Main Breadwinner Research Articles

Shifting Domestic Roles In The Household And Their Influence On Children's Education In Matang Sagoe Village Peusangan Sub-District Bireuen District

The shift in domestic roles in Matang Sagoe indicates a shift towards a more equal division of responsibilities between husband and wife. This has various impacts on children's education . Some Matang Sagoe people still hold fast to traditional values, where mothers are expected to remain the main caregivers and managers of the household, while fathers are the main breadwinners. This study uses a qualitative method with a field research approach. Data collection techniques consist of in-depth interviews, participatory observation and documentation. The results of the study show that 1). The form of shifting domestic roles in households on children's education in Matang Sagoe Village Peusangan Sub-District Bireuen District is from traditional roles to more flexible roles, working mothers and a more equal division of tasks. 2). The influence of shifting domestic roles in households on children's education in Matang Sagoe Village Peusangan Sub-District Bireuen District is on increasing father involvement in children's education, the role of working mothers and their influence, higher child independence and the negative influence of limited time. 3). Factors of shifting domestic roles in households on children's education in Matang Sagoe Village Peusangan Sub-District Bireuen District are economic changes, education levels and cultural and social influences

Dampak Istri Sebagai Pencari Nafkah Utama Terhadap Penerapan Fungsi Keluarga di Kelurahan Cupak Tangah Kota Padang

This study aims to describe the impact of wives as the main breadwinners on the implementation of family functions in Cupak Tangah Village, Padang City. The theory used in this research is structural functionalism proposed by Robert K. Merton. This research uses a qualitative research approach with a descriptive type. Selection of informants in this study is using purposive sampling technique with a total of 24 informants. The types of data used are primary data and secondary data. Data collection methods are carried out in three events, namely observation, interviews, and document studies. The unit of analysis in this research is the individual. Data analysis used with the interactive analysis model proposed by Milles and Huberman, which consists of (1) data collection (2) data reduction (3) data presentation (4) conclusion drawing. The results of this study indicate that when the wife is the breadwinner in this family, it will have an impact on family functions, which can be seen in three aspects, namely: (1) the impact on the husband consists of a) economic function: work, income / income. b) affective function: providing affection, emotional bonds (communication). (2) the impact on children consists of a) affective function does not work: less attention given, lack of interaction with children b) educational socialization function: less time to guide learning c) recreational function: joint activities at home, activities outside the home d) educating children to be independent (3) the impact on the wife herself: domestic work becomes neglected, less time to rest.

Interactions among gender norms: Evidence from US couples

AbstractA considerable body of work has shown that motherhood is accompanied by a reduction in labor market participation and hours of market work, while more recent findings indicate that women who earn more than their husbands tend to subsequently take actions that reduce their market income. Both patterns of behavior have been interpreted as women trying to conform to child‐rearing norms and to the prescription that the husband should be the main breadwinner. In this paper, we use panel data for US couples to re‐examine women's behavior when they become mothers and when they are the main breadwinner. We start by asking whether the arrival of a child affects women who are the main breadwinner and those who are not in the same way, and then turn to how mothers and childless women react when they are the main breadwinner. Our results are consistent with the breadwinner norm only affecting mothers, suggesting that the salience of gender norms may depend on the household's context, notably on whether or not children are present. Concerning the arrival of a child, we find that although the labor supply of women who earn more than their husbands initially responds to motherhood less than that of secondary earners, the two groups converge after 10 years. Moreover, women in the former category exhibit a disproportionately large increase in the share of housework they perform after becoming mothers. The latter results suggest that the presence of children pushes women to seek to compensate breaking a norm by adhering to another one.

