Magnitude Of Post-exercise Hypotension Research Articles

Critical power is a key threshold determining the magnitude of post-exercise hypotension in non-hypertensive young males.

The effect of different exercise intensities on the magnitude of post-exercise hypotension has not been rigorously clarified with respect to the metabolic thresholds that partition discrete exercise intensity domains (i.e., critical power and the gas exchange threshold (GET)). We hypothesized that the magnitude of post-exercise hypotension would be greater following isocaloric exercise performed above versus below critical power. Twelve non-hypertensive men completed a ramp incremental exercise test to determine maximal oxygen uptake and the GET, followed by five exhaustive constant load trials to determine critical power and W' (work available above critical power). Subsequently, criterion trials were performed at four discrete intensities matched for total work performed (i.e., isocaloric) to determine the impact of exercise intensity on post-exercise hypotension: 10% above critical power (10%>CP), 10% below critical power (10%<CP), 10% above GET (10%>GET) and 10% below GET (10%<GET). The post-exercise decrease (i.e., the minimum post-exercise values) in mean arterial (10%>CP: -12.7±8.3 vs. 10%<CP: v3.5±2.9mmHg), diastolic (10%>CP: -9.6±9.8 vs. 10%<CP: -1.4±5.0mmHg) and systolic (10%>CP: -23.8±7.0 vs. 10%<CP: -9.9±4.3mmHg) blood pressures were greater following exercise performed 10%>CP compared to all other trials (all P<0.01). No effects of exercise intensity on the magnitude of post-exercise hypotension were observed during exercise performed below critical power (all P>0.05). Critical power represents a threshold above which the magnitude of post-exercise hypotension is greatly augmented. NEW FINDINGS: What is the central questions of this study? What is the influence of exercise intensity on the magnitude of post-exercise hypotension with respect to metabolic thresholds? What is the main finding and its importance? The magnitude of post-exercise hypotension is greatly increased following exercise performed above critical power. However, below critical power, there was no clear effect of exercise intensity on the magnitude of post-exercise hypotension.

Histamine, mast cell tryptase and post-exercise hypotension in healthy and collapsed marathon runners

PurposeHeat stress exacerbates post-exercise hypotension (PEH) and cardiovascular disturbances from elevated body temperature may contribute to exertion-related incapacity. Mast cell degranulation and muscle mass are possible modifiers, though these hypotheses lack practical evidence. This study had three aims: (1) to characterise pre–post-responses in histamine and mast cell tryptase (MCT), (2) to investigate relationships between whole body muscle mass (WBMM) and changes in blood pressure post-marathon, (3) to identify any differences in incapacitated runners.Methods24 recreational runners were recruited and successfully completed the 2019 Brighton Marathon (COMPLETION). WBMM was measured at baseline. A further eight participants were recruited from incapacitated runners (COLLAPSE). Histamine, MCT, blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature and echocardiographic measures were taken before and after exercise (COMPLETION) and upon incapacitation (COLLAPSE).ResultsIn completion, MCT increased by nearly 50% from baseline (p = 0.0049), whereas histamine and body temperature did not vary (p > 0.946). Systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP) and mean (MAP) arterial blood pressures and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) declined (p < 0.019). WBMM negatively correlated with Delta SBP (r = − 0.43, p = 0.046). For collapse versus completion, there were significant elevations in MCT (1.77 ± 0.25 μg/L vs 1.18 ± 0.43 μg/L, p = 0.001) and body temperature (39.8 ± 1.3 °C vs 36.2 ± 0.8 °C, p < 0.0001) with a non-significant rise in histamine (9.6 ± 17.9 μg/L vs 13.7 ± 33.9 μg/L, p = 0.107) and significantly lower MAP, DBP and SVR (p < 0.033).ConclusionThese data support the hypothesis that mast cell degranulation is a vasodilatory mechanism underlying PEH and exercise associated collapse. The magnitude of PEH is inversely proportional to the muscle mass and enhanced by concomitant body heating.

