Main Cancer Types Research Articles

Diagnostic value of 8-OHdG, 8-iso-PGF2α and TNF-α levels in blood for early carcinogenesis of erosive oral lichen planus.

Oral cancer has a high worldwide incidence and mortality rate showing an upward trend year by year, predominantly occurring in emerging countries. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the main types of oral cancer, accounting for more than 90% of all cases in oral cancer. To evaluate the diagnostic value of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), 8-iso-Prostaglandin F2alpha (8-iso-PGF2α) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α as biomarkers in the early carcinogenesis of erosive oral lichen planus (EOLP) by measuring their levels in the blood of patients with EOLP and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). A total of 69 patients were enrolled in this case-control study [including an OSCC group (n= 23), an EOLP group (n= 23), and an age- and gender-matched healthy control group (n= 23)]. Blood levels of 8-OHdG, 8-iso-PGF2α and TNF-α were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Statistical differences in these indicators among the three groups were analyzed. Plasma levels of 8-OHdG and 8-iso-PGF2α in the OSCC group were significantly higher than those in both the EOLP group and the control group (all P< 0.05); no significant statistical difference was found between the EOLP group and the control group. Serum levels of TNF-α in both the OSCC and EOLP groups were elevated compared with the control group, showing significant differences among all three groups (all P< 0.05). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves revealed that plasma 8-OHdG and 8-iso-PGF2α levels and serum TNF-α levels had diagnostic effects on early carcinogenesis in EOLP patients. When these indicators were combined for diagnosis, the diagnostic effect was enhanced, with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) values of 0.819. 8-OHdG, 8-iso-PGF2α and TNF-α may serve as biological indicators for monitoring the early carcinogenesis of EOLP, and the diagnostic effect was augmented when these indicators were combined.

Application of Convolutional Neural Networks in Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis and Analysis

Due to the difficult and expensive diagnosis of thyroid cancer, this paper would like to discuss the possibility of using Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model to assist doctors to classify and recognize medical images. Consequently, this article focuses on the three types of CNNs: Xception, VGG, and Inception. For the traditional models like VGG and basic Inception, they are trained for the basic image classification and recognition. Although they are only basic model in CNNs, they can also achieve a great success rate. For example, VGG-19 could deal with the four main types of thyroid cancer and the accuracy of the classification both over 98%. For the advanced model like Xception and InceptionResNet-v2, they are combined with various kinds of basic model and improved the parameters and structures. They are extensions and innovations based on the traditional models which also attained a successful result. For example, Xception could classify two kinds of medical images, the accuracy of ultrasound images is 0.98 and the accuracy of CT images is 0.96. According to analysis of the result, it is obviously found that the accuracy of each model could achieve a high rate. It proves that CNNs plays a significant role in diagnosis of the thyroid cancer. However, there are also some challenges and difficulties that need to be improved, including the selection of datasets and more comprehensive system coverage.

Perioperative immunotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer: consensus and controversy (2024 edition)

Lung cancer is the malignant tumour with the highest morbidity and mortality rate in China, among which non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the main pathological type of lung cancer, accounting for about 80% to 85%. Radial surgery is the standard treatment for early-stage NSCLC, but postoperative recurrence is an inevitable problem in clinical practice. Adding perioperative chemotherapy to surgery can only increase the 5-year overall survival rate by about 5%. There is an urgent need for better systemic treatments. In recent years, immunotherapeutic drugs, represented by PD-1/PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies, have brought breakthroughs from subsequent-line treatment to front-line treatment for NSCLC. Several Phase III studies on perioperative immunotherapy have shown that adding immunotherapy during the neoadjuvant and adjuvant treatment can significantly improve survival outcomes for patients, leading to the development of a new standard treatment for resectable NSCLC. In January 2024, the first PD-1 monoclonal antibodies (Toripalimab) were approved for perioperative treatment of NSCLC in China, starting a new era of perioperative immunotherapy. At present, there is still a lack of unified consensus on the application of perioperative immunotherapy at all levels of medical institutions. In order to privide diagnostic and treatment guidance for clinicians, promote the standardization of clinical practice for immunotherapy in resectable NSCLC, and clarify the controversial opinions regarding perioperative immunotherapy, Lung Cancer Expert Committee of the Chinese Anti-Cancer Association, Chinese Thoracic Oncology Group, Lung Cancer Expert Committee of the Chinese Medical Association Oncology Society jointly published this Consensus and Controversy to provide a guidance for the standardized management of perioperative immunotherapy for NSCLC.

