Magnitude Limit Research Articles

A graded association between mobility limitation and prognosis in patients with heart failure

Abstract Background In the era of an aging population worldwide, geriatric conditions have become a high-priority clinical concern in treating heart failure (HF). Although mobility limitation is one of the most common geriatric conditions, no study has quantified the dose-response relationship between the level of mobility limitation and the risk of adverse clinical outcomes in patients with HF. Purpose This study aimed to characterize the association between the level of mobility limitation and prognosis in patients with HF. Methods This study was conducted as a patient-level pooled analysis of data from two prospective multicenter cohort studies. The analysis included consecutive patients hospitalized for HF without any exclusion criteria, with a total of 2103 participants. We categorized the patients into four groups based on their level of mobility limitation: Category I, independent outdoor walking; Category II, independent indoor walking; Category III, indoor walking with assistance; and Category IV, abasia. The primary endpoint was a 2-year composite outcome of re-hospitalization for HF or all-cause mortality after hospital discharge. Results During the 2820.7 person-year follow-up period, 998 patients experienced the composite outcome. The cumulative incidences of the composite outcome for Categories I to IV were 24.9, 47.0, 59.3, and 84.8 per 100 person-years, respectively (Figure). After adjusting for potential confounders, a 1-point increase in the mobility limitation category was associated with a 19% higher risk of the composite outcome (hazard ratio: 1.19; 95% CIs: 1.10–1.29; p<0.001). Conclusions A strong and graded association exists between the level of mobility limitation and prognosis in patients with HF. Even among patients with mobility limitations, the risk of adverse clinical outcomes varies in a dose-response manner depending on the magnitude of mobility limitation. Our findings contribute to a more individualized approach for managing older patients with HF.Figure

Extreme ionizing properties of a metal-poor, M_UV ~ -12 star complex in the first gigayear

We report the serendipitous discovery of a faint (M$_ UV > -12.2$), low-metallicity (Z $ odot $) ionizing source, dubbed T2c, with a spectroscopic redshift of z$=$6.146. T2c is part of a larger structure amplified by the Hubble Frontier Field galaxy cluster MACSJ0416 and was observed with the James Webb Space Telescope ( NIRSpec integral field unit. Stacking the short-wavelength NIRCam data reveals no stellar continuum detection down to a magnitude limit of UV However, prominent and emissions are detected, with equivalent widths exceeding $200$ and $1300$ respectively. The corresponding intrinsic (magnification-corrected $ 3$) ultraviolet and optical rest-frame magnitudes exceed 34.4 and 33.9 (corresponding to UV $ and M$_ opt $ fainter than -12.2 and -12.8 at $ rest and $ respectively), suggesting a stellar mass lower than a few $10^4$ under an instantaneous burst scenario. The inferred ionizing photon production efficiency ($ ion $) is high: $ ion assuming no dust attenuation and no Lyman continuum leakage. This indicates the presence of massive stars despite the low mass of the object. The very poor sampling of the initial mass function in such a low-mass star-forming complex suggests that the formation of very massive stars might be favored in very low-metallicity environments. T2c is surrounded by Balmer and weak oxygen emission on a spatial scale of a few hundred parsecs, after correcting for lensing effects. This system resembles a region potentially powered by currently undetected, extremely efficient, low-metallicity star complexes or clusters. We propose that massive O-type stars populate these low-mass, low-metallicity, high-redshift satellites, likely observed in an early and short formation phase, and contribute to the ionization of the surrounding medium.

Wide Area VISTA Extra-galactic Survey (WAVES): Unsupervised star-galaxy separation on the WAVES-Wide photometric input catalogue using UMAP and hdbscan

Abstract Star-galaxy separation is a crucial step in creating target catalogues for extragalactic spectroscopic surveys. A classifier biased towards inclusivity risks including high numbers of stars, wasting fibre hours, while a more conservative classifier might overlook galaxies, compromising completeness and hence survey objectives. To avoid bias introduced by a training set in supervised methods, we employ an unsupervised machine learning approach. Using photometry from the Wide Area VISTA Extragalactic Survey (WAVES)-Wide catalogue comprising 9-band u - Ks data, we create a feature space with colours, fluxes, and apparent size information extracted by ProFound. We apply the non-linear dimensionality reduction method UMAP (Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection) combined with the classifier hdbscan to classify stars and galaxies. Our method is verified against a baseline colour and morphological method using a truth catalogue from Gaia, SDSS, GAMA, and DESI. We correctly identify 99.75% of galaxies within the AB magnitude limit of Z = 21.2, with an F1 score of 0.9971 ± 0.0018 across the entire ground truth sample, compared to 0.9879 ± 0.0088 from the baseline method. Our method’s higher purity (0.9967 ± 0.0021) compared to the baseline (0.9795 ± 0.0172) increases efficiency, identifying 11% fewer galaxy or ambiguous sources, saving approximately 70,000 fibre hours on the 4MOST instrument. We achieve reliable classification statistics for challenging sources including quasars, compact galaxies, and low surface brightness galaxies, retrieving 92.7%, 84.6%, and 99.5% of them respectively. Angular clustering analysis validates our classifications, showing consistency with expected galaxy clustering, regardless of the baseline classification.