Alienation of Female Characters in the Movie Fair Play (2023) as Main Breadwinners in the View of Jaggar

The capitalist patriarchal system materializes in every aspect of life, even in the workplace, resulting in men and women's alienation. Unlike previous studies on women's alienation, this article examines the alienation of women as main breadwinners in a financial sector. Through film analysis, this article discusses the movie Fair Play released by Netflix in 2023. The movie focuses on a woman named Emily who gets a higher position than her fiancé in a securities company, causing jealousy. The movie Fair Play tries to distort the reality of how women are able to get higher positions in a male-dominated system. Drawing on Alison Jaggar's alienation theory, this article attempts to show how the form of alienation experienced by Emily as a woman is different from the alienation experienced by men in a capitalist patriarchal system. Using qualitative method in analyzing Fair Play movie scenes, the study reveals that alienation experienced by workers, whether female or male, is the result of an exploitative capitalist system. The article also argues that Emily experiences alienation of sexuality and intellectuality because of her femininity. This implies that women experience double standards because of the double burden caused by gender roles. It concludes that women experience alienation differently from men because of their gender. By eliminating of the concepts of masculinity and femininity, this alienation experienced differently by women can be overcome.

Does Knee Arthroplasty Have a Beneficial Effect on Return to Work in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis who Receive Long-Term Disability Benefits in the Netherlands?

Optimal timing of knee arthroplasty (KA) is complex: operating at a younger age increases life time risk of revision, while delay results in an increased risk of job loss. This study evaluates whether disability benefits recipients due to knee osteoarthritis have an increased odds of returning to work (RTW) following KA. A retrospective cohort study was performed among long-term disability benefits recipients due to knee osteoarthritis using data of the Dutch Employee Insurance Agency. Logistic regression assessed whether recipients with KA had a higher odds of RTW in 10years following start of disability benefits, compared to those without KA. A total of 159 participants were included. During 10-year follow up, 42% had received KA and 37% had returned to work. No association was observed between KA and RTW (OR 1.39, 95% CI 0.62-3.12). Prognostic factors for RTW were being the main breadwinner (OR 7.93, 95% CI 2.95-21.32) and classification as 100% work disability (OR 0.20, 95% CI 0.09-0.45). KA has no beneficial effect on RTW among patients with knee osteoarthritis granted long-term disability in the Netherlands. For RTW, KA is probably best performed within the two years of paid sick leave before long-term disability is assessed in the Netherlands.

Linked lives: intergenerational transmission of labour-market pathways between parent dyads and children.

While a vast number of studies confirm the transmission of labour-market disadvantages from one generation to the next, less is known about how parents' interconnected labour-market pathways co-evolve and shape the opportunities and obstacles for their children's future careers. This study uses a multidimensional view of intergenerational transmission by describing the most typical pathways of parents' occupational careers and assesses how these patterns are associated with their children's labour-market outcomes. Drawing on Swedish longitudinal register data, we used multichannel sequence analysis to follow a cohort of people born in 1985 (n = 72,409) and their parents across 26 years. We identified four parental earning models, differentiating between (1) dual earners with high wages, (2) dual earners with low-wage, (3) one-and-a-half-earners and (4) mother as the main breadwinner. Regression analysis shows strong intergenerational transmission among the most advantageous trajectories, with education as a key determinant for young people to become less dependent on family resources. This study stresses the importance of intra-couple perspectives in life course research to understand how inequalities are shaped and preserved across generations.

Ways of Spouse Support in Garment Workers’ Workplace Resistance: A Qualitative Study

This qualitative study aimed to explore the different ways of spouse support for garment workers in Dhaka city. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with male and female workers and their spouses and key informant interviews with relevant stakeholders to explore the different ways of support. The results highlight that male and female workers receive different ways of support for their ways in workplace resistance; therefore, male and female workers cannot participate in their workplace resistance in the same way. In terms of large collective resistance activities, husbands and wives support their spouses’ decisions to participate. Such agreement is important for workers to receive financial and other supports during the protest. However, not all female workers can participate inside and outside large groups of collective resistance as can male workers. Some female workers need to convince their husbands in order to participate inside and outside large groups of collective resistance, because husbands are serious about adherence to purdah. Such restrictions from husbands make it difficult for female workers who are in a dilemma between pressure from coworkers and from their husbands. In terms of small groups of collective resistance and individual resistance, women are more engaged than men, since men, being the main breadwinner in the family, cannot risk their jobs through such resistance.