L-ARGININE SUPPLEMENTATION IMPROVES POST-EXERCISE HYPOTENSION IN ELDERLY WOMEN

ABSTRACT Introduction: L-Arginine supplementation increases plasma levels of nitric oxide (NO) metabolites, an important mediator of peripheral dilatation. Therefore, L-Arginine supplementation can improve the duration and magnitude of post-exercise hypotension. Objectives: This study investigated the effects of L-Arginine supplementation on post-exercise hypotension, femoral artery area and heart rate variability in elderly women. Methods: Twenty prehypertensive and hypertensive adult female participants were divided (in a random and balanced manner) into two groups (placebo and L-arginine). The participants ingested eight grams of inert substance (placebo group) or eight grams of L-Arginine (L-arginine group), dissolved in water, 90 min prior to the experimental session. The experimental session consisted of an isokinetic maximal strength test. Blood pressure was measured using an oscillometric device (Omron MX3 Plus, Bannockburn, US) every 10 minutes for 60 minutes after the experimental session. Femoral artery area (ultrasound) and heart rate variability were also analyzed. Data underwent repeated measures (ANOVA) analysis and respective assumptions. Results: L-Arginine supplementation associated with exercise produced a significant decrease in systolic blood pressure [placebo vs L-Arginine] (p &lt;0.05) at the “half-life” time point (90 minutes after supplementation) (141±12 vs 130±11 mmHg) and 40 min. (146±13 vs 127±13 mmHg), 50 min. (145±20 vs 127±15 mmHg) and 60 min. (147±19 vs 129±14mmHg) post-exercise. No significant differences were identified in femoral artery area and heart rate variability. Conclusion: Acute L-Arginine supplementation can increase post-exercise hypotension effects in elderly women. Additionally, acute L-Arginine supplementation is not related to either femoral artery area or heart rate variability responses. Level of evidence I; Randomized clinical trial.

Effects of L-citrulline malate oral supplementation on post-exercise hypotension

Background: L-citrulline malate supplementation promotes an increase in oxide nitric metabolites, which are considered important mediators of peripheral vasodilation. Thus, the supplementation with this substance might maximize the duration and magnitude of post-exercise hypotension. Objectives: To investigate the hypotensive effect of L-citrulline malate supplementation following a single session of aerobic exercise in normotensives. Methods: Forty adults, normotensives, sedentary, were randomly assigned to one of the four experimental groups (control-placebo, control-Lcitrulline, exercise-placebo and exercise-Lcitrulline). All participants ingested a sachet with placebo or L-citrulline with malate (6 grams), both dissolved in water and the ingestion was made 120 minutes before starting the experimental session. The subjects performed 40 minutes of walk/run at 60-70% of reserve heart rate. For the control session, they remained seated in rest during 40 minutes. The blood pressure was taken in rest and every 10 minutes until complete 60 minutes after the experimental session. The ambulatory blood pressure device take the readings every 20 minutes (awake time) and each 30 minutes (sleep time) over the course of 24 hours. Results: L-citrulline malate supplementation associated to aerobic exercise promoted significantly reductions on systolic blood pressure when compared with control-placebo at 20 min (net change[NC]: 9.7 mmHg [P=0.010]), 40 min (NC: 12.7 mmHg [P=0.010]), 50 min (NC: 12.1 mmHg [P=0.012]), 60 min (NC: 9.0 mmHg [P=0.050]) and overall mean (NC: 7.8 mmHg [P=0.018]) post exercise. Conclusion: Acute L-citrulline malate supplementation might potentiate the post-exercise hypotension effects in normotensive subjects.

Whole Red Grape Juice Reduces Blood Pressure at Rest and Increases Post-exercise Hypotension

ABSTRACTObjective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of whole red grape juice (juice) on blood pressure (BP) at rest and on the magnitude of post-exercise hypotension (PEH).Methods: This double-blind, randomized controlled study was performed with 26 individuals with hypertension (40 to 59 years old) who were divided into experimental (n = 14) and control (n = 12) groups. Subsequently, the experimental group was subdivided according to the initial BP values. The subjects performed 2 sessions of aerobic exercise on a treadmill (60 minutes, 60%–85% maximum heart rate), separated by a 28-day period of supplementation with a daily dose of juice (150 ml for men and 100 ml for women) or a control drink. BP was measured before, during, and immediately after each exercise session as well as every 10 minutes during the 60-minute post-exercise recovery period.Results: The BP at rest did not change in the experimental group, but when this group was subdivided by initial BP, the subjects with controlled initial BP (EGCP) achieved a significant reduction (133.3 ± 5.6 to 114.6 ± 12.2 mmHg, p = 0.02); in contrast, the experimental group with borderline hypertensive BP values (EGBP) did not. Intervention with juice did not modify PEH in the experimental group, but when this group was divided as a function of the initial BP, PEH was potentiated at some times in EGCP.Conclusions: We conclude that juice promotes a reduction in BP at rest and is also capable of improving PEH in individuals with hypertension, but these effects are dependent on the initial BP values.