Modeling and Calculation of Limit Magnitude Detection of Orbital Optoelectric Tracking System

In order to evaluate the tracking capability of optoelectric tracking for an orbital target, the limit magnitude detection performance calculation model and its calculation method are studied. Combining the optical signal characteristics of the tracked orbital target, the background, and the CCD noise, the framework of the limit magnitude calculation model of the system for dynamic target detection is constructed. The relationships between the limit magnitude and the signal-to-noise ratio threshold of the optical signal characteristics, the exposure time of the CCD camera, and the dark current of the CCD imaging are studied and analyzed while considering the sunlight illumination condition, so that the calculation function and its change curve are given. The limit magnitude detection capability of the system is verified by the simulated experiment and the synchronized tracking test, and the detection distance maximum error of the model calculation is 3.6 m. The results show that under certain illumination conditions, when the exposure time of the CCD camera is longer and the SNR threshold is lower, the limit magnitude detection performance of the system is better, and the tracking performance of the system is more stable.

Stripe 82X Data Release 3: Multiwavelength Catalog with New Spectroscopic Redshifts and Black Hole Masses

We present the third catalog release of the wide-area (31.3 deg2) Stripe 82 X-ray survey. This catalog combines previously published X-ray source properties with multiwavelength counterparts and photometric redshifts, presents 343 new spectroscopic redshifts, and provides black hole masses for 1297 Type 1 active galactic nuclei (AGN). With spectroscopic redshifts for 3457 out of 6181 Stripe 82X sources, the survey has a spectroscopic completeness of 56%. This completeness rises to 90% when considering the contiguous portions of the Stripe 82X survey with homogeneous X-ray coverage at an optical magnitude limit of r < 22. Within that portion of the survey, 23% of AGN can be considered obscured by being either a Type 2 AGN, reddened (R − K > 4, Vega), or X-ray obscured with a column density of N H > 1022 cm−2. Unlike other surveys, there is only an 18% overlap between Type 2 and X-ray obscured AGN. We calculated black hole masses for Type 1 AGN that have Sloan Digital Sky Survey spectra using virial mass estimators calibrated on the Hβ, Mg ii, Hα, and C iv emission lines. We find wide scatter in these black hole mass estimates, indicating that statistical analyses should use black hole masses calculated from the same formula to minimize bias. We find that the AGN with the highest X-ray luminosities are accreting at the highest Eddington ratios, consistent with the picture that most black hole mass accretion happens in the phase when the AGN is luminous (L 2−10keV > 1045 erg s−1).

Void number counts as a cosmological probe for the large-scale structure

ABSTRACT Void number count (VNC) indicates the number of low-density regions in the large-scale structure (LSS) of the Universe, and we propose to use it as an effective cosmological probe. By generating the galaxy mock catalogue based on Jiutian simulations and considering the spectroscopic survey strategy and instrumental design of the China Space Station Telescope (CSST), which can reach a magnitude limit $\sim$23 AB mag and spectral resolution $R\gtrsim 200$ with a sky coverage of 17 500 deg2, we identify voids using the watershed algorithm without any assumption of void shape and obtain the mock void catalogue and data of the VNC in six redshift bins from $z=0.3$ to 1.3. We use the Markov chain Monte Carlo method to constrain the cosmological and VNC parameters. The void linear underdensity threshold $\delta _{\rm v}$ in the theoretical model is set to be a free parameter at a given redshift to fit the VNC data and explore their redshift evolution. We find that the VNC can correctly derive the cosmological information, and the constraint strength on the cosmological parameters is comparable to that from the void size function method, which can reach a few per cent level in the CSST full spectroscopic survey. This is because, since the VNC is not sensitive to void shape, the modified theoretical model can match the data better by integrating over void features, and more voids could be included in the VNC analysis by applying simpler selection criteria, which will improve the statistical significance. It indicates that the VNC can be an effective cosmological probe for exploring the LSS.