The suppression of OTUD7B by miR-491-5p enhances the ubiquitination of VEGFA to suppress vascular mimicry in non-small cell lung cancer.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the main type of lung cancer with high morbidity and mortality. Vascular mimicry (VM), a distinct microcirculation model in tumors that differs from classical angiogenesis, is strongly associated with poor clinical outcomes in cancer patients. miR-491-5p has been reported to prevent NSCLC progression, including proliferation, metastasis, and angiogenesis. However, the effect and mechanism of miR-491-5p on VM have not been studied in NSCLC. The expression of miR-491-5p was detected by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qPCR) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) staining assays were used to examine cell growth. Tube formation assay was used to assess VM in NSCLC cells. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and western blot were performed to detect protein expression. Immunoprecipitation was used to confirm the interaction between OTU deubiquitinase 7B (OTUD7B) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), and the level of ubiquitinated VEGFA. A nude mouse tumorigenesis model was used to evaluate the carcinogenic capacity of NSCLC cells in vivo. Luciferase reporter assay was used to identify the potential target of miR-491-5p. MiR-491-5p was found downregulated in NSCLC tissues, and miR-491-5p deficiency was strongly associated with angiogenesis. miR-491-5p mimics suppressed cell viability, migration, and VM. Conversely, an inhibitor of miR-491-5p had the opposite effect. OTUD7B, a deubiquitinase, was identified as a downstream target of miR-491-5p. A luciferase reporter assay indicated that miR-491-5p directly binds to the 3'UTR of OTUD7B. Moreover, mimics of miR-491-5p caused a significant reduction in the OTUD7B protein in NSCLC cells, and an inhibitor of miR-491-5p stabilized the OTUD7B protein. In addition, overexpression of OTUD7B promoted cell proliferation, migration, and VM, similar to the effects of an inhibitor of miR-491-5p. Further exploration revealed that OTUD7B interacts with VEGFA and that the miR-491-5p-OTUD7B axis modulates the ubiquitination of VEGFA. The rescue experiment indicated that OTUD7B compromised the inhibitory effects of miR-491-5p on the cellular function of NSCLC cells. Overall, our study first proved that miR-491-5p impedes VM by suppressing OUTD7B and promoting the ubiquitination of VEGFA. The miR-491-5p/OTUD7B axis may be a novel target for antiangiogenic therapy in NSCLC.

Formulation and Development of Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery System in the Treatment of Cancer.

Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Owing to increased prevalence of cancer globally, it has posed a major challenge to healthcare professionals. The main types of cancer that account for high mortality are lung, stomach, liver, colon, and breast cancer. For many decades and even today, the major portion of chemotherapy is based on intravenous administration of drugs, which has its limitations including lack of safety, inconvenience, and poor patient compliance. In present study, formulated a novel nanoparticulate drug delivery system for the treatment of cancer. Pre- formulation is the initial stage in drug development where the physical and chemical properties of a drug candidate are studied. This phase involves characterizing solubility, stability, pH, and compatibility with excipients to guide the formulation of a safe, effective, and stable dosage form. Pre-formulation studies are crucial for optimizing drug delivery, bioavailability, and shelf-life.

NSC-38270 Exhibits Anti-invasive and Pro-apoptotic Effects on Hepatocellular Carcinoma Huh7 Cells.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a main type of liver cancer with high metastatic potential, and its incidence is steadily increasing worldwide. However, the development of new drugs for the treatment of HCC is still insufficient. This study aimed to determine the anticancer effect of NSC-38270, a natural product, on HCC. After treating HCC Huh7 cells with NSC-38270, cell growth, wound healing, migration, and invasion assays were conducted. We investigated the effects of NSC-38270 on Twist1, a crucial epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related transcription factor. In addition, apoptosis, histone H2A.X activation, and cell morphology assays were performed in Huh7 and immortalized normal liver cells following treatment with NSC-38270. NSC-38270 reduced the migration and invasion ability of Huh7 cells, accompanied by a decrease in Twist1. Furthermore, NSC-38270 induced apoptosis in Huh7 cells, whereas apoptosis was not observed in immortalized normal liver cells (THLE-2 cells and Chang liver cells). NSC-38270 exhibited significant inhibitory effects on the migration and invasion of Huh7 cells by repressing Twist1. Importantly, it induced cancer cell-specific apoptotic effects. These findings suggest that NSC-38270 holds promising potential as a therapeutic candidate for cancer treatment.