Effect of the exercise of walkers performed in public squares with spontaneous or prescribed intensity on post-exercise hypotension.

ABSTRACTOBJECTIVE To quantify the intensity adopted by walkers in public squares and check the occurrence and magnitude of post-exercise hypotension in the spontaneously adopted intensity and in a prescribed intensity.METHODS In 98 volunteers (38 of them being hypertensive), walkers in public squares of the city of João Pessoa, State of Paraíba, Brazil, we have identified the intensity of a usual training monitored by heart rate and we have investigated the occurrence and magnitude of post-exercise hypotension. Subsequently, participants were instructed to walk with moderate intensity. Blood pressure was measured after rest and during post-exercise recovery.RESULTS Of the total participants, 41% of the hypertensive and 36% of the normotensive individuals walked with light intensity. With the prescription, intensity increased to 55% and 52%, for the hypertensive and normotensive individuals, respectively. In the usual and prescribed intensity, the hypertensive individuals had post-exercise hypotension of -3.7±11.6 mmHg and -4.72±12.8 mmHg, respectively. There was no correlation between post-exercise hypotension and the initial systolic component of the hypertensive individuals (r2 = 0.2; p < 0.002).CONCLUSIONS Walkers in public squares choose light intensity for walking. When they exercise with the prescribed intensity, they increase the intensity, but the magnitude of the PEH is not increase with this guidance.

The Immediate Antihypertensive Effects of Aerobic Exercise

Acute aerobic exercise (AE) produces immediate but transient blood pressure (BP) reductions that persist for up to 24 hr, termed postexercise hypotension (PEH). PEH is strongly correlated with the BP response to AE training. Surprisingly, 33 meta-analyses exist on the BP response to AE training, but none on PEH. PURPOSE: To perform a meta-analysis to determine the effectiveness of PEH as antihypertensive lifestyle therapy among adults with hypertension. METHODS: Databases were searched for controlled PEH trials that included: adults (>19 yr) with hypertension (systolic BP [SBP]/diastolic BP [DBP] ≥140 and/or ≥90 mmHg and/or on BP medication), and BP measured pre- and post-acute AE and control. Study quality was determined using a modified Downs and Black checklist. Analyses incorporated random-effects assumptions. RESULTS: Ten studies and 17 interventions qualified. Subjects (N=260) were middle-aged (41.8±4.2 yr), overweight (28.9±2.3 kg·m-2) adults (24% women, 76% men) with hypertension (SBP/DBP=140.6±9.2/89.2±4.4 mmHg). The AE bout was performed at moderate intensity (5.4±1.3 metabolic equivalents [METs], ~55% maximal oxygen consumption) for 38.0±8.7 minutes, typically on a cycle ergometer (61.9%, k=13). Awake ambulatory BP consisted of 3.1±0.6 measurements/hr at 18.2±4.9 minute intervals over 11.7±4.7 hr. Overall, PEH occurred over the awake hr (SBP/DBP: d+ [95% CI]=-0.76 [-1.03, -0.49]/-0.33 [-0.50, -1.7]; -5.42/-2.12 mmHg), but effect sizes lacked homogeneity (I2 [95% CI]=85.0% [77.4%, 90.1%]/67.9% [46.9%, 80.6%]). PEH was of greater magnitude following higher than lower intensity (>6-<9 METs, -11.4/-5.6 versus 4 METs, -1.6/-0.5 mmHg, p=0.04, respectively), independent of resting BP. For DBP only, PEH was of greater magnitude among trials of lower than higher study quality (-4.0 versus -0.4 mmHg, p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS: On average, the magnitude of PEH was equal to the magnitude of the BP reductions that are reported after AE training (~5-7 mmHg). Furthermore, PEH was of greater magnitude among trials of higher intensity (SBP, ~11 mmHg) and lower quality (DBP, ~4 mmHg). Of note, the antihypertensive benefits of PEH occurred during the awake hr when BP is typically at its highest levels. Future trials are warranted to confirm the effectiveness of PEH as antihypertensive therapy.

