Mahua Biodiesel Research Articles

Investigation on CuO nanoparticle enhanced mahua biodiesel/diesel fuelled CI engine combustion for improved performance and emission abetted by response surface methodology

In this study, the characteristics of diesel engines were tested with in-house produced mahua biodiesel blended with diesel and copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NP) catalyst. The preliminary investigation used mahua biodiesel-diesel blends (M10, M20, and M30) among them M20 outperformed. Further M20 and CuO NP with concentrations of 25, 50, and 75 ppm are studied. Finally, the response surface methodology (RSM) was used to determine the appropriate NP concentration for M20. The findings showed that the blend of M20 with 60 ppm NP at 80% load had the highest desirability (0.9740), and the developed RSM model predicted engine responses with a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 3.0962% to the confirmation test confirming the model’s accuracy. The optimized M20NP60 blend demonstrated superior combustion, performance and emission characteristics.

Enhancing Combustion Stability in Biodiesel Engines: The Plausibility of n-Butanol Injection Phasing and Reactivity-Controlled Compression Ignition–An Experimental Endeavour

This study explores the synergistic effect of injection phasing on reactivity-controlled compression ignition strategies upon the combustion and stability indices of biodiesel-fuelled single-cylinder four-stroke diesel engines. Mahua Biodiesel was used as the primary fuel, and n-butanol was injected into the manifold to achieve that strategy. The tests were conducted with varying the start of pilot-main injection timing, energy share of biodiesel in split injection and energy share of butanol. This work also entails the various combustion characteristics and the corresponding consequences on the engine’s performance-emission. Ignition delay is shortened with retarded injection timing. At the same time, combustion duration is reduced with higher butanol share and advanced injection timing of biodiesel. The butanol injection and advanced pilot biodiesel injection timing revealed the advancement of combustion phasing. In conjunction with n-butanol port fuel injection, the current study demonstrates the noteworthy and potential superiority of n-butanol as the less reactive constituent. Shortened ignition delay exhibited improved performance and UHC-CO footprint. This study highlights the maximum reduction in regulated emissions compared to operations solely relying on 100% biodiesel. The occurrence of CA50 at 5°–7° CA revealed a maximum decrease in NOX-UHC-CO-CO2 emissions compared to the B100 fuelled strategy. The reduction percentages observed were 53.4%, 97%, 81.1%, and 53.2%, respectively.

Production and testing of mahua oil-based biodiesel synthesized through heterogeneous catalyst using experimental and numerical method.

A two-step treatment of mahua oil was conducted to synthesize mahua biodiesel using heterogeneous biomass-based catalyst derived from mahua shell. Mahua oil having higher free fatty acid (FFA) content (about 19%) was esterified to reduce the FFA content up to 1%. The esterification process was carried out using 200mL mahua oil, 5:1 molar ratio (methanol:oil), and 2.25 weight% of H2SO4 at a temperature of 60°C for 3h. Post esterification, a set of 16 experiments were created using a Box-Behnken design (BBD)-based response surface methodology (RSM) approach to conduct the transesterification of the esterified oil. Molar ratio, catalyst loading, reaction temperature, and reaction time were the four input variables chosen for the design of experiments. The optimized conditions for maximum biodiesel yield (87.7%) were found to be 14.88 molar ratio, 3.578% catalyst loading, 69.7°C reaction temperature, and 81.9min reaction time. The Diesel RK engine simulation tool which was experimentally validated for baseline diesel fuel was used for numerical simulation of mahua biodiesel. The performance, combustion, and emission behavior of mahua biodiesel analyzed using numerical simulation presented the sustainability of mahua biodiesel as an alternate fuel.