Investigating the cause of limb amputation in physical rehabilitation reference center

South Sudan, the newest African nation where firearms are owned almost by all men has always been experiencing waves of conflict since independence. Egypt which tried to colonize the country in the 1870s divided it into regions with Equatoria where the country’s capital city is located has always been a combat zone. Since then several firearms have continued to be used by both soldiers and the civil populace. Anti-personnel landmines and items of explosive ordnance that were either planted/left before or during these conflicts have caused many injuries to the country’s population. Many of these affected individuals have potentially lost their limbs. Nonetheless, an estimated 30% of amputees to whom the International Committee of the Red Cross has been delivering prosthetic limbs since 2008 were said to be landmine patients. Cattle raids alongside inter-communal fighting are quite common in South Sudan’s States and Central Equatoria State where Juba belongs. Road traffic accidents, particularly in the streets of Juba City where speeding is not well controlled by the concerned authority, are equally common. These and many others have led to limb amputations. Marriages and relationships are perhaps terminated the affected families experience hunger since a man is considered to be the main breadwinner. The World Health Organization has estimated the number of people living with limb loss in South Sudan to be 0.714% of the country’s 12 million population as per the 2012 report. Though traumatic injuries are thought to be topping the table, non-traumatic injuries are also on the rise. The United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS) has removed and destroyed nearly 40 thousand anti-personnel landmines and more than 1 million items of explosive ordinance in the Country, according to their report. What is the leading cause of amputation? Which sex or age group is the most affected by limb loss in South Sudan? What effects does limb loss inflict upon the life of an individual and the family? These were the steering wheels of this research.

The Dominance of the Main Breadwinner Wife in the Family

Many wives become Women Workers (TKW) while husbands at home are odd-job workers, which in turn can have negative implications starting from family conflict, less than optimal care for children to divorce. This study aims to describe the dominance of the wife's role as the main breadwinner to meet the economic needs of her family. Especially what happened in Cangkuang Village, Babakan District, Cirebon Regency. The problem formulated is limited to why the main breadwinner wife is so dominant and how the sociology of law reviews the role shift that occurs. This research is field research, descriptive analytical in nature and uses a normative sociological approach with the intention that the knowledge and description of the role of the main breadwinner wife becomes clear. From the research findings, 60% of informants in Cangkuang Village are the main breadwinners because they want to meet the needs of the family, while the husband is a freelance worker. From the optics of Legal Sociology, it emphasizes that the wife's role is dominated by the element of "adaptation," where economic needs that must be met are social facts. This is then followed by positive and negative impacts. On the positive side, the family economy can be fulfilled and children learn to live independently. On the negative side, there is a pattern of husband and wife relationships that are full of conflicts that lead to divorce or less harmonious relationships between close relatives and can adversely affect the behavior of children as well as their educational development because the care of their mothers is not fulfilled optimally. Then from a normative point of view, it can be explained that if the wife works as a migrant worker and the husband is pleased, then according to the Marriage Law the husband is still obliged to provide maintenance as long as the wife is not disobedient or nusyuz.

The influence of household characteristics on the purchase of clean cars. The case of Spain

This paper determines the socioeconomic characteristics of Spanish households that use clean cars, with the aim of identifying how these characteristics influence the market penetration of these vehicles. This study is one of the few in the literature that analyses the characteristics of car users based on a broad sample of data, that is representative of 11.5 million households. The results allow us to identify socioeconomic challenges and opportunities regarding the goal of replacing combustion vehicles with clean vehicles. We estimate a logit model finding that high-income households are 29.3% more likely to use a clean vehicle than medium–low-income households. On the contrary, the gender and age of the household’s main breadwinner present opportunities: if he is a male, it is more likely to use clean vehicles than if she is a woman, and households whose main breadwinner is over 55 or under 30 are more likely to use it. These results provide guidelines for a better design of public policies aimed at decarbonizing the transport sector through the replacement of conventional vehicles by clean ones. To do so it is important to consider the features of the social reality in which that objective is to be achieved.