Contact Karate Promotes Post-Exercise Hypotension in Young Adult Males.

BackgroundWorldwide, systemic arterial hypertension is a leading cause of death and non-communicable cardiovascular disease. A major factor contributing to this disease is a sedentary lifestyle. However, physical exercise, such as martial arts, may be an option for blood pressure (BP) control. The magnitude of post-exercise hypotension is associated with a prolonged decrease in BP in normotensive and hypertensive individuals.ObjectivesThe present study aimed to verify the effects of a Contact Karate (CK) session on BP responses during a post-exercise recovery period in young adults.Patients and MethodsThirty-two male CK athletes volunteered (28.2 ± 6.7 years; 77.0 ± 5.7 kg; and 176.0 ± 4.7 cm) and underwent one CK session (50 minutes) and a control session in which no exercise was performed and the individuals remain seated during the whole time. BP was measured during rest (before sessions), as well as on the 15th, 30th, 45th, and 60th minutes of the post-exercise recovery.ResultsThe systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were significantly lower at the post-exercise period compared to pre-exercise rest (P < 0.05), with the largest reductions being observed at the 60th minutes of recovery [SBP (rest: 125.9 ± 4.7 vs. 60th minutes of recovery: 111.7 ± 5.4 mmHg); DBP (rest: 78.8 ± .7 vs. 60th minutes of recovery: 69.8 ± 2.7 mmHg)] and at the same periods of post-exercise recovery of the control session.ConclusionsA single CK session can promote a decrease in BP for at least 60 minutes after performing this type of exercise in young adults.

Correlation between acute and chronic 24-hour blood pressure response to resistance training in adult women.

The purpose of the present study was to correlate the acute and chronic decrease in blood pressure (BP) following resistance training (RT). 13 normotensive women (18-49 years) completed an acute whole body RT session with 3 sets of 10 repetitions at 60% 1RM and then 8 weeks of RT as follows: 3/week, 3 sets of 8-12 repetitions maximum. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) were measured up to 60 min and 24 h following RT (acute and chronic). The greatest acute decrease of SBP (108.5±7.0 mmHg) and DBP (71.5±6.4 mmHg) values over the 60-min period were reduced compared to pre-exercise (117.3±11.7 and 79.3±8.2 mmHg, respectively; p<0.05). The chronic effect on resting BP was observed only for those presenting acute post-exercise hypotension (PEH). The change in both SBP and DBP following acute RT was correlated with the chronic change in resting SBP and DBP (r>0.5; p≤0.05). The change in 24 h BP after acute RT was correlated with the chronic reduction in SBP (r=0.74) and DBP (r=0.80). The magnitude of PEH is a promising candidate for the prediction of individual BP-related training efficacy.

Association Between Postexercise Hypotension and Long-term Training-Induced Blood Pressure Reduction

The interindividual variability in the efficacy of regular endurance exercise to lower blood pressure is high. Therefore, to optimize training prescriptions, predictors would be desirable. The main hypothesis of the present study was an association between postexercise hypotension after an exhaustive exercise test and chronic blood pressure reductions in response to an endurance training program. Uncontrolled prospective training study. University department. Healthy untrained subjects were recruited by flyers. Inclusion criteria were age 30 to 60 years, body mass index 25 to 35 kg/m(2), untrained status (<1 hour/week regular activity; V[Combining Dot Above]O(2max) < 45 mL·min(-1)·kg(-1)), blood pressure 150/95 mm Hg, nonsmoker; 14 subjects were included, 12 could be analyzed. Walking/running 4 times per week at 60% heart rate reserve for 4 weeks. Difference in blood pressure from the initial resting value to 1 and 24 hours after the initial test (acute) and the resting value before the final test (chronic), respectively. Initial resting systolic blood pressure was 134 ± 18 mm Hg. Values were significantly reduced at all time points thereafter (1 hour: 125 ± 13 mm Hg; 24 hours: 128 ± 12 mm Hg; final: 125 ± 18 mm Hg). Acute and chronic changes correlated significantly (1 hour: P = 0.003; r = 0.77; 24 hours: P = 0.017; r = 0.67). Results for diastolic blood pressure were comparable yet less pronounced. The magnitude of postexercise hypotension is a promising candidate for the prediction of individual blood pressure-related training efficacy. Easily determined, it might be used to improve training prescriptions. However, further studies are needed to assess predictive accuracy.