The Anabolic Response to Protein Ingestion During Recovery From Exercise Has No Upper Limit in Magnitude and Duration In Vivo in Humans: A Commentary.

A comprehensive recent study by Trommelen et al. demonstrated that muscle tissue exhibits a greater capacity to incorporate exogenous exogenous protein-derived amino acids into bound muscle protein than was previously appreciated, at least when measured in "anabolically sensitive," recreationally active (but not resistance-trained), young men following resistance exercise. Moreover, this study demonstrated that the duration of the postprandial period is modulated by the dose of ingested protein contained within a meal, that is, the postexercise muscle protein synthesis response to protein ingestion was more prolonged in 100PRO than 25PRO. Both observations represent important scientific advances in the field of protein metabolism. However, we respectfully caution that the practical implications of these findings may have been misinterpreted, at least in terms of dismissing the concept of protein meal distribution as an important factor in optimizing muscle tissue anabolism and/or metabolic health. Moreover, based on emerging evidence, this idea that the anabolic response to protein ingestion has no upper limit does not appear to translate to resistance-trained young women.

Catalog of focal mechanism solutions for the Sichuan and Yunnan region from 2012 to 2022 using the community velocity model of Southwest China

The focal mechanism solution is one of the important focal parameters for exploring fault activity and studying regional stress distribution and it has a wide range of applications. The geological structure of the Sichuan-Yunnan region in China is complex, with frequent earthquakes and abundant historical observation data, making it one of the popular areas of concern for scholars. This study utilizes the high-precision community velocity model v2.0 of southwest China, obtained through joint inversion based on multiple data methods. The Cut-And-Paste (CAP) method was employed to fit and invert the observed waveforms of 1475 events with ML ​≥ ​3.5 in the Sichuan-Yunnan region from January 2012 to December 2022, thereby constructing a catalog of double-couple focal mechanisms. By comparing the focal mechanism inversion results of small earthquakes with those from multiple one-dimensional velocity models and conducting comparative statistical analysis on events below magnitude 4, it has been demonstrated that the model used in this study provides a better fit than one-dimensional models. This contributes to establishing the lower magnitude limit for producing deeper focal mechanism solutions. This study compares the results of larger magnitude earthquakes in the catalog with those published by the Global Centroid-Moment Tensor (GCMT) project and smaller magnitude earthquakes with the catalog released by the Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration. These comparisons serve to validate the accuracy of the catalog results. Leveraging the high-resolution velocity model, this catalog has re-examined the historical earthquake focal mechanism catalog of the Sichuan-Yunnan region. The inversion has yielded reliable results for smaller magnitudes and a greater number of events, providing additional data and support for understanding the regional stress field, active faults, the mechanisms of large earthquake genesis, and earthquake prediction efforts. Consequently, this enhances the depth of scientific research in the Sichuan-Yunnan region.

Twenty-nine million intrinsic Q-factor monolithic microresonators on thin-film lithium niobate

The recent emergence of thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) has extended the landscape of integrated photonics. This has been enabled by the commercialization of TFLN wafers and advanced nanofabrication of TFLN such as high-quality dry etching. However, fabrication imperfections still limit the propagation loss to a few dB/m, restricting the impact of this platform. Here, we demonstrate TFLN microresonators with a record-high intrinsic quality (Q) factor of twenty-nine million, corresponding to an ultra-low propagation loss of 1.3 dB/m. We present spectral analysis and the statistical distribution of Q factors across different resonator geometries. Our work pushes the fabrication limits of TFLN photonics to achieve a Q factor within 1 order of magnitude of the material limit.

Eco-friendly concrete: Combining treated wastewater and recycled aggregates.

The concrete industry is a significant consumer of drinking water and natural aggregates, such as sand and gravel. However, the scarcity of water and aggregate resources and the challenges associated with the disposal of construction and demolition waste prompted the exploration of alternative materials. This study investigates the feasibility of incorporating secondary treated wastewater from UASB reactors followed by trickling filters and mixed recycled aggregates as potential alternatives. To assess the viability of these alternatives, the study considered the replacement of 100% potable water with treated wastewater, as well as varying proportions of recycled gravel (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100%) and recycled sand (10, 20, 30, 40, and 100%). Physical and mechanical properties were negatively affected, but it was possible to reach compressive results over 40 MPa and splitting tensile strength over 4 MPa for almost all mixes. Regarding physical properties, the use of alternative materials caused poorer outcomes for density, water absorption, and air-void ratio. The limited magnitude of these detrimental effects indicates the potential of manufacturing concrete with the addition of combined treated wastewater and recycled aggregate as a viable strategy while enhancing reuse practices.