Improving the combustion and emission performance of a diesel engine with TiO2 nanoparticle blended Mahua biodiesel at different injection pressures

Alternative fuels have sparked a lot of interest as oil deposits have decreased and environmental concerns have grown. Biodiesel is an alternative fuel that is being researched as a possible replacement for fossil fuels. A 4-stroke diesel engine's performance, combustion, and emission parameters were investigated in this work by changing the fuel injection pressure (180, 200, 220 and 240 bar) were studied using biodiesel obtained from Mahua oil at 20 % v/v blended with neat diesel (20% Mahua Biodiesel + 80 % Diesel) B20, then TiO2 nanoparticles added four concentrations are 25 ppm, 50 ppm, 75 ppm and 100 ppm. Performance characteristics such as BTE and BSFC of fuel samples were improved with TiO2 nanoparticles at higher injection pressure. Combustion characteristics were improved at lower injection pressure, B20T50 indicated near In-Cylinder pressure to diesel at 180 bar and B20T50 showed 5.3 % higher HRR compared to B20. TiO2 nanoparticles in the fuel blend gave positive results by decreasing emissions, CO and HC emissions were lower at small injection pressure. CO2 emissions were increased by 2.5 % and 4.4 % with B20T100 compared to diesel and B20. Maximum reduction of smoke opacity and NOx were observed at 240 bar FIP.

Enhancing Sustainability of Water‐Emulsified Diesel–Hydrogen Carrier Biogas as Fuel in Dual‐Fuel Engines through the Parametric Optimization

This study investigates the usage of biodiesel‐based emulsified fuel as pilot fuel and waste‐derived biogas as prime fuel to run dual‐fuel engines at varying compression ratios (17, 17.5, 18), injection timing (23°, 26°, 29°, 32° BTDCs), and engine loads (20%, 40%, 60% 80%, 100%). Mahua biodiesel, surfactants, and water were used to produce two‐phase stable emulsification. The findings showed that using biodiesel‐based emulsified fuel as pilot fuel combined at the compression ratio of 18 and advanced fuel injection time of 29° BTDC increased performance and lowered emissions. Additionally, response surface methodology with variance analysis was used to create prediction models for all engine outputs with a robust R2 value (0.8927–0.9974). The engine operation was optimized employing the desirability approach to be 85.3% of engine load, compression ratio of 18, and injection timing of 29° BTDC. At optimal settings, the anticipated engine outputs were 17.46% for brake thermal efficiency, 318.5°C for exhaust gas temperature, 76.1% for liquid fuel replacement, 45.3 bar of peak in‐cylinder pressure, 3.97 vol.% carbon dioxide, 137.43 ppm carbon monoxide, 132 ppm hydrocarbon, and 42 ppm oxides of nitrogen. The lab‐based engine testing found that the results were well within 7.14% of the projected values at these optimal operating parameters.

A Comparative Study between Hot EGR and CI Engine Using Mahua Oil Mixtures as Fuels

An investigation of CI engine using mahua oil methyl esters and its mixtures with hot EGR (HEGR) techniques has been investigated and presented. An optimum injection timing of 20 deg bTDC and injection pressure of 250 bar and is fixed and conducted the study. The emissions of mahua biodiesel and its mixtures with CI engine with hot EGR technique. The experimental test results are compared between Hot EGR and CI Engine (without adopting EGR technique). The same is compared and presented. For various test fuel samples, an increasing trend is noticed for various emissions for Hot EGR. The HEGR gave lower emissions at various loads. The neat biodiesel with Hot EGR (B100) gave greatest % reduction in NOx of 10.81% and 5.41% at minimum and maximum load. In general, EGR provides little bit higher NOx due to soot.

Influence of introducing clove antioxidant into blends of diesel and biodiesel fuels on engine performance

The utilization of biodiesel as fuel in diesel engines leads to increased NO emissions, which is a significant pollutant that needs to be promptly mitigated. This can be achieved by incorporating natural antioxidants as an additive to suppress the NO emissions. The main focus of the current experimental investigation is to analyze the engine characteristics of Mahua biodiesel by incorporating clove as a natural antioxidant in diesel fuel. The tests encompassed a wide set of engine functioning conditions including varying loads, to ensure comprehensive analysis. The results showed a significant improvement in brake thermal efficiency, with a value of 25.7% for the blend of Mahua biodiesel at 20% concentration with diesel, compared to 24.6% for the blend of Mahua biodiesel at 20% concentration with diesel fuel containing 1000 ppm of clove extract, and 23.9% for the blend of Mahua biodiesel at 20% concentration with diesel fuel containing 2000 ppm of clove extract. The intriguing observation witnessed is that when Mahua biodiesel was blended at a 20% concentration with diesel fuel containing 2000 ppm of clove extract, it resulted in a significant percentage reduction in NO emissions by 7.7%, HC emissions by 8.8%, CO emissions by 28%, and smoke opacity by 9.9% compared to the blend of Mahua biodiesel at 20% concentration with diesel.

Environmental Sustainability Achievement on Diesel Engine Emissions Using Mahua Biodiesel Influenced by Graphite

Aims: To assess the performance and emission parameters of graphite-included mahua biodiesel at various proportions such as 10 ppm, 40 ppm, and 70 ppm. Background: The fuels derived from petroleum are harmful to the environment and deplete traditional energy sources. The discovery of alternative fuels has paved the way for various options. Studies suggest replacing diesel with vegetable oils. Neat vegetable oil has a high viscosity and low volatility characteristics, making it unsuitable for diesel engines. Methods: Transesterification of mahua seed oil produces biodiesel with graphite distributed in varying concentrations by ultra sonification. Mahua biodiesel shows reduced viscosity compared to neat vegetable oil, and it will be used as diesel in diesel engines. Graphite nanoparticles contained in mahua biodiesel mix (B30) indicate improved brake thermal efficiency, reduced brake-specific fuel consumption, and reduced carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbon, nitrogen oxide, and smoke density. Conclusion: The results of this investigation showed that multi-cylinder diesel engines with direct injection can use optimal blend B30, which incorporates graphite nanoparticles, without requiring any modifications to the engine.

Biodiesel production from mahua oil: characterisation, optimisation, and modelling with a hybrid statistical approach

Present study investigates the feasibility of utilising mahua oil as a feedstock for the production of high-quality biodiesel via the transesterification process. Mahua fruit kernels offer an excellent biodiesel source, with an oil content of approximately 35–40%. This study employs a hybrid statistical approach, combining Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Genetic Algorithm (GA), to optimise the transesterification process. Through the execution of L31 pre-designed experiments, this work analyzes the significance of four key process parameters: methanol-to-oil ratio, catalyst concentration, reaction temperature, and reaction time. The collective influence of these parameters on biodiesel production is comprehensively examined. The GA-derived optimal conditions for biodiesel production are determined as a molar ratio of 7.28 with a 0.93 wt.% catalyst concentration, a reaction temperature of 59.43°C, and a reaction time of 113.62 min. Experimental results validate the model predictions, as the actual yield of Mahua biodiesel reaches 97.54%, with a deviation of only 2.82% from the predicted value. Furthermore, the fuel characteristics of Mahua methyl ester were assessed and compared to ASTM standards. In conclusion, this study highlights the potential of Mahua oil as a valuable and cost-effective feedstock for biodiesel production, thereby opening avenues for its future application as an alternative fuel source.

Performance enhancement and emission control through adjustment of operating parameters of a biogas-biodiesel dual fuel diesel engine: An experimental and statistical study with biogas as a hydrogen carrier

This study explores emissions regulation of a 3.5 kW single cylinder, direct injection, diesel engine fuelled with biogas and Mahua biodiesel. By varying the compression ratio from 17 to 18 with a step of 0.5, pilot fuel injection timing by 3° BTDC from 23° BTDC to 32° BTDC, and engine load from 20% to 100% with a step of 20%, the optimal operating conditions are determined using response surface methodology. At the optimum engine operating parameter settings of a 17.73 compression ratio, 26.71° BTDC pilot fuel injection timing, and 58.96% engine load, the optimum emissions are 42.89 ppm for NOx, 80.36 ppm for UHC, 4.23% Vol. for CO2, and 77.72 ppm for CO. Additionally, the study demonstrates a comparable brake thermal efficiency of 17.35% with 66.26% pilot fuel substitution, indicating biogas-biodiesel as a sustainable and renewable option for dual-fuel CI compression-ignition engines.

Performance-emission effect of n-butanol in Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition regimes of biodiesel combustion

ABSTRACT A comprehensive investigation has been undertaken to explore the effect of split injection phasing under simultaneous port fuel-injected butanol-induced reactivity phasing on the standard biodiesel combustion regimes in an existing single-cylinder diesel engine. Experiments were conducted on a four-stroke single-cylinder CI engine coupled with a manifold intake system at a constant speed of 1500 rpm. Butanol injected (0 ms, 2 ms, 3 ms, 4 ms) through the PFI system was varied along with the split injection timing (55° PISA −23° MISA CA bTDC, 45° PISA −15° MISA CA bTDC, 35° PISA −5° MISA CA bTDC) and pilot injection quantity (25%, 50%, 75%) of Mahua biodiesel. Analysis revealed that the minimum brake-specific energy consumption and the highest exergy efficiency registered were respectively 28.86% lower and 110.29% higher than baseline biodiesel operation. The emission parameters of NOX, Soot, CO, and unburnt hydrocarbons under the induced RCCI regimes also registered a drastic 58.56%, 82.48%, 83.48%, and 97% lower footprint than baseline diesel operation at full load.

Optimisation of fuel modification parameters for efficient and greener energy from diesel engine powered by water-emulsified biodiesel with cetane improver

Second-generation biodiesels from lignocellulosic biomass, inedible crops, and forest leftovers are cheaper and more environmentally friendly. Researchers are interested in Mahua oil, generated from Mahua seeds, due to the plant's high growth rate, large population, and potential to replace hydrocarbon fuels. However, optimisation of water emulsion and cetane improver have not been studied as approaches to enhance the energy and environmental performance of Mahua biodiesel (MB). This experiment extracts biodiesel from Mahua seeds, characterises the fuel, and optimises MB, water, and cetane improver levels for efficient and greener production. MB was transesterified from seeds and analysed using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimise diesel fuel with a varied volume concentration of MB, water, and diethyl ether (DEE). FTIR shows that the generated MB has a significant amount of carbon-based components such as esters, alkanes, and unsaturated functional groups, and the fuel quality meets ASTM criteria. The coefficient of determination values are closer to one, and the optimum conditions of MB, water, and DEE are 15.23%, 15%, and 15%, respectively. A validation experiment showed that the engine operates better and emits less at optimal conditions, and the proposed blend cuts fossil fuel use by 45%.

Performance, combustion, and emission of a diesel engine fueled with an eco‐friendly mixture of two biodiesel blends

AbstractFast depletion and higher emissions of fossil fuels are posing problems to scientists across the globe. To overcome this, thorough research is needed to find out alternate renewable sources. Biodiesel is such a renewable, biodegradable, and innocuous fuel to meet this global need. Oil extracted from vegetable oil seeds is processed into biodiesel by the transesterification process. The experimental work is carried out to study the performance and emission characteristics of a single‐cylinder, air‐cooled diesel engine by using a mixture of two diverse biodiesels namely Pongamia and Mahua. The results indicate that at higher loads there is a reduction of smoke emission for the 100PM blend (50% Pongamia biodiesel and 50% Mahua biodiesel) along with a 4.4% reduction in brake thermal efficiency when compared to diesel. The smoke is reduced for 100PM by 78.4% and 70.8% and for 50D50PM (50% diesel and 25% each biodiesel) by 71% and 61% at higher loads. From the combustion analysis, it is found that peak cylinder pressure for 100PM and 50D50PM blends are higher when compared with diesel which may be due to the advanced start of injection and ignition of blends. Injection and ignition advance of the blends may be attributed to higher bulk modulus and higher cetane number of biodiesels.

Optimization and performance characteristics of low heat rejection engine powered by mahua bio diesel by Taguchi technique

The current study focuses on how a thermal barrier coated piston affects the diesel engine's efficiency and emission criteria. The top surface of the piston crown was completely coated with three varying configurations of thermal barrier coatings (TBC) materials, including 7% YSZ (LHR1), 2% Gd2O3 + YSZ (LHR 2), and 5% Gd2O3 + YSZ (LHR 3), all of which had a thickness of 0.25 mm. In addition, for all three combinations, the bond coat NiCrAlY, which was applied to the sample substrate using plasma spray method. An experimental performance investigation was carried out on a four-stroke, one-cylinder diesel engine fuelled with diesel and mahua bio diesel under various loading situations. A qualitative study was performed to establish the optimal condition using Taguchi's method in order to save time and money.

Influence of graphene oxide nanoparticles dispersed mahua oil biodiesel on diesel engine: performance, combustion, and emission study

The present study addresses the effect of graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles dispersed in a mahua biodiesel blend (B20) on diesel engine performance, combustion, and emissions. GO nanoparticles were considered at a level of 75 mg/L. Also, the surfactant CTAB and dispersant Tween 80 were added in a 1:1 ratio. Stability analysis was performed using a photospectrometer. The injection pressure was varied from 200 to 250 bar. The performance parameters such as brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) were improved by dispersing nanoparticles in B20. Combustion characteristics such as cylinder pressure (CP) and net heat release rate (NHRR) were also greatly improved by nanoparticle dispersion. Finally, emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbon (UHC), smoke, and nitrogen oxides (NOx) were greatly reduced. The dispersant-added GO nanoparticles showed exceptional results. At 250 bar, the B20 + GO 75 mg/L + Tween 75 mg/L showed a 5.067% improvement in BTE and a 6.293% reduction in BSFC. In addition, CP and NHRR were improved by 3.13% and 43.85%, respectively. Finally, reductions in CO, UHC, NOx, and smoke opacity were found to be approximately 27.77%, 37.63%, 11.07%, and 38.55%, respectively.

Improving the combustion and emission performance of a diesel engine powered with mahua biodiesel and TiO2 nanoparticles additive

The dwindling air quality and diminishing fossil fuel reserves have led to an increase in the need for alternative sources of fuel. Biodiesel derived from animal/plant sources seems to be an attractive substitution. However, there are some shortcomings of biodiesel like lower thermal efficiency, poor atomization, inferior heating value, and higher molecular mass. One of the probable novel ways to address this lacuna is by the use of nano based biodiesel in IC engine. The present study performs an endeavor to improve the performance and emulsion qualities of biodiesel generated from mahua oil by employing Titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles as an additive. All trials were conducted in a diesel-powered engine at varying load levels with different test fuel such as diesel fuel, blended biodiesel (80 % diesel + 20 % mahua biodiesel), and nanoparticle-based blended biodiesel (80 % diesel + 20 % mahua biodiesel – 200 mg/L TiO2). When compared to diesel mode, the average CO emission reduction for blended biodiesel and nanoparticle-based blended biodiesel is 37.42 % and 46.54 %, respectively. In comparison to diesel mode, the average reduction in HC emission is 22.54 % for the blended biodiesel and 28.4 % for the nanoparticle-based blended biodiesel, respectively. When compared to diesel mode, the average reduction in NOx emission is 4 % and 2.3 % for the blended biodiesel and nanoparticle-based blended biodiesel, respectively.