Gender Differences in Postexercise Hypotension

The role of postexercise hypotension (PEH) is potentially significant in designing first line strategies against hypertension. Gender differences in the magnitude and pattern of PEH may be influenced by the phases of oral contraception (OC) use. PURPOSE: To examine central and peripheral haemodynamics regulating PEH following moderate-intensity exercise in moderately active normotensive males and females. The impact of OC phase upon potential gender differences was examined by investigating females in two phases of OC use. METHODS: We studied 8 females (age: 21±1 yr) during the consumption and withdrawal phases of OC use and 8 males (age: 21±0.7 yr) on 2 separate occasions. Central and peripheral haemodynamics were recorded via echocardiography and venous occlusion plethysmography before and for 45 min following 30 min of cycle ergometry at 80% of the lactate threshold. RESULTS: Postexercise haemodynamics did not differ with OC phase (P > 0.05). Significant PEH was observed in all subjects (P < 0.05), with the magnitude of the nadir in all blood pressure variables being significantly greater (P < 0.05) in females compared to males (11±7 vs 4±1, 11±6 vs 5±1, 9±5 vs 4±1 for systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure, respectively), whilst no interactions between gender and phase of OC use were reported (P > 0.05). Cardiac output (CO) and heart rate (HR) increased transiently postexercise and displayed gender by time interactions (P < 0.05), with a greater initial rise in CO in males than in females (31% vs 20 %) due to a larger increase in HR (26 % vs 5 %). Ejection fraction in females initially increased by 6% compared to rest, whilst in males it remained below baseline values for 40 min of recovery revealing a gender by time interaction (P < 0.05). Postexercise calf blood fow was greater in males than females (2.9±1.0 mL·100 mL-1·min-1 vs 2.0±0.9 mL·100 mL-1·min-1; P < 0.05), as a result of a significantly lower (P < 0.05) mean calf vascular resistance in males (46±21 units vs 34±12 units in females). No gender by time interactions were reported (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The magnitude of postexercise hypotension is greater in females receiving oral contraceptives compared to males. There were distinct gender differences in the cardiovascular mechanisms underpinning PEH but these were not influenced by the phase of OC use.

The relationship between baseline blood pressure and magnitude of postexercise hypotension

The relationship between baseline blood pressure and magnitude of postexercise hypotension

The relationship between baseline blood pressure and magnitude of postexercise hypotension

The relationship between baseline blood pressure and magnitude of postexercise hypotension

Influence Of Menstrual Cycle Phase Upon Gender Differences In Post Exercise Hypotension