Work Motivation Profiles of the Millennial Generation

Purpose: This study aimed to determine characteristic profiles of the Millennial generation based on their sociodemographic features and motivational preferences regarding work. It contributes to the literature on Millennial motivation and provides insights for organizations seeking to better understand and manage said generation. Design/Methodology: The study was conducted on a sample of 197 questionnaire responses from individuals in the Millennial generation who had work experience. The sampling was non-probabilistic and did not consider aspects related to socioeconomic or education levels to broaden the coverage of the study. The data were collected through an online survey in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. Said data were examined using an analytical procedure—which involves a clustering algorithm to determine the optimal number of clusters—and logistic regression analysis—to identify significant variables that can explain the behavior of each group. Findings: Two distinct motivational profiles were found among Millennials: (1) a group motivated by achievement and power and (2) another one inspired by affiliation and supervision group. It was also found that these two profiles are related to certain sociodemographic features, such as age and main breadwinner. Conclusions: Understanding the motivational profiles of Millennials can help organizations better tailor their management practices and work environments to meet the needs of this generation. Likewise, organizations may need to provide several kinds of incentives and rewards to motivate different groups of Millennials. Future research in this area could explore the relationship between these motivational profiles and other outcomes, such as job satisfaction and turnover. Originality: This study contributes to the literature on Millennial motivation by introducing a quantitative methodology to identify different motivational profiles and explore their relationship with sociodemographic features. The use of a clustering algorithm and regression analysis also contributes to the methodological approaches employed in this area of research. Focused on the Mexican context, this paper also provides insights into the unique cultural and economic factors that may influence Millennial motivation in this region.

Paid Parental Leave in Correlation with Changing Gender Role Attitudes

In recent decades, several countries have implemented paid parental leave for parents. This paper discusses the correlation between paid parental leave—which in Austria corresponds with receiving childcare benefits—and changing gender role attitudes in different-gender parent couples. It draws on evidence from 42 semi-structured couple interviews (n = 42, 2021–2022) in which couples were asked how they arranged childcare, employment, and household chores and how they reached agreements with employers. The empirical data were first analyzed based on content and then by applying constructivist-informed grounded theory to investigate whether and how gender affected couples’ efforts to reconcile childcare, employment, and household chores and how employers responded to parental arrangements that challenged traditional gender role attitudes. Compared to other countries, Austria offers rather generous childcare benefits, including long leave periods. In addition, Austria has introduced a partnership bonus for parents who share childcare benefits 50:50 or 60:40. However, the number of couples who take advantage of these benefits is still low. In the presented research, parents who succeeded in sharing these childcare benefits were interviewed. All interviewees had taken at least five months of paid parental leave. The data were analyzed using a content-oriented approach and by applying informed grounded theory. The results show that a substantial number of fathers continued working in minor employment while receiving childcare benefits, in line with the prevailing assumption among employers that the man is the main family breadwinner. By contrast, mothers had to strongly insist that they could continue working during the early transition to parenthood. However, on an individual level and in specific domains, Austrian parents were able to successfully overcome traditional gender inequalities in reconciling work and family with the support of the newly implemented childcare benefits. The observation that in Austria, the share of fathers who take the income-related form of parental leave is higher than that of fathers who claim other forms of childcare benefits points to the importance of all parents having access to well-compensated parental leave, regardless of their income level before the birth of a child.

Gender Inequality Reinforced: The Impact of a Child's Health Shock on Parents' Labor Market Trajectories.

