal care, rest, etc. It fosters a situation of stress and anxiety that increases over time and becomes a burden, generally making the caregiver ill. Aim: To know the role of the main caregiver of an adult patient after a hospital stay. Methods: The present study has a quantitative, descriptive, non-experimental approach; the population studied is made up of 120 main caregivers who are in charge of adult patients discharged from the hospital unit. Data collection was through a physical survey for the analysis of the data collected for the assessment of the role of the caregiver of the chronic patient. Results: The main caregiver of an adult patient after a hospital stay in the majority respond that always with most of the questions asked in the survey having a percentage of 23%, while they respond that almost always with a percentage of 19%, sometimes with a percentage of 20%, almost never with a percentage of 19% and, never with a percentage of 19% this refers that caregivers focus on the most time their role to play. Conclusions: The experience of caregiving involves responsibility and enormous effort, causing an increase in the caregiver's burden

Factors contributing to and preventing mothers of children 1-6 aged from participating in the labour market in Kazakhstan

Mothers of young children in Kazakhstan experience challenges to do paid work as the result of flaws in the state policies, motherhood penalty in the labor market and cultural barriers in the family institution. Absence of parental leave for fathers, three years unpaid maternity leave and shortage of state-subsidized childcare services reinforce traditional breadwinner family institution where women are the main caregiver and increase gender inequality. The labor market factors preventing mothers from fulfilling their fullest potential are wage gender gap, discrimination, and employers’ reluctance to hire women of reproductive age, and a lack of flexible work options. Within the family sphere, women in Kazakhstan spend three times more time on unpaid domestic work compared to men and mothers of young children are likely to have higher workload. The research aims to explore the main barriers preventing mothers of children 1-6 aged from participating in the labor market in Kazakhstan. The research applied the qualitative research method and conducted three focus group discussions among 15 mothers of young children residing in cities Almaty in Southern Kazakhstan. The results demonstrate that women face cultural and family barriers to do paid work in cosmopolitan Almaty and experience challenges to enter and remain in the labor market as a result of underdeveloped state policies and motherhood penalty in the labor market. Mothers of children 1-6 aged in Kazakhstan need sufficient number of childcare services for children aged under 3 subsidized by the state, flexible work schemes at workplace and policy incentives for fathers to take paternity leave

The Myth of Women's Advantage in Using Child-Directed Speech: Evidence of Women Versus Men in Single-Sex-Parent Families.

Differences between child-directed speech (CDS) by women and men are generally explained by either biological-evolutionary or gender-social theories. It is difficult to tease these two explanations apart for different-sex-parent families because women are usually also the main caregivers. Thus, this study aims to examine the influence of parental sex on CDS by investigating men and women who are in same-sex-parent families. Twenty same-sex-parent families participated in the study-10 families in which the parents were two men and 10 families in which the parents were two women. The families were matched for toddler age (range: 9-24 months) and sex. CDS was recorded using the Language Environment Analysis (LENA) device for 16 hr during a day. Each parent was also audio-recorded during a 30-min play session with his or her child. No difference was found between men and women across all the LENA measures, namely, adult word count, conversational turns count, and child vocalization count. The analysis of speech samples during parent-child play showed no difference between men and women in mean length of utterance and number of nouns, verbs, and adjectives. Pragmatic speech acts of initiations, responses to infants' actions, or vocalizations were similar in both sexes. Women used more "teaching" utterances than men, and men who were main caregivers used more "teaching" utterances than men who were secondary caregivers. Across both sexes, secondary caregivers used more "requests for actions" compared to main caregivers. The present findings support a functional-social approach and not a biological approach for explaining the use of CDS by men and women. These findings have clinical implications on the involvement of men in early intervention programs.

Using multiple strategies to reduce the incidence of peritonitis on peritoneal dialysis

<p>腹膜透析發生腹膜炎不僅會影響透析效果，嚴重時需終止腹膜透析治療，佔腹膜透析病人致死因素的15%。專案期間為2019年4月1日至9月30日，目標在改善腹膜炎發生率。經現況分析發現腹膜炎發生率高的原因有:病人及主要照顧者未正確執行換液技術、認知不足；未明確增加技術稽核時機、缺乏相關衛教指導、提醒標語以及多元衛教輔助工具。藉由修訂腹膜透析換液技術標準，提升換液技術正確率、加強腹膜炎相關認知、增加技術稽核時機、製作相關衛教單張及提醒標語、使用多元衛教輔助工具等改善對策後，腹膜炎發生率由3.62次/100人月降至1.55次/100人月。本專案運用多元策略降低腹膜炎發生，提高腹膜透析治療的自我照顧認知與技巧，進而提升腹膜透析醫療照護品質。</p> <p> </p><p>Peritonitis will not only influence the efficacy of peritoneal dialysis (PD), but it is necessary to terminate PD treatment in severe cases. It has been reported that peritonitis-related deaths account for 15% of the mortality of PD patients. The project period is from April 1st to September 30th, 2019. The goal of this project is to implement multiple strategies to reduce the incidence of peritonitis. According to our present analysis, we found that the high incidence of peritonitis is due to incorrect execution and under-cognition of fluid exchange technique by the patient and main caregiver, no well-established timing of technical audits, lack of relevant health education guidance, reminder slogans and various health education aids. By revising the technical standards for PD fluid exchange, improving the accuracy of exchange technique, strengthening the awareness of peritonitis, increasing the timing of technical audits, making relevant health education leaflets and reminder slogans, using various health education aids and other improvement measures, the occurrence of peritonitis events dropped from 3.62 times/100 person-months to 1.55 times/100 person-months. In conclusion, this project used multiple strategies to reduce the occurrence of peritonitis, enhance self-care awareness and skills in PD treatment, and thereby improve the quality of PD care.</p> <p> </p>

Spiritual Care during Care Process – From Former Family Caregiver Perspectives

<p>從擔任起家庭照顧者開始，即面臨生命中重大衝擊、改變及抉擇。許多家庭照顧者彷彿按下生命的暫停鍵，自己角色逐漸消失在照顧路上。本研究探討畢業照顧者從照顧歷程到責任終了後，靈性關懷介入對其照顧歷程的影響。以質性研究半結構式深度訪談進行資料蒐集，研究對象為曾擔任家庭主要照顧者至少1年以上，且結束照顧責任1～3年者。共訪問6位畢業照顧者，性別各半，年齡在23～61歲之間，5位基督徒及1位一般民間信仰者。訪談大綱經專家效度確認，訪談逐字稿以紮根理論分析。結果顯示家庭照顧者的照顧價值觀及生命反思隨著照顧歷程不斷變化，照顧歷程的靈性挑戰與悲傷歷程相似。提供靈性關懷可參考3R原則。家庭照顧者內在的自我靈性照顧深深連結於個人的信仰信念或社會規範中，是重要的復原因子。建議家庭照顧者本身要能主動向外與他人連結，向內接納自我，向人與至高者敞開心靈的通道；親友對家庭照顧者的靈性關懷，需持續至其結束照顧責任後。日常主動陪伴、連結與提供必要的支援，能預防其因失落而放棄生存意志。專業助人者在提供靈性關懷時，應視家庭照顧者為獨立需被關懷的個體；本研究並提出未來研究建議。</p> <p> </p><p>Being the main family caregiver means their lives are facing major impacts, changes, and choices throughout the entire caring process. Many family caregivers seem to press the pause button of their lives, and part-take in a completely different way of life. The purpose of the study is to explore the impact of spiritual care intervention on the care process of former primary family caregivers from the care process to the end of their responsibilities. Data collection was used semi-structured in-depth interviews. The subjects had taken the role as a primary family caregiver at least one year and had subsequently ended their responsibility for a minimum of one to a maximum of three years. Six former primary family caregivers were interviewed, among whose gender was equally distributed. Ages ranged from 23 to 61 years old. Five cases come from Christian background and one from traditional folk belief. The validity of the interview outline was agreed upon by experts. The interview scripts are analysed with grounded theory. The results show how care values and life reflections are constantly changing along with the care process. The spiritual challenge during of the care process is similar to the five stages of the grieving process. To provide spiritual care, one can refer to the 3R principles. The inner self-spiritual care of the family caregivers is deeply connected to the individual’s beliefs or social norms, and is an important resiliency factor. The family caregivers are encouraged to actively build connections outwardly, make peace with themselves inwardly, and open up their spirit to receive help from people and God. The spiritual care of relatives and friends for family caregivers are suggested to last beyond the end of the care. Daily active companionship, connection and provision of necessary support can prevent the caregivers from giving up their will to survive due to loss. When professional helpers provide spiritual care, they should treat family caregivers as independent individuals who need to be cared for. This research also proposes future research recommendations.</p> <p> </p>

A Deep Scanning on Mild Mental Retardation Individual’s Language Acquisition and Development

This research aims to investigate the language acquisition and development of a child with mild mental retardation in the 14th years old. The language acquisition is developed by appropriate treatment of caregivers including parent, family members, teachers, friends, and neighbors. Parent is the main caregiver that contributes language development of the child with mild mental retardation. The research uses qualitative approach in a case study as a research design. The results of this research show that the child got speech therapy in the 3rd years old and the parent provided facilities to develop language; such as story books, stationary, and gadgets. The child acquired four languages; Bahasa Indonesia, Javanese language, English language, and Arabic language since she went to school. Each language has different role in the child’s daily activities and communication. The schooling system contributed the child’s achievement academically and non-academically because she was studying at inclusive school with special teachers from psychology education background. In addition, neighborhood environment supported the child’s confidence to socialization. Thus, this research is supposed to be a reference to the following researchers to discover more treatments to mentally retarded students in acquiring languages.

Relationship of Knowledge, Attitudes and Behavior of Parents About Stimulation with Two

The age of a baby of two years is the golden phase of a child's growth where the brain's capacity is maximally developed. This phase is an essential period in the process of developing children's skills and intelligence which will have a major influence on life as adults. Parents have a responsibility as the main caregivers of children from an early age. This study aims to see the relationship between knowledge, attitudes and behavior of parents about stimulation with the development of a two-year-old baby at the Batahan Health Center. The research design was analytic observational with cross sectional. The population in this study were mothers who had babies aged 21-24 months in June 2022 in the working area of ​​the Batahan Health Center, Mandailing Natal district. The number of samples as many as 61 people obtained using simple random sampling technique, data analysis using Chi-square test. The results obtained on the knowledge variable p-value 0.574> 0.05, the attitude variable p-value 0.727> 0.05 means that there is no relationship between knowledge and parental attitudes about stimulation of toddlers with 2-year-old toddler development, and the behavior variable p-value 0.000 <0.05 means that there is a relationship between parental behavior regarding toddler stimulation and the development of a 2-year-old toddler. The conclusion of this study is that there is no relationship between knowledge and attitudes of parents about toddler stimulation with 2-year-old child development and there is a relationship between parental behavior regarding

Impact of a Cancer Diagnosis on Quality of Life among Cancer Survivors and their Partners

Abstract Background Cancer survivors (CS) often experience physical, psychological and socioeconomic problems, which may have a negative effect on their quality of life (QoL). Additionally, cancer may also have a significant impact on patientś families, particularly their partners (PCS), who are typically the main informal caregiver. Objective To estimate the association between a cancer diagnosis and a poor QoL among both members of the couples, according to sociodemographic, health-related and cancer characteristics. Methods This cross-sectional study was based on data from the Sixth Wave of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe - SHARE, conducted in 2015, in 18 countries. All cancer survivors (n = 2,040) who lived with a partner in the same household, as well as PCS (n = 2,040) were selected, and were country-, sex-, age- and education-matched (1:1) to non-cancer individuals (NC) and their partners (PNC), respectively. QoL was assessed using the Control, Autonomy, Self-Realization and Pleasure scale (CASP-12). The association between a cancer diagnosis and a poor QoL among both members of the couple was estimated through odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs). Results In nearly one-fifth of couples, both members reported a poor QoL (17.0%); this outcome was more frequently observed among CS than NC (OR = 1.31, 95%CI: 1.10-1.56). A tendency towards stronger odds of poor QoL among both couples’ members was observed among CS who lived in urban areas (OR = 1.91, 95%CI: 1.30-2.80), with no multimorbidity (OR = 2.07, 95%CI: 1.14-3.76), as well as among those diagnosed <5 years (OR = 1.65, 95%CI: 1.21-2.24) and with cancers with a usually poor prognosis (OR = 1.82, 95%CI: 1.04-3.18), when compared with respective NC. Conclusions A poor QoL among both couples’ members was more frequent among couples dealing with cancer than those without cancer, which highlights the importance of closely monitoring CS and their partners, throughout the cancer survivorship course. Key messages • Couples dealing with cancer more frequently reported a worse quality of life among both members, when compared with couples without cancer. • The findings of this study highlights the importance of family-focused care from an early phase after the cancer diagnosis and throughout the cancer survivorship trajectory.

Predictors of Complicated Grief in Caregivers of Palliative Care Patients.

Introduction: It is important to identify the factors s associated with complicated grief (CG) in order to prevent it. Objective: To determine the factors associated with CG in the end-of-life phase within the palliative care context. Method: The PRISMA model was followed for the review. We accessed the following databases: PUBMED, SCOPUS, and PsycoINFO, to review publications from 2006. Results: A total of 17 studies were obtained. A direct relationship between factors prior to bereavement and CG is established: intensity of anticipated grief, previous mental and physical health of the caregiver, social support; quality of patient care, communication at the end-of-life, preparation for death, spirituality, and sociodemographic factors. Conclusions: Previous mental health and level of anticipatory grief in the main caregiver are shown to be the most powerful predictors of CG. Patient age and quality of care are factors considered as strong predictors of CG in almost every study.

Non-Linear and Sex-Specific Effect of Maternal Pre-Pregnancy BMI on Emotional and Behavioral Development of Preschool Children: A Population-Based Cohort Study.

(1) Background: The aim was to examine the non-linear and sex-specific outcomes of maternal pre-pregnancy BMI on emotional and behavioral development of preschool children; (2) Methods: This study was based on the China-Anhui Birth Cohort (C-ABCS), including 3648 mother–child pairs. Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI was calculated from the maternal pre-pregnancy height and weight measured at the first antenatal checkup. Main caregivers completed the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) to assess children’s preschool emotional and behavioral development. A restricted cubic spline model was drawn using Stata version 15.1 to analyze the association between maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and preschoolers’ SDQ scores by sex; (3) Results: Among boys, maternal pre-pregnancy underweight was associated with the increased risk of conduct problems and pro-social behaviors, and pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity related with the increased risk of peer problems. Interestingly, when maternal pre-pregnancy BMI was between 18.50 kg/m2 and 18.67 kg/m2, boys had the increased risk of conduct problems. When pre-pregnancy BMI was between 18.50 kg/m2 and 19.57 kg/m2, boys had the increased risk of pro-social problems. No significant associations were observed; (4) Conclusions: A non-linear effect of maternal pre-pregnancy BMI on emotional and behavioral development has been found in preschool boys. In particular, pre-pregnancy normal weight may still affect boys’ emotional and behavioral development.

The Path Is Made by Walking-Mapping the Healthcare Pathways of Parents Continuing Pregnancy after a Severe Life-Limiting Fetal Diagnosis: A Qualitative Interview Study.

In Germany, research on experiences and care pathways of parents continuing pregnancy after a life-limiting fetal diagnosis is scarce. There are several recommendations but few structured programs. We aimed to explore experiences and needs of parents, reconstruct their care pathways, and identify requirements for a perinatal palliative care program. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 11 mothers and 9 fathers and analyzed data using the Saldaña’s Coding Method. Codes were organized in templates to reconstruct care pathways. Pathways started with a suspicious finding prompting a referral to prenatal diagnostics. Parents experienced severe emotional distress during prenatal diagnostics due to scarce information, insensitiveness, and a perceived pressure towards abortion. As a result, they overlooked referrals to psychosocial counseling, generating a care gap. Most parents reached the decision to continue pregnancy without professional support. They then chose a trusted midwife or gynecologist as main caregiver during pregnancy. There were no regular referrals to palliative care, which mainly became relevant when the child survived. Our data indicate that a perinatal palliative care program requires early and comprehensive information, sensitivity, and a non-directive approach. Already existing support services need to be identified and connected through structured pathways, with a particular focus on midwives.

Membentuk Keluarga Tangguh dalam Merawat Penderita Gangguan Jiwa dengan “Peer Group Course”