Examining the COVID-19 impact on cancer surgery in Ireland using three national data sources

BackgroundThe healthcare system in Ireland was profoundly affected by COVID-19. This study aimed to explore the impact of the pandemic on cancer surgery in Ireland, from 2019 to 2022 using three national health data sources. MethodsA repeated cross-sectional study design was used and included: (i) cancer resections from the National Histopathology Quality Improvement (NHQI) Programmes; (ii) cancer surgery from the National Cancer Registry Ireland (NCRI), and (iii) cancer surgery from Hospital Inpatient Enquiry (HIPE) System. Cancer surgery was presented by invasive/in situ and invasive only cancers (NCRI & HIPE), and by four main cancer types (breast, lung, colorectal & melanoma for NCRI & HIPE data only). ResultsThe annual number of cancer resections (NHQI) declined by 4.4% in 2020 but increased by 4% in 2021 compared with 2019. NCRI data indicated invasive/in-situ cancer surgery for the four main cancer types declined by 14% in 2020 and 5.1% in 2021, and by 12.3% and 7.3% for invasive cancer only, compared to 2019. Within HIPE for the same tumour types, invasive/in situ cancer surgery declined by 21.9% in 2020 and 9.9% in 2021 and by 20.8% and 9.6% for invasive cancer only. NHQI and HIPE data indicated an increase in the number of cancer surgeries performed in 2022. ConclusionsCancer surgery declined in the initial pandemic waves suggests mitigation measures for cancer surgery, including utilising private hospitals for public patients, reduced the adverse impact on cancer surgery.

Lung Cancer Subtyping: A Short Review.

As of 2022, lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide, with the highest mortality rate. There are three main histological types of lung cancer, and it is more important than ever to accurately identify the subtypes since the development of personalized, type-specific targeted therapies that have improved mortality rates. Traditionally, the gold standard for the confirmation of histological subtyping is tissue biopsy and histopathology. This, however, comes with its own challenges, which call for newer sampling techniques and adjunctive tools to assist in and improve upon the existing diagnostic workflow. This review aims to list and describe studies from the last decade (n = 47) that investigate three such potential omics techniques-namely (1) transcriptomics, (2) proteomics, and (3) metabolomics, as well as immunohistochemistry, a tool that has already been adopted as a diagnostic adjunct. The novelty of this review compared to similar comprehensive studies lies with its detailed description of each adjunctive technique exclusively in the context of lung cancer subtyping. Similarities between studies evaluating individual techniques and markers are drawn, and any discrepancies are addressed. The findings of this study indicate that there is promising evidence that supports the successful use of omics methods as adjuncts to the subtyping of lung cancer, thereby directing clinician practice in an economical and less invasive manner.

Isotoosendanin exerts anti-tumor effects in NSCLC by enhancing the stability of SHP-2 and inhibiting the JAK/STAT3 pathway

Lung cancer has been considered as a serious problem for the public health system. NSCLC is the main type of lung cancer, and finding improved treatments for NSCLC is a pressing concern. In this study, we have explored the efficacy of isotoosendanin (ITSN) for the treatment of NSCLC, and also explored the potential underlying mechanisms. NSCLC cells were cultured, and colony formation, cell cycle as well as apoptosis assays have been conducted for investigating the biological functions of ITSN on NSCLC cells. Furthermore, target genes of ITSN have been predicted via PharmMapper and SuperPred database, subsequently validated using the drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) approach, a cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) as well as surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis. Additionally, ubiquitination experiments have been conducted for the level of ubiquitination of the NSCLC cells. Finally, a nude mouse xenograft model has been established for evaluating the anti-tumor effects of ITSN in vivo. ITSN has shown anti-NSCLC activities both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, ITSN interacts with SHP-2 through enhancing its stability and decreases the level of ubiquitination. Notably, ITSN may regulate the behaviors of NSCLC cells via affecting the JAK/STAT3 signaling, and finally, the anti-tumor effects of ITSN was partially reversed by the application of SHP-2 inhibitor or siRNA of SHP-2. ITSN may exert its anti-tumor effects by directly targeting SHP-2, increasing its stability and minimizing its ubiquitination. These results imply that ITSN could be a revolutionary component for treating NSCLC.