Tsunami hazard assessment in the South China Sea based on geodetic locking of the Manila subduction zone

Abstract. This study provides a dataset and shows the spatial distribution of tsunami hazard in the South China Sea sourced from the Manila subduction zone. The plate motion data around the Manila subduction zone are used to invert the geodetic locking of the Manila subduction zone, further used to estimate the maximum possible magnitude and applied to obtain a more reliable tsunami hazard assessment. The spatial distribution of tsunami wave height with a 1000-year return period is shown, and several high-hazard areas in the South China Sea are pointed out. Uncertainties in the seismic source are explored, including the slip heterogeneity, the upper limit of seismic magnitude and segmentation. The impact of the locking distribution and randomness of slip on tsunami hazard assessment demonstrates that the traditional uniform slip assumption significantly underestimates the tsunami hazard. Moreover, the assessment results involving the effect of the locking distribution should be more realistic and show a larger tsunami height than when only considering the stochastic slip in most areas, which should prompt coastal management agencies to enhance tsunami prevention awareness.

Minimum magnitude boundaries in probabilistic seismic hazard analysis: an insight from structural engineering

In order to systematically advance our understanding of the minimum magnitude limit (Mmin) in the probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) calculations, a novel and useful approach utilising a broad range of Single-Degree-of-Freedom oscillators and hazard conditions is being developed and tested. We have determined the most reasonable Mmin value for a variety of structures by examining the impact of Mmin on the mean annual frequency (MAF) of various limit states (LSs) (including the collapse capacity). The originality of the suggested methodology in the current work, known as the MAF saturation strategy, is the recommended Mmin, which is the cut-off value at which lesser magnitude events do add to the hazard but do not significantly change the MAF. The current work is the first to offer the MAF saturation strategy methodology, which searches for the cut-off magnitude at which the MAF value essentially remains constant even when smaller values of this cut-off are utilised as Mmin for hazard assessments. Therefore, given a series of carefully chosen ground motions in each oscillator instance, an incremental dynamic analysis is carried out (by applying the Hunt and Fill algorithm), and the appropriate LS (including the collapse capacity defined as global instability) points are calculated. Thus, the relationship between the distribution of LSs and the Engineering Demand Parameter and intensity measure is found. A simple point source hazard curve is convoluted with this distribution, yielding the structure-specific MAF. In order to find the cut-off lower magnitude (Mmin), this convolution is repeated for several Mmin values. This cut-off is defined as the point at which, when lower values are utilised as Mmin in the PSHA computation, the MAF’s values do not change considerably (with a five per cent threshold). The acquired data were thoroughly discussed in relation to various structural features and seismic input factors. The primary findings showed that each of the structures under consideration requires a Mmin value in the range of 4–4.3. Put otherwise, the suggestions seen in technical literature, which range from 4.5 to 5, are not cautious, at least not when it comes to probabilistic structural limit state frequency. The derived Mmin value is mostly controlled by the natural period of the structure and is largely unaffected by other structural characteristics like ductility, damping ratio and overstrength factor.

The Impact of Territorial and Demographic Factors on Academic Performance in Public Schools Across Catalonia

Decades-old studies found students in schools from small municipalities academically lagging behind urban peers due to location and economic factors, but recent data reveals some schools in these areas now match or surpass urban school performance gains. For this reason our study examined the influence of territorial and demographic size on academic achievement in public schools in Catalonia. The data for this analysis were obtained from the publicly accessible database of the Department of Education, which contains the results of the assessments of basic skills and knowledge at the end of primary education from 2009 to 2023. Advanced statistical methods were applied to explore the relationship between academic achievement and demographic variables, such as population size and the territorial area of the students’ municipality of residence. The results demonstrated a significant correlation, but of limited magnitude, between territorial size and academic performance in the subjects evaluated.

Upper limit magnitudes for induced seismicity in energy industries

AbstractWe adopt extreme value theory to estimate the upper limit of the next record‐breaking magnitudes of induced seismic events. The methodology is based on order statistics and does not rely on knowledge of the state of the subsurface reservoir or injection strategy. The estimation depends on the history of record‐breaking events produced by the anthropogenic activities. We apply the methodology to three different types of industrial operations: natural gas production, saltwater disposal and hydraulic fracturing. