Main Business Income Research Articles

Side Business Contributions (Trigona Bee Farming) and The Main Business for Household Income

Trigona bee farming business as a side business for members of the Tribona Reborn farmer group as an effort to increase family household income, until now it is not known how much the value of its contribution to household income is. The aim of this study was to see how much the contribution of the main and side business income of Trigona sp. honey bee farming. to the household income of the Trigona Reborn farmer group. The research was carried out from June to August 2021 in South Sangatta Village. Sampling using saturated sampling. The data analysis method used is descriptive quantitative using the income analysis formula, the level of profit and income contribution. The total income of Trigona sp. as much as Rp. 103,042,600, with an average of Rp. 9,367,509. The percentage of revenue contribution from Trigona sp.'s side business, main income, and other side income is 8.7% (low); 80.1% (high); and 11.2% (low). Even though it makes a low contribution to total income, it can be an alternative as an additional business and fill free time for breeders in between their daily activities. It is hoped that the side business of Trigona sp. continues to grow, to help contribute to the family income of farmer group members.

The Impact of Online Sales on Corporate Financing Constraints

China's online sales platforms have surged in the past 15 years, meeting the needs of the majority of consumers and leading economic growth, while also affecting many e-commerce enterprises in terms of investment and financing mechanisms. The ratio of e-commerce online sales to main business income as alternative data contains corporate investment and financing information, and KZ index is finally selected to describe the financing constraints after comparative validation. Using online sales data from Chinese A-share listed companies and some financial data of enterprises in 2016-2022, this paper conducts regression analysis on KZ index and empirically finds that the increase in the online sales ratio is strongly negatively correlated with the degree of funding constraints faced by businesses. With a high degree of participation in e-commerce activities, enterprises will have less financing pressure. This finding brings some inspiration for enterprise operation and financing decisions. Enterprises can reduce the degree of financing constraints by increasing the online sales ratio, so as to better obtain external financing and improve the growth and development of enterprises.

The least-cost abatement measure of carbon emissions for China's glass manufacturing industry based on the marginal abatement costs

We estimate the marginal abatement cost (MAC) curve of carbon emissions for China's glass production firms through combining the top-down economic method and the bottom-up engineering method. An economic model based on parametric directional distance function is first used to estimate the least MAC, and then, from the perspective of the engineering method, the emission abatement level is further incorporated to identify the MAC curve of carbon emissions. In addition, this study takes multiple abatement measures into account by either downscaling the production activity or enlarging the inputs use. The results show that: (i) The average MAC of carbon emissions for China's glass production firms ranges from 552 to 6571 CNY/t CO2 operating in 2008–2015. (ii) The firms with higher main business income are usually associated with lower MAC of carbon emissions. (iii) Increasing the intermediate input is considered as the least-cost abatement measure for the large and medium sized firms, while downscaling the production activity is the optimal one for small sized firms. (iv) The regional carbon emission permit trading scheme would help China's glass manufacturing industry save 42–62% abatement costs for achieving the emission reduction targets of 5–30%, while nationwide scheme would help save additional 8% abatement costs.

An IoT-based soil analysis system using optical sensors and multivariate regression

Food is the primary requirement for the survival of any living being on this planet. The rapid increment in the population is a major concern for adequate food production due to the depletion of agricultural land, which has turned into housing societies. However, agriculture is India's main business and primary income source for the farmers. The agricultural crop yield mainly depends upon the physical parameters of the soil, such as micronutrients and pH values. The main constraint in monitoring these parameters is the location of land at the far remote places and it takes enough time to test these parameters following the lab test process. The real-time analysis of all the parameters remained a big challenge for the farm owner, so the soil fertility level could not be sustained at the optimum level during most of the crop production cycle. This ultimately results in the average level of crop production and becomes a matter of chance since the soil fertility and other parameters barely suit the crop type under cultivation. This paper mainly focuses on developing an Internet of Things (IoT) based digital method to measure the availability of soil macronutrients and their pH using a color optical sensor TCS3200 and transmit those parameters to a long distance in case of unavailability of any telecommunication network. The paper also describes the deployment of Long Range (LoRa) units interfaced with ESP8266 for long-distance communication and uploading the entire information over the cloud platform, which will be displayed over the mobile using an API. The average accuracy of the proposed method in determining the soil macronutrients was 0.969 for phosphorus, 0.953 for nitrogen, 0.961 for potassium, and 0.921 for Soil pH.

Spatial Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Green Development Progress Level of Private Enterprises in China: Based on Large Collection Surveys

As the market subject of China’s economic development, private enterprises play an important role in fighting against pollution and solving ecological and environmental problems. It is especially important to evaluate the green development progress of Chinese private enterprises in the epidemic era. This paper conducts a questionnaire survey on 10,623 private enterprises in 31 provinces of China, and based on 6223 industrial survey results, it focuses on the production and operation status of private enterprises in terms of pollution reduction performance, energy saving, and carbon reduction intensity in order to construct a green development progress index. The spatial Moran index test and the spatial Durbin model are used to analyze the regional correlations and influencing factors of green development progress in China. The results show that the green development of enterprises with a main business income of more than 100 million CNY and key areas such as Fenwei Plain have improved significantly in 2021, especially with the increase in a private enterprise scale, the carbon reduction regime, the pollution abatement regime, and the pollution control manner, and because the investment, profitability, and pollution discharge of private enterprises is more significant. The indexes of the provinces in the southeast coastal area and the northeastern region of China are the highest and lowest, respectively, in terms of pollution, which is demonstrated by the spatial aggregation effect on the surrounding areas by Moran local index analysis. The urbanization level and government financial support for environmental protection are just two of the negative factors regarding this issue, while the economic development level and industrial structure are positive factors that have a spatial spillover effect.

ANALYSIS OF HOUSEHOLD INCOME AND WELFARE LEVELS IN CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR) PROGRAMS (CASE STUDY AT PT AQUA GOLDEN MISSISSIPPI TAMAN KEHATI FARMER GROUP)

Companies as national economic development actors must contribute to improving the welfare of the surrounding environment, this form of concern is through the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) program of companies that have implemented CSR programs, namely PT. Aqua Golden Mississippi is located in Babakan Pari Village, Cidahu District, Sukabumi Regency. Large companies can of course optimize their social assistance to be able to help improve the economy of the community around the company. The aims of this study were (1) to describe the implementation of PT AGM's CSR in Taman Kehati farmer groups, and (2) to analyze household income before and after receiving the PT. ECODEV CSR program. AGM, (3) analyzing the welfare of households receiving the ECODEV PT CSR program. AGM. The research was carried out in the assisted villages as the place for the ECODEV program to be implemented. The method used is an analysis of household income and expenditure using the approach of Sajogyo (1997), the World Bank, and BPS. The results of the study showed that the Taman Kehati farmer group was a group fostered by PT. AGM which is engaged in agriculture, the income of farmer households has increased after participating in the ECODEV CSR program which comes from the main business income. The farmer's expenditure value is above the welfare criteria, therefore, the majority of the Taman Kehati Group farmer households belong to the category of non-poor households.

Analisis Pendapatan Usahatani Hidroponik Utama Hidrofarm Di Minahasa Utara

This research aims to analyze the revenue from the hydroponic Utama Hidrofarm business, and to know how effective the hydroponic farming of Utama Hidrofarm as a business. This research was conducted for 2 months, from March to April 2022 at Utama Hidrofarm ini North Minahasa District, Dimembe District. Data collection was carried out through interviews with the owner of the Utama Hidrofarm hydroponic farming for primary data, and for secondary data which is data collection and research materials obtained through the Google for thesis, journals, and other sources related to the issues discussed in this study. Analysis can be used to determine the main business income of Utama Hidrofarm in North Minahasa. Based on the results of the research done then it is known that from total revenue of IDR562.500 / day after reduced costs incurred in the form of variable costs and fixed costs totaling cost IDR528.070 / day then the result of hydroponic farming of the main reduction of the main reduction of Nina Minahasa Nina hyprofar can earn revenues of IDR34.430 / day for 45 days of planting period. For green vegetables from total reception of IDR2.250.000 / day after reduced production costs at a total cost IDR1.406.560 / day then the result of hydroponic farming of the main green vegetable hydrophone marriage of Minahasa Nina Mosaharbarity may earn revenues of IDR843.440 / day for 45 days of planting period.

The technological innovation effect of industrial chain under the 'double cycle' pattern in the post epidemic era

In order to improve the economic benefits of enterprises under continuing influence of COVID-19, the technological innovation effect of industrial chain under the 'double cycle' pattern in the post epidemic era is studied in this paper. The fractional planning and integral planning functions of the industrial chain are obtained by constructing the CCR model, and the BCC model calculation of the innovation effect of the enterprise industrial chain is realised by the Chames-Cooper transformation. The data efficiency value of technological innovation effect of industrial chain under the 'double cycle' pattern is obtained via the SBM network model for analysis on the technological innovation effect of industrial chain. The experimental results show that the effect of industrial chain technological innovation is analysed from the aspects of main business income and the profit margin of enterprises extending the industrial chain and connecting the industrial chain. The highest profit margin after connecting the industrial chain technological innovation is 34.2%, which proves that technological innovation can improve the economic benefits of enterprises.

Integrated Evaluation of Financial Risk in Coal Industry Restructuring: A Model of Linear Regression and PCA.

Aiming at the integrated evaluation problem of financial risk in coal industry restructuring, a model of linear regression and PCA is put forward. This paper studies the univariate correlation and multivariable mixed correlation between the main business income and the book value of fixed assets and nonfixed assets in the statements of coal listed companies and gives the correlation function between the variables by using a variety of univariate linear, univariate nonlinear, and binary linear regression methods. It also points out that the coal enterprises in China are basically in the stage of increasing scale income at the present stage and can continue to achieve rapid increase in profits through mergers and acquisitions and other expansion methods. At the same time, it is also concluded that nonfixed assets, namely, intangible assets and human capital, contribute more to the main business income of coal enterprises in China, which objectively proves the correctness of our thinking of developing knowledge economy.

Investigating the effect of government subsidies on enterprise research and development

Governments design and implement policies to achieve various goals. Still, perhaps none are as pressing as shifting national economies away from non-renewable fuels and towards more sustainable, environmentally-friendly technologies. To incentivize such transitions, governments provide subsidies to private and public companies to innovate, i.e., to engage in research and development (R&D). However, it can be asked if companies are using government subsidies (GS) actually to perform R&D, and the answer will determine the effectiveness of government policies. This paper seeks to answer this question by investigating Chinese lithium-ion battery (LiB) firms and the GS they receive. Hausman tests, fixed- and random-effects models, and Generalized Method of Moments confirmed a positive but weak correlation between GS and R&D as determined by patent output (PO). Interestingly, observations of information flow suggested that GS also affected other variables such as net profit and main business income. This suggests that firms are awarded GS for higher PO, but a corresponding increase in R&D and its expected growth in company performance is not occurring. It is suggested that performance indicators other than PO be used as Chinese firms may use this metric to apply for more GS, rather than performing R&D that leads to technological breakthroughs.

The Comparison of Financing Efficiency of Small and Medium Enterprises in Economically Underdeveloped Regions in China: A Perspective Study

Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are important foundations to implement mass entrepreneurship and innovation and play an irreplaceable role in increasing employment, promoting economic growth, as well as scientific and technological innovations, and providing particularly social harmony and stability and imminently are strategic entities to the national economy and social development in underdeveloped regions. However, the low-efficiency financing of SMEs has gradually become a major factor that restricts the high-quality development of SMEs in the current conditions. In this paper, interest expenditure, gearing ratio, and the net debt ratio as input indicators and current asset turnover ratio, cost margin, and main business income as output indicators are used to conduct the DEA-BCC model. By utilizing the GEM-listed private enterprises between 2017 and 2020 in China, the nationwide financing efficiency of SMEs is firstly measured, and then the financing efficiencies of SMEs in economically developed regions and lagging regions are calculated separately. The comparison reveals that the financing efficiency of SMEs in economically underdeveloped regions is not only lower than the national average figure but also much lower than the financing efficiency level in economically developed regions, which is the result of the combined effect of internal and external factors that enterprises face. Further, this paper finds that unexpected public events, core technical personnel, and enterprise size have an impact on the financing efficiency of SMEs when running group testing. This paper puts forward rationalized suggestions to the institutions to improve the financing efficiency of SMEs in underdeveloped regions concerning the conducted research, which are called government, financial institutions, and enterprises.

Application of Big Data Model in Financial Taxation Management

We have entered an era of information technology. Many financial and taxation management tasks have been applied to big data technology. Through big data technology, we can efficiently collect data and Internet information, realize efficient management of information, and establish a complete set of tax database. The research results of the article show the following. (1) We analyze the application status of big data technology and put forward the problems and solutions in data processing in our country. (2) Most financial managers of small and medium-sized enterprises are rather vague about the definition of taxation. Training in this area should be strengthened. Taking the industrial chain of Chinese enterprises as the survey object, the concept of taxation compliance and influencing factors have been elaborated, and a taxation respect model has been established. The investigation method can be analyzed through the model. (3) We established the coefficient of variation model with Pilka coefficient and found that the main business income has the highest correlation with the value-added tax payable and has the strongest linear relationship; the correlation between return on assets and value-added tax payable is the weakest, and there is a weak relationship. There is a strong negative correlation between sales profit margin and VAT payable (4) Taking a pharmaceutical company in our country as the subject of investigation, the company’s financial operating conditions have been studied for the past ten years, and it is concluded that the company’s main business income is increasing year by year, and the corresponding tax revenue is also increasing, and the tax growth rate is relatively unstable. Among them, the financial risk coefficient of corporate income tax is the largest.

Modelling Investment Choice Preference of Government Venture Capital Guiding Funds

The continuous development of the government venture capital guiding funds (hereinafter referred to as the “government guiding funds”) has provided financial support and development opportunities for the development of many small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), and government guiding funds have been paid attention by more and more entrepreneurs and investors of SMEs. This paper takes the SMEs listed on the National Equities Exchange and Quotations (“NEEQ,” known as the New Third Board) as a research sample, systematically examines the factors that influence the selection of investment objects of government guiding funds, and studies the preference of government guiding funds from the aspects of financial characteristics and corporate governance of SMEs. The research results show that on one hand, ownership concentration, date of establishment, and asset size are significantly related to government guiding funds, while the return on equity (ROE), the asset-liability ratio, liquidity of assets, growth rate of main business income, and the operating net profit ratio failed to pass the significance test; on the other hand, operating profit ratio, investment interests, asset size, and the amount of investment of government guiding funds are significantly related, while investment rounds, date of establishment, ownership concentration, ROE, asset-liability ratio, liquidity of assets, and operating net profit ratio failed the significance test.

Incentivizing Innovation: The Causal Role of Government Subsidies on Lithium-Ion Battery Research and Development

Governments design and implement policies to achieve a variety of goals, but perhaps none are as pressing as shifting national economies away from non-renewable fuels and towards more sustainable, environmentally-friendly technologies. To incentivize such transitions, governments provide subsidies to private and public companies to innovate, i.e., to engage in research and development (R&D) to develop those technologies. However, the question of the companies is using government subsidies (GS) to perform R&D and its answer determines the effectiveness of government policies. Consequently, this paper seeks to answer this question through investigating Chinese lithium-ion battery (LiB) firms and the GS they receive through novel usage of information flow (IF). Hausman tests, fixed- and random-effects models confirmed a weak, though positive correlation between GS and R&D as determined by patent output (PO), but interestingly, observations of IF intimated that GS also affected other variables such as net profit (NP) and main business income (MBI). This suggests that firms are being awarded GS for higher PO, but a corresponding increase in R&D and its expected growth in company performance is not occurring. Thus, it is suggested that performance variables other than PO be used as firms may ab (use) this metric to apply for more GS, rather than performing R&D that leads to technological breakthroughs.

Information Automatic Sharing Model Based on Big Data Mining Algorithm

The advent of the era of big data has promoted the transformation of traditional financial management models, and the automated sharing of public financial information has gradually appeared in the public’s field of vision. Gradually recognized by business managers, there has been an upsurge in the application of public financial information automated sharing models. Especially it has been widely used in large enterprises and multinational enterprises, and it has also attracted the attention of many large enterprises. With the continuous maturity of big data technology, financial information has shown diversified characteristics, and more accurate financial analysis capabilities are required. The management of enterprises has gradually realized that applying big data mining algorithms to the automated sharing of public financial information should be possible. Bring new progress to sharing centers and enterprises. Slowly, with the continuous development of technology, more and more senior corporate managers realize the importance of automated sharing of public financial information and the practicality of big data mining algorithms. Research shows that this article mainly uses the literature research method to study the origin, definition and implementation process of the public financial information automation sharing model by domestic and foreign scholars, and proposes the process modules that need to be improved and optimized under the big data environment. Studies have proved that the company’s products have gradually gained advantages after 2015, reflecting that the company’s profitability is gradually recovering, and the utility of the automatic sharing model of public financial information based on big data mining algorithms has begun to gradually come into play. At the same time, the main business income and net profit respectively showed a downward trend in 2015, and showed a steady increase after 2009. In 2008, the company’s public financial information automatic sharing model based on big data mining algorithms incurred relatively large costs in the early stage, which also had a greater impact on the company’s related profit indicators.

Does government funding promote or inhibit the financialization of manufacturing enterprises? Evidence from listed Chinese enterprises

This study examines how government funding type affects the financialization of manufacturing enterprises in China and discusses the different impacts of environmental factors. Funding for production can induce managers to increase expenses and reduce main business income by assigning social objectives, promoting corporate financialization. However, state-owned enterprises (SOEs) may suffer from soft budget constraints and ignore short-term revenue; enterprises in competitive industries tend to hold cash for precautionarymotivation. Therefore, their financialization is insensitive to government funding. In addition, funding for interest can inhibit corporate financialization by increasing debts for non-SOEs and those with financial background employees or facing strong financingconstraints, because they are lacking in capital or sensitive to financial risks.

The Influence of Government Intervention on the Performance of Independent Innovation under Financial Support Based on Data of Listed Companies in Strategic Emerging Industries

Based on the data of the listed companies in strategic emerging industries in China, this paper uses GMM panel estimation method to measure the impact of government intervention on the performance of independent innovation and analyzes the impact of financial support on the effect of government intervention. The conclusions are as follows: Firstly, there is a lag effect in the performance of independent innovation, and there is also a lag effect in the patent application and main business income. In addition, there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between the patent application of one period lag and the current patent application, while there is no inverted U-shaped relationship between the main business income of one period lag and the current main business income. Secondly, government subsidies, additional deduction of R&D expenses, and value-added tax incentives have a significant effect on the number of patent applications, and the reduction of income tax burden can improve the main business income. Thirdly, after adding the financial support adjustment variables, we find that the influence direction of government intervention on the independent innovation performance has not changed, but the influence degree is weaker. Fourthly, the capital investment and labor input can significantly improve the performance of enterprise independent innovation.

2018 petroleum & chemical industry development report

Abstract In 2018, the petroleum and chemical industries of China achieved steady economic growth. The main business income of the entire industry was 12.4 trillion CNY, an increase of 13.6% over the previous year. The total profit was 83.93 billion CNY, an increase of 32.1% over the previous year. The total national oil and gas production reached 334 million tons of oil equivalent, increasing by 2.4% year-on-year. Among the total production, crude oil production was 189 million tons, decreased 1.2%, and natural gas production was 161.02 billion cubic meters, increased 7.5% year on year. Imported crude oil production was 462 million tons, an increase of 10.1% over the last year. Imported gas production was 125.72 billion cubic meters, increased 31.9%. The annual processing capacity of crude oil was 604 million tons, up by 6.8%. The refined oil production was 360 million tons, up by 3.6%. The industry structure was optimized for production growth in 2018, the transformation and upgrading of enterprises and products structure adjustment were sped up, energy efficiency was improved, and overall industrial benefit was rebounded. At present, the economic operation of the industry is still not very stable, and downward pressure is still great, mainly being reflected in the overcapacity of some industries, high cost operation of enterprises, increased tax burden, and weak investment. With the slow recovery of the global economy and the key support of high-quality development through technological innovation, it is expected that the petroleum and chemical industry of China will achieve the general objective of steady growth in 2019.

Research on the causes of smog and the effect of spatial spillover

This paper uses the method of spatial measurement to explore the interaction of smog pollution between local and remote areas in 31 provinces in China and the impact of economic changes. Global spatial correlation analysis shows that there is significant spatial positive correlation of smog pollution, and local spatial correlation shows that the high concentration of pollution is distributed in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and adjacent Shandong, Henan, Liaoning, based on environmental Kuznet The curve (also known as the EKC curve) found that smog pollution is closely related to the growth of the main business income, and the inverted U-shaped relationship between smog pollution and economic growth does not exist or has not yet appeared. That is to say, with the growth of the main business, the pollution level is rising continuously. The comprehensive empirical analysis shows that the spatial spillover effect of smog pollution is particularly obvious. The high pollution concentration area is affected by the neighboring areas, and it is difficult to obtain all the benefits from the implementation of environmental regulation. It is imperative to control smog and strengthen inter-regional joint defense.

Analysis of Economic Activities of Power Grid Enterprises Based on Reform of Transmission and Distribution Price

After the reform of transmission and distribution price, the profit model of power grid enterprises changed, and the composition of profits and costs were affected. The business activities of enterprises changed greatly. Conducting economic activity analysis can strengthen business management, find the crux of corporate problems, and improve operational efficiency. The paper analyzes the impact of the reform of transmission and distribution price on the economic activities of enterprises, and builds an analysis model of economic activities of enterprises based on total profit, main business cost and main business income. The model can provide theoretical support for the analysis of economic activities of power grid enterprises under the situation of electric power reform, and help enterprises to improve management and tap the potential of enterprises, which has certain practical significance.