Naphthoquinone-Quinolone Hybrids with Antitumor Effects on Breast Cancer Cell Lines-From the Synthesis to 3D-Cell Culture Effects.

Breast cancer stands as one of the foremost cause of cancer-related deaths globally, characterized by its varied molecular subtypes. Each subtype requires a distinct therapeutic strategy. Although advancements in treatment have enhanced patient outcomes, significant hurdles remain, including treatment toxicity and restricted effectiveness. Here, we explore the anticancer potential of novel 1,4-naphthoquinone/4-quinolone hybrids on breast cancer cell lines. The synthesized compounds demonstrated selective cytotoxicity against Luminal and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells, which represent the two main molecular types of breast cancer that depend most on cytotoxic chemotherapy, with potency comparable to doxorubicin, a standard chemotherapeutic widely used in breast cancer treatment. Notably, these derivatives exhibited superior selectivity indices (SI) when compared to doxorubicin, indicating lower toxicity towards non-tumor MCF10A cells. Compounds 11a and 11b displayed an improvement in IC50 values when compared to their precursor, 1,4-naphthoquinone, for both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 and a comparable value to doxorubicin for MCF-7 cells. Also, their SI values were superior to those seen for the two reference compounds for both cell lines tested. Mechanistic studies revealed the ability of the compounds to induce apoptosis and inhibit clonogenic potential. Additionally, the irreversibility of their effects on cell viability underscores their promising therapeutic utility. In 3D-cell culture models, the compounds induced morphological changes indicative of reduced viability, supporting their efficacy in a more physiologically relevant model of study. The pharmacokinetics of the synthesized compounds were predicted using the SwissADME webserver, indicating that these compounds exhibit favorable drug-likeness properties and potential as antitumor agents. Overall, our findings underscore the promise of these hybrid compounds as potential candidates for breast cancer chemotherapy, emphasizing their selectivity and efficacy.

Real-world experience of larotrectinib in children, adolescents and young adults with TRK fusion solid tumors in France.

10056 Background: Larotrectinib is an FDA and EMA approved TRK inhibitor for TRK fusion solid tumors in patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease, or where surgical resection is likely to result in severe morbidity. Here we report the real-world activity and safety data on compassionate use and post-marketing authorization of larotrectinib collected in the SACHA-France study (NCT04477681), following the French Health Technology Assessment institution (HAS) request. Methods: All larotrectinib prescriptions made in France outside clinical trials since April 2019 for patients’ &lt; 25 years-old were registered in the SACHA-France study. Safety and activity data were collected, with data cut-off of 23/01/2024. SACHA-France is open in all 31 French Society of Pediatric Oncology (SFCE) centers, it is approved as a real-world data source by the HAS and supported by the French National Agency for the Safety of Medicines and Health Products (ANSM). Results: 21 patients were included (4 compassionate use, 17 post-marketing authorization). Main cancer types were soft-tissue sarcomas (n=13, of them 7 infantile fibrosarcoma), followed by central nervous system (CNS) tumors (n= 7), and other solid extra-CNS tumors (n=1). All patients except one had a TRK fusion tumor: NTRK3 (n=10), NTRK2 (n=6, all CNS tumor) and NTRK1 (n=4). Median age at start of larotrectinib was 2.8 years (range: 0.2 -21.1). Ten patients had received no prior systemic therapy. Main reasons to start larotrectinib were to avoid mutilating surgery (n=9) and disease progression (n=9). Best objective response was reported as partial response in 13 out of 19 patients with evaluable disease (10/12 patients with soft tissue sarcomas, 2/6 patients with CNS tumors), with median time to response of 57 days. Of them, five patients with soft tissue sarcomas achieved a complete response after non mutilating surgery. Median treatment duration was 219 days (range: 10-1368, 5 patients still on therapy). Seven patients with soft tissue sarcomas stopped larotrectinib, after a median duration of 242 days (range: 122-1190), three of them after tumor surgery; none presented with tumor recurrence (follow-up: 350 days; range 40-636). At data cut-off, 8 patients had disease progression on-therapy (5/7 CNS tumors, 3/13 soft tissue sarcomas), with a NTRK resistance mutation identified in 2 out 3 patients with tumor biopsy. Adverse drug reaction (ADR) were reported in 2/21 patients (9%), including a grade 2 weight gain and a grade 3 neutrophil count decreased (1 patient each). Both ADRs were expected and required neither corrective treatment nor action on larotrectinib. Conclusions: Our real-world data confirm the favorable safety profile of larotrectinib with rapid and durable tumor-agnostic efficacy.

A single institution review of immunotherapy use, adverse events, and outcomes in early-onset cancer.

e23320 Background: A significant portion of cancer patients are treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) and many experience immune related adverse events (irAE) which impact treatment and outcomes. A paucity of data exists related to use of ICIs in Early Onset Cancers (EOC), their irAE, and its correlation to outcomes. Methods: A single institution database of immunotherapy use from an NCI-designated cancer center (NCI-CC) was reviewed with patients treated from 2010-2019. Two cohorts were examined: EOC (age ≤50 at diagnosis), and age &gt; 50. Clinically significant irAEs were defined as those requiring hospitalization (≥grade 3). Pearson's Chi-squared test and Fisher's exact test were used for analysis. Significance was defined as p &lt; 0.05. Results: A total of 1067 patients were identified, 173 were EOC. Race and ethnicity were similar between groups, the EOC group had significantly higher proportion of females, private insurance, working, single, treated at main campus, and ECOG 0. Main cancer types in EOCs were skin cancers (38.2%), lung (16.2%), and heme malignancies (11.6%); those &gt; 50 were lung (46.6%), skin cancer (21.6%), and GU malignancies (11.2%). Stages of cancer were not statistically different nor was type or doses of ICI. EOCs were more likely to get a greater number of ICIs. IrAE requiring hospitalization were similar between groups; 20 (11.6%) in EOC vs 95 (10.6%) in &gt; 50. There was no difference in the incidence of specific irAEs. Further stratification of EOC cohort by age group 13-30, 31-40, and 41-50 demonstrated no difference in experience of an irAE. Ipilimumab had the highest incidence of irAE in EOC; 12 (75.0%) vs 52 (33.1%), as did receiving 2+ ICIs: 11 (68.8%). The number of doses of a specific ICI was not correlated to irAE in EOC. EOC patients without an irAE were more likely to have a disease response; either stable disease, partial response, or a complete response: 21 (70.0%) vs 1 (12.5%); there was no difference in mortality. Conclusions: In a single NCI-CC review of ICI use, EOC had no difference in ≥grade 3 irAEs or in specific irAEs relative to older adults. Within EOCs, those who experienced a significant irAE were more likely to have received Ipilimumab or 2+ ICIs and were less likely to obtain a response to treatment, although mortality was not different. [Table: see text]

Effect of malnutrition on cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: A nationwide study.

e16250 Background: Liver cancer is the sixth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. There are two main types of primary liver cancers; hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. HCC accounts for around 80% of primary liver cancer cases. Generally, HCC develops in genetically susceptible individuals with risk factors, especially in the presence of cirrhosis. Cirrhosis is a systemic disease, and malnutrition is a key feature as well as an important complication which can be associated with worse outcomes. In this study, we aim to characterize the potential effects of malnutrition on HCC patients with underlying cirrhosis. Methods: The United States Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) was used to extract hospitalization data of patients admitted between 2016 to 2018. Using ICD10 revision codes, we identified adults with the diagnosis of cirrhosis who have HCC with concomitant malnutrition, including sarcopenia. The control group included cirrhotic HCC patients without malnutrition. The primary outcome was the in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes included encephalopathy, ascites, variceal bleed, hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) and length of stay (LOS). Multivariate logistic regression was used to adjust for relevant variables. Results: We identified 423,158 patients admitted with cirrhosis. 20,582 had HCC, and of those, 2560 patients had the diagnosis of malnutrition. In this group of patients, the mean age was 59.85 years. 30% were females and 62% were Caucasians. When adjusted to other relevant variables, malnutrition was associated with increased in-hospital mortality (OR 1.40; P-value 0.000). It was also associated with an increased chance of developing encephalopathy (OR 1.42; P-value 0.000), ascites (OR 1.62; P-value 0.000), and HRS (OR 1.33; P-value 0.000). Moreover, it was associated with increased LOS (OR 1.99; P-value 0.001). Other factors associated with increased in-hospital mortality in cirrhotic HCC patients are described in the table. Conclusions: Malnutrition is a common complication in patients with cirrhosis. If identified, it can be treated efficiently. In this study, cirrhotic HCC patients with malnutrition had an increased chance of mortality. Further, they were at increased risk for cirrhosis decompensation and other in-hospital complications, which in turn can lead to increased LOS and therefore increased financial burden. We recommend that clinicians pay attention to patients with malnutrition and to treat them in order to prevent these complications. [Table: see text]

Emerging roles of long noncoding RNA H19 in human lung cancer.