Post-exercise hypotension (PEH) may contribute to long-term adaptations related to exercise, such as improvement of hypertension. Although the magnitude of PEH seems to be unaffected by gender, the impact of menstrual cycle phase upon gender comparisons has been ignored. PURPOSE To examine central and peripheral haemodynamics regulating PEH following moderate-intensity exercise in moderately active males and females. The impact of menstrual cycle phase upon potential gender differences was examined by investigating females in three phases of their cycle. METHODS We studied 8 females (age:20±0.3 yr) during the early follicular (EF), late follicular (LF) and mid-luteal (ML) phases of the menstrual cycle and 8 males (age:21±0.7 yr) on 2 separate occasions. Central and peripheral haemodynamics were recorded via echocardiography and venous occlusion plethysmography before and for 45 min following 30 min of cycle ergometry at 80% of the lactate threshold. RESULTS Significant PEH was observed in all subjects (P < 0.05) with the magnitude of the nadir in all blood pressure variables being significantly greater (P < 0.05) in females compared to males;10±1 vs 4±1,9±1 vs 5±1, 8±1 vs 4±1 for systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP), respectively. Blood pressure responses did not differ between tests in males, whilst females demonstrated a lower DBP and MAP throughout recovery in the EF phase compared to the LF and ML phases (P < 0.05:at 20 min post-exercise, 68±4.5 mmHg, 74±3.4 xx mmHg and 71±6.1 mmHg for DBP, and 83±2.7 mmHg, 88±3.7 mmHg and 86±5.2 mmHg for MAP, respectively). This difference resulted in a phase-by-gender interaction with DBP and MAP over the 45-min recovery being lower in females than in males in the EF phase only (P < 0.05). SBP displayed a gender-by- time interaction, indicating a different temporal pattern of recovery in each gender (P > 0.05). Cardiac output (CO) and heart rate (HR) increased transiently post-exercise and displayed gender-by-time interactions (P < 0.05). The interaction in CO indicated a greater post-exercise increase in CO in males than in females which was maintained by a larger increase in HR (26±0.3 % vs 3±3.2 %) and a smaller increase in stroke volume (4±0.2 % vs 8±6.6 %). These central haemodynamic indices were unaffected by menstrual cycle phase, whilst calf blood flow and systemic vascular resistance were unaffected by either menstrual phase or gender (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Cardiovascular recovery from exercise appears to differ between males and females and this difference is further influenced by menstrual cycle phase.

Postexercise hypotension. Key features, mechanisms, and clinical significance.

Recent investigations have demonstrated that there is a sustained reduction in arterial blood pressure after a single bout of exercise, ie, postexercise hypotension (PEH). The purpose of this discussion is to integrate the available information on this topic and to review studies using sustained stimulation of somatic afferents in experimental rats as a model to study the role of somatic afferents in PEH. PEH occurs in response to several types of large-muscle dynamic exercise (ie, walking, running, leg cycling, and swimming) at submaximal intensities greater than 40% of peak aerobic capacity and exercise durations generally between 20 and 60 minutes. PEH is observed in both normotensive and hypertensive humans and in spontaneously hypertensive rats but is generally greater in magnitude in hypertensive subjects. The maximal exercise-induced reductions in systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressures have been on average 18 to 20 and 7 to 9 mm Hg, respectively, in hypertensive humans and 8 to 10 and 3 to 5 mm Hg, respectively, in normotensive humans. PEH has been reported to persist for 2 to 4 hours under laboratory conditions. Whether PEH is sustained for a prolonged period of time under free-living conditions remains controversial, although the results of one study indicate that PEH can persist for up to 13 hours. Possible mechanisms involved in mediating postexercise and poststimulation reductions in arterial blood pressure include decreased stroke volume and cardiac output; reductions in limb vascular resistance, total peripheral resistance, and muscle sympathetic nerve discharge; group III somatic afferent activation; altered baroreceptor reflex circulatory control; reduced vascular responsiveness to alpha-adrenergic receptor-mediated stimulation; and activation of endogenous opioid and serotonergic systems. It appears that the magnitude of PEH in hypertensive subjects is clinically significant; however, more investigation is required to determine if the duration is sufficient under real-life conditions to contribute to the reduction in blood pressure observed with chronic exercise conditioning.

The influence of thermoregulatory mechanisms on post‐exercise hypotension in humans.

1. To examine the influence of the rate of heat loss on the magnitude of post-exercise hypotension, subjects were exposed to three different environmental conditions during recovery from bicycle exercise. 2. When subjects recovered in warm conditions both core temperature (measured in the external auditory meatus) and mean skin temperature were significantly elevated 60 min after the cessation of exercise. This attenuation of heat loss was associated with a significant reduction in post-exercise mean arterial pressure. 3. In contrast, when subjects recovered in neutral or cool conditions both core temperature and mean arterial pressure had returned to baseline levels 60 min after exercise. 4. These results indicate that persistence of peripheral vasodilatation during recovery from exercise, and therefore the magnitude of post-exercise hypotension, is dependent upon thermoregulatory-induced changes in skin blood flow.