This article employs a couple-level framework to examine how a child's severe illness affects within-family gender inequality. We study parental labor market responses to a child's cancer diagnosis by exploiting an event-study methodology and rich individual-level administrative data on hospitalizations and labor market variables for the total population in Finland. We find that a child's cancer negatively affects the mother's and the father's labor income. The effect is considerably larger for women, increasing gender inequality beyond the well-documented motherhood penalty. We test three potential moderators explaining the more negative outcomes among mothers: (1) breadwinner status, (2) adherence to traditional gender roles and conservative values, and (3) the child's care needs. We find that mothers who are the main breadwinner experience a smaller reduction in their household income contribution than other mothers. Additionally, working in a gender-typical industry and a child's augmented care needs reinforce mothers' gendered responses. These findings contribute to the literature by providing new insights into gender roles when a child falls ill and demonstrating the effects of child health on gender inequality in two-parent households.

Mbojo Tribe Wives Under Pressure in Public and Domestic Work Within the Family Culture at Penapali Village, Indonesia

Wives’ stress and depression levels were higher when all household chores and income were placed on her. 42% of the Mbojo tribe’s wives in Penapali village, Bima regency, West Nusa Tenggara province, Indonesia, are the main breadwinners for their families. This study used ethnography of communication by examining 10 families. It was found that Pina and Paliti Palinga customs make husbands only receive works from landlords and consider helping their wives to do household chores as a taboo. Enslaving wives has resulted in high rates of domestic violence, neglect of children and wife, abortions, high rates of illiteracy at primary school age, malnutrition in children under five and other cases of poverty.

ISTRI BEKERJA SEBAGAI PENCARI NAFKAH DITINJAU DARI PERSPEKTIF FEMINIS

Articles 31 to 34 explain that the responsibility for providing maintenance for the wife lies with the husband, and it is also explained in Article 31 that each party has the same rights before the law, then the husband is the head of the family and the wife is the housewife, then Article 34 explained that the husband is obliged to protect his wife and the wife is obliged to manage the household as well as possible. According to feminists, it defines marriage for women and men equally, so that the division of research between women and men causes women's rights to be unequal in society. Because women are not considered the main breadwinners, these provisions also place the wife economically and emotionally dependent on her husband. The purpose of this research is to find out the feminist view of the wife's work as the breadwinner for the family. This research method uses normative juridical. The data used in this study are secondary data as the main data consisting of primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials. The data obtained was then analyzed qualitatively. The conclusion is that the views of feminists on the role of the wife as breadwinner, in this case men are responsible for earning a living in order to meet the needs of the household or family. This division of roles between women and men causes women's rights to be unequal in society. Because women are not considered the main breadwinners, the affirmation of the husband as the head of the family and the wife as a housewife in Law Number 1 of 1974 which was revised by Law Number 16 of 2019 concerning Marriage according to feminists is a tightening/restriction of the wife's functions and husband strictly. This provision also places the wife economically and emotionally dependent on her husband.

Fertility in Romania: The Delay of the Second Gender Revolution

"Fertility in Romania dropped rapidly after the col lapse of the communist rule, placing the country among those with low fertility rates, and started to grow again after the year 2014. The paper approach es the dynamic of fertility in Romania, focusing on the period when fertility grew again. Using data from the semi-panel conducted by World Values Survey Romanian in 2012 and 2018, the paper looks at the changes in fertility in Romania based on mi cro-level data and studying trends in cohort fertility among women of fertile age and the drivers of these changes. The cohort analysis indicates that birth postponement is the main mechanism leading to the growth in fertility in Romania in the past decade. At the same time, the results provide support to the uncertainty explanation, the fear of job losing having negative impact on the number of children born by a woman. Altogether, the results suggest that Roma nia does not yet reach the second gender revolution, that has gender equality in private sphere at its core, fertility decision relying on traditional factors such as economic uncertainty and patriarchal model, with the male partner being the main breadwinner. "

Istri Sebagai Penanggung Jawab Nafkah Keluarga: Kajian Sosiologi Hukum di Tengah Masyarakat Muslim Desa Sikayu Kecamatan Comal Kabupaten Pemalang