Lung cancer holds the position of being the primary cause of cancer-related fatalities on a global scale. Furthermore, it exhibits the highest mortality rate among all types of cancer. The survival rate within a span of 5 years is less than 20%, primarily due to the fact that the disease is often diagnosed at an advanced stage, resulting in less effective treatment options compared to earlier stages. There are two main types of primary lung cancer: nonsmall-cell lung cancer, which accounts for approximately 80%-85% of all cases, and small-cell lung cancer, which is categorized based on the specific type of cells in which the cancer originates. The understanding of the biology of this disease and the identification of oncogenic driver alterations have significantly transformed the landscape of therapeutic approaches. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a crucial role in regulating various physiological and pathological processes through diverse molecular mechanisms. Among these lncRNAs, lncRNA H19, initially identified as an oncofetal transcript, has garnered significant attention due to its elevated expression in numerous tumors. Extensive research has confirmed its involvement in tumorigenesis and malignant progression by promoting cell growth, invasion, migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, metastasis, and therapy resistance. This comprehensive review aims to provide an overview of the aberrant overexpression of lncRNA H19 and the molecular pathways through which it contributes to the advancement of lung cancer. The findings of this review highlight the potential for further investigation into the diagnosis and treatment of this disease, offering promising avenues for future research.

Progress and Discussion of Perioperative Targeted Therapy in Patients with EGFR-mutated Resectable Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

Lung cancer is still the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the main pathological type of lung cancer, accounting for about 80%. Approximately 30% of all patients with NSCLC have resectable early and middle stage disease at the time of diagnosis. Recently, the epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) have made a major breakthrough in the adjuvant targeted therapy of EGFR-mutated resectable NSCLC, and are recommended by the guidelines for clinical use. In this review, we summarize the clinical research progress of perioperative adjuvant targeted therapy for EGFR-mutated resectable NSCLC, and discuss the key issues in the clinical researches. .

Common skin cancers and their association with other non-cutaneous primary malignancies: a review of the literature.

It has long been recognized that a history of skin cancer puts one at risk for additional primary skin cancers. However, more variable data exists for the risk of developing a non-cutaneous primary cancer following a diagnosis of skin cancer. The data are most variable for Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC), the most common and least aggressive type of skin cancer. While early studies imply that BCC does not impart a larger risk of other primary non-cutaneous cancers, more recent studies with larger populations suggest otherwise. The cancers most significantly associated with BCC are lip, oropharyngeal, and salivary gland cancer. There is also burgeoning evidence to suggest a link between BCC and prostate, breast, and colorectal cancer, but more data are needed to draw a concrete conclusion. Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC), the second most common type of skin cancer, has a slightly more defined risk to other non-cutaneous primary malignancies. There is a notable link between SCC and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), possibly due to immunosuppression. There is also an increased risk of other cancers derived from squamous epithelium following SCC, including oropharyngeal, lip, and salivary gland cancer. Some studies also suggest an increased risk of respiratory tract cancer following SCC, possibly due to shared risk factors. Melanoma, a more severe type of skin cancer, shows a well-defined risk of additional primary non-cutaneous malignancies. The most significant of these risks include NHL, thyroid cancer, prostate cancer, and breast cancer along with a host of other cancers. Each of these three main skin cancer types has a profile of genetic mutations that have also been linked to non-cutaneous malignancies. In this review, we discuss a selection of these genes to highlight the complex interplay between different tumorigenesis processes.

Incidence of Pediatric Cancers in French Guiana: How Does It Compare to Global Estimates?