Effect of changing injection pressure on Mahua oil and biodiesel combustion with CeO2 nanoparticle blend on CI engine performance and emission characteristics

Alternative fuels have sparked a lot of interest as oil deposits have decreased and environmental concerns have grown. Biodiesel is an alternative fuel that is being researched as a possible replacement for fossil fuels. In the current investigation, the combustion performance, and emission characteristics of CI(Compression Ignition) engine were examined by changing the fuel injection pressure (180, 200, 220 and 240 bar). The biodiesel (B20) used in this analysis was obtained from Mahua oil at 20% v/v blended with neat diesel (20% Mahua Biodiesel + 80% Diesel). CeO2(Cerium Oxide) nanoparticles were introduced to the B20 fuel at four distinct concentrations are 25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm. Performance characteristics such as BTE(Brake Thermal Efficiency) and BSFC(Brake Specific Fuel Consumption) were inferior to diesel, at 240 bar B20 with 25 ppm CeO2 indicated 1.9% increased BTE and 3.8% reduced BSFC compared B20 and 6% lower EGT (Exhaust Gas Temperature) compared diesel. At 200 bar, fuel samples indicated slightly higher In-Cylinder pressure and lower HRR (Heat release rate) compared to diesel. At 200 bar FIP(Fuel Injection Pressure), HC(Hydro Carbon) and CO(Carbon Monoxide) emissions were reduced significantly compared to diesel. The largest reduction in smoke opacity and NOx(Nitrous Oxide) emissions were observed at 240 bar with 75 ppm dosage, but CO2(Carbon Dioxide) emissions were higher at 220 bar.

AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF MULTI-CYLINDER CONVENTIONAL CI ENGINE USING MADHUCA INDICA OIL AS FUEL

The present work is mainly discussed with a qualitative study of engine’s significant characteristics fuelled with mahua bio-diesel & its different types of mixtures with neat diesel. The significant technical properties of various mixtures are tabulated. A 4-S multi-cylinder (6-Cylinder) DI conventional CI engine is used for the study under different speed modes. All types of characteristics for various mixtures are estimated in running the engine. Pure diesel is indicated by B-0 and pure mahua bio-diesel is represented by B-100. From the test results, it is found that B-25 gives almost the same BTE as B-0 at maximum load, compared to all the blends. The blend B-0 and B-25 give the least SFC of 0.332 and 0.268 kg/kWh at minimum speed (1200 rpm) and maximum speed (2400 rpm) at maximum load as contrasted to all mixtures. The B-100 gave 3.01% of NOx while related to B-0 @ lower speed.

Influence of dispersant and surfactant added graphene oxide nanoparticles on Mahua biodiesel blend: stability and physicochemical properties approach

Influence of dispersant and surfactant added graphene oxide nanoparticles on Mahua biodiesel blend: stability and physicochemical properties approach

The effect of metallic and nonmetallic oxide nanoparticles dispersed Mahua biodiesel on diesel engine performance and emission characteristics

The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine using metallic graphene oxide (GO) and nonmetallic zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles in a Mahua biodiesel blend (B20). At a concentration of 75 mg/L, both GO and ZnO nanoparticles were considered and a surfactant (CTAB) and a dispersant (TWEEN 80) were added at a 1:1 ratio for surface modification. The nanofuel samples were analyzed for stability using a spectrophotometer. The nanoparticles mixed with dispersants and surfactants have shown improved stability. In addition, the injection pressure was varied from 200 to 250 bar. Dispersion of GO and ZnO nanoparticles in BD20 improved performance parameters such as BTE and BSFC. In addition, there was a significant decrease in CO, HC, smoke, and NOx emissions. TWEEN 80-added GO and ZnO nanoparticles in B20 achieved the best results, followed by the CTAB-added nanoparticles. In addition, the operating parameters showed a favorable trend toward improvement at higher injection pressures. At 250 bar, BTE was improved by 4.24% and BSFC was reduced by 3.59% compared to diesel. Also, the CO, UHC, NOx, and smoke opacity were reduced by 47.05%, 15.12%, 18.96%, and 37.09% for B20 + ZnO75 mg/L + TWEEN75 mg/L, respectively.