Introduction: Anxiety that arises in families of people with mental disorders can be caused by the patient's behavior that is not like a normal person so that it makes excessive worry. Efforts that can be made are reducing anxiety by providing calm, listening to complaints that cause anxiety, and teaching guided imagery techniques. Objective: The purpose of the service activity is to form a strong family in caring for patients with peer group families to reduce family anxiety Method: The method used in this program is lecture and practice. The target of this activity is 32 families who are the main care givers for people with schizophrenia in the Ampelgading Community Health Center, Malang. In session one, participants were given material about peer groups including identify, quick coping, breathing and guided imagery and in stage two the team teaches participants to practice guided imagery accompanied by music. Result: The results were obtained from 32 primary care givers, 18 people (56%) of whom experienced moderate to severe anxiety obtained through filling out the RAT (Rapid Anxiety Test) questionnaire. Next in session 1 all participants were given material about anxiety and how to reduce it. Results on session 1 all participants can re-explain the content of the material, then in session 2 the team teaches participants to practice the steps including Identify, Quick Copping, Breathing, and Guided imagery. The results obtained from this 2nd session, participants can follow the instructions given below given the team up to the formation of groups besides that there are several participants who crying because I feel relieved to be able to pour out the anxiety that is faced while being a care giver ± last 3 years. Conclusion: In conclusion, it is very important for families to be proactive in seeking psychological support and assistance to their closest family and community.

Nurses' Experiences of Caring for Patients with COVID-19: A Qualitative Study.

The purpose of this study was to explore nurses' experiences, abilities, and willingness to care for patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). A descriptive qualitative study was conducted among 12 nurses working with patients with COVID-19. Purposive sampling was used to recruit participants from two national hospitals in Jordan. Semi-structured interviews (45-90 minutes each) with open-ended questions were held via Zoom to collect data. Four major themes emerged from the data analysis. The first theme, uncertainty, consisted of two subthemes: new experience and lack of training. The second theme was related to social stigma by society and other staff members. The third theme of front-line fighters consisted of two subthemes: empowering the main health caregiver and community acknowledgment. The fourth theme was related to challenges and consisted of two subthemes: physical and psychological challenges. At the beginning of the outbreak of COVID-19, the nurses had experienced a lack of certainty, physical and psychological challenges, and social stigmatization, which had negatively affected their willingness and ability to fight the outbreak. However, the nurses reported growing professionally and psychologically with time and becoming more knowledgeable, skillful, powerful, and confident care providers during the pandemic. Being able to fulfill their responsibilities and being acknowledged by others gave the nurses a sense of achievement. Early education and training about COVID-19, clear infection control protocols and guidelines, psychological counseling, and adequate social support are essential steps for enhancing nurses' mental well-being and willingness and ability to fight COVID-19.

Related Risk Factors of Early Childhood Caries in Zhejiang Province, China During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

ObjectivesThis work aims to examining the latest early childhood caries situation in children aged 3 and 5 and its related risk factors in Zhejiang Province during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodThere are 3,537 children and their main caregivers participate in this study. We used chi square test or U-test to analyze whether there were differences in the prevalence of dental caries under different variables. The risk factors on ECC were determined by multivariate logistic analysis.ResultsThe ECC rate of children in this study was 57.51%. The mean decayed missing filled teeth (dmft) scores were 3.01. The result of multivariate logistic analysis showed higher ECC prevalence was found in children as age increasing, with lower district economic level, with high frequency of confectionary consumption, having oral medical treatment behavior and bad evaluation of children's oral health by parents.ConclusionIn general, the prevalence rate of ECC in this study was lower than five years ago, but still higher than those developed countries. And it was associated with age, district economic level, frequency of confectionary consumption, oral medical treatment behavior and evaluation of children's oral health by parents.

Failures in Reflective Functioning and Reported Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression in Bereaved Individuals: A Study on a Sample of Family Caregivers of Palliative Care Patients.

Introduction. This study aims at examining the role of failures in reflective functioning in predicting anxiety and depression among family caregivers of palliative care patients deceased for at least one year. Methods. A sample of 157 bereaved participants (77.1% females, mean age = 43.50 ± 14.04 years) completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (RFQ). Results. Results of the correlational analysis showed that anxiety was positively correlated with uncertainty about mental states, indicating one type of impairment in reflective functioning. Anxiety was also negatively correlated with the certainty about mental states. Depression was negatively correlated with certainty but not with uncertainty about mental states. The results of regression analysis indicated that gender and certainty about mental states were statistically significant predictors of anxiety, with the final model explaining 23% of the variance. The results also showed that gender, the condition of being the main caregiver, and the certainty about mental states were significant predictors of depression, with the final model predicting 14% of the variance. Conclusions. Overall, the results of this study point out that the bereaved individuals who scored low on certainty about mental states reported more symptoms of anxiety and depression. Psychological interventions to prevent mental disorders and to promote psychological health in the context of palliative care should carefully consider these findings.