French Guiana is a French territory in South America. The exposome of persons living there is quite different from that in mainland France and the ethnic make-up of the population is also quite different. Poverty is also widespread with difficulties in accessing care magnified by the low medical-professional density. In this singular context, we aimed to measure the incidence of pediatric cancers and to compare it with other continents. We used French Guiana's certified cancer registry to study this between 2003 and 2017. Incidences were standardized using the world population with three strata: 0-4 years, 5-9 years, and 10-14 years. There were 164 solid tumors or hematologic malignancies diagnosed in children under the age of 15 (92 in boys and 72 in girls). Over the study period, the standardized incidence rate was 14.1 per 100,000 among children aged under 15 years. There was no significant trend during the study period. The three most common causes of cancer were leukemias-mostly lymphoblastic-CNS tumors, and sarcoma. The standardized incidence of pediatric cancers in French Guiana was similar to those in Western Europe and North America. As others have discovered, we found that males tended to be more likely to develop cancer, notably leukemia, CNS tumors, sarcoma, and retinoblastoma. As elsewhere, the predominant cancer types changed with age. Our initial assumption was that given the singular context of French Guiana, there may have been differences in pediatric cancer incidences. Here we showed that overall, contrary to our assumption and to trends in tropical countries, the incidence of pediatric cancers was in a range between Western Europe and North America with some apparent but non-significant differences in the main types of cancers observed in global statistics. Quality cancer registry data in this tropical region confirm the suspicion that lower incidences in tropical low- and middle-income countries are likely to result from incomplete diagnosis and data collection.

Basement membrane-related lncRNA signature for the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the main type of primary liver cancer. This study aimed to develop a basement membrane (BM) related lncRNAs risk signature to evaluate the prognosis of HCC patients. We screened differentially expressed BM-related lncRNAs (DE-BMRlncRNAs) for risk evaluation, and identified six DE-BMRlncRNAs (AC072054.1, NUP50-DT, AC026412.3, AC109322.2, POLH-AS1 and LINC00595) for prognostic risk signature. HCC patients were divided to high or low risk according to median risk score. Our prognostic model predicted that patients with higher risk score had worse prognosis. We also created a nomogram to assist clinical decision-making according to risk score and clinicopathological features. Meanwhile, we confirmed the expression of six lncRNAs in HCC tissue and cells. POLH-AS1 knockdown inhibited the migration and invasion of HCC cells. In conclusion, we established a predictive model based on BMRlncRNAs to predict the prognosis of HCC. Our findings offer a rationale to further explore BM-related biomarkers for HCC.

25-hydroxycholesterol promotes proliferation and metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma cells by regulating ERβ/TNFRSF17 axis.

Lung adenocarcinoma is the main type of lung cancer in women. Our previous findings have evidenced that 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) promotes migration and invasion of lung adenocarcinoma cells (LAC), during which LXR as a 25-HC receptor plays an important role. Estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) is a receptor of 27-hydroxycholesterol that is structurally analogous to 25-HC, but its role in the functional actions of 25-HC remained largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that 25-HC treatment triggered ERβ expression in LAC. Knockdown of ERβ inhibited 25-HC-mediated proliferation, migration and invasion, and reduced 25-HC-induced LAC metastasis in vivo. Further investigation revealed that ERβ knockdown restrained the expression of TNFRSF17 (BCMA). In vivo experiments also confirmed that ERβ knockdown blocked 25-HC-induced TNFRSF17 expression. TNFRSF17 knockdown also restrained 25-HC-induced proliferation, migration and invasion. Bioinformatic analysis showed that the levels of ERβ and TNFRSF17 were elevated in lung adenocarcinoma, and were closely related to tumor stages and nodal metastasis status. These results suggested that 25-HC promoted the proliferation and metastasis of LAC by regulating ERβ/TNFRSF17 axis.

Pendampingan Kader Posyandu untuk Deteksi Dini Kanker Payudara melalui Pemeriksaan Payudara Sendiri

Breast and cervical cancer are the main types of cancer which are the largest contributors to all types of cancer in women. This community service aims to increase the knowledge of posyandu cadres in early detection of breast cancer. Posyandu cadre training is carried out for 8 hours per meeting and assistance for Posyandu cadres is carried out for 4 hours per meeting. A cadre of 10 people was prepared with the criteria for women of childbearing age who visited the posyandu after which they performed a breast phantom set. This research was conducted at the Salero Community Health Center in June 2023. The methods used included face-to-face lectures, questions and answers, and demonstrations with 10 posyandu cadres involved. The results of the research showed an increase in cadre knowledge, where before being given exposure to material and practice, only 10% of participants had sufficient knowledge, whereas after being given exposure to material and practice, good knowledge increased to 90%. The skill level of cadres was also very poor before being given exposure to material and practice where cadres with less knowledge reached 80%, and cadre skills increased after being given exposure to material and practice with cadres with good skills as much as 90%. Conclusion: The implication of the research is that cadre mentoring can be used as an appropriate method to increase cadres' knowledge and skills for breast self-examination.