In principle, a husband has an obligation to provide for his wife as stated in the Quran and Marriage Law. However, the reality in Sikayu Village is that wives are the ones who provide for the family. This article aims to explain the phenomenon of wives as the breadwinners of the family and attempts to analyze the reasons and implications of this behavior. This study used a juridical-sociological method through the Islamic family law approach. The data used were primary and secondary data, where the primary data were obtained directly from the Muslim community in Sikayu Village, while the secondary data were library materials (primary and secondary sources). The research subjects focused on Muslim women who are the main breadwinners in their families. The techniques used to collect data were interviews, documentation, and observation. The research findings showed that cases of wives as breadwinners are very common in Sikayu Village, and in some cases, wives replace their husbands as the leader of the family. Some of the reasons for this are to alleviate family needs, economic needs, husbands without a steady job, dominant environmental factors, many family burdens, filling leisure time, and women's willingness to work. These reasons are driven by two major factors: internal and external factors. The implications are only positive because in reality, it does not create conflict within the family. On the contrary, families in the Muslim community in Sikayu Village are categorized as harmonious families.

The ambivalent trajectory of the German gender regime: Are female breadwinner families an indicator of a shift towards a public gender regime?

There seems to be some evidence that Germany is turning from being a ‘domestic’ to a ‘public’ gender regime. The extension of public childcare, increasing female labour market participation rates and the introduction of gender quotas, among other changes, point to this development. However, a detailed analysis reveals an ambivalent and even contradictory trajectory. This development can only be understood by applying an intersectional perspective and looking at families with different socioeconomic backgrounds, class, and gender. By focusing on family households in which women are the main earners, this paper illustrates changes and stability in different domains and contributes to the understanding of the German gender regime's trajectory. On the basis of a qualitative study conducted in West and East Germany, the article shows that many women who are the main breadwinners in their families are in this position not because of modernised gender relations and by their own choice, but ‘involuntarily’, because of their partners' weak labour market position and increasing pressure within the German welfare state to earn their own living and contribute to covering the needs of the household through gainful employment. Many female-breadwinner families do not live reversed, modernised gender roles, but face an above-average risk for poverty and have little room for manoeuvre. Political and economic factors, as well as norms (in the domains of polity, economy and civil society), help to explain these findings. We see mainly neoliberal, activation policies directed at households with low resources, whereas the institutional framework for households with higher incomes has remained relatively stable. The results of the study show that dual-earner households are not necessarily progressive and dual earning is a poor indicator of a gender regime change.

Work Values of Working Women in Israel: A Comparison of Haredi Women with Those from the Secular and Traditional Segments.

The Haredi (or Ultra-Orthodox) sector is the fastest growing population in Israel, but the ability to study their working world is limited, and as far as we know, the work values of Haredi women (who are usually the main breadwinners) have not been studied to date. This unique study compares their work values with those of secular and traditional Jewish-Israeli women. The Meaning of Work (MOW) questionnaire was administered to 467 employed Jewish-Israeli women (309 Secular, 138 Traditional, and 120 Haredi), addressing values, attitudes, and aspirations at the workplace. The findings indicate that, while secular women ascribe more importance to individualistic values related to interesting work and variety than do traditionalist and Haredi women, no significant differences exist among the three groups concerning the interest in good pay, autonomy, interpersonal relations, or job security. In addition, a higher level of religiosity was associated with the importance of convenient hours and inversely associated with the importance of learning new things. Further, Haredi women attribute more importance to promotion and congruence between their personal abilities and experience and the job requirements than did women from the other two groups. Overall, the background demographic variables had little impact on work values. The findings can be explained by the different cultural values (collectivism versus individualism) and the obstacles Haredi women experience in the labor market.

Female Genius: Eliza Harriot and George Washington at the Dawn of the Constitution

Female Genius: Eliza Harriot and George Washington at the Dawn of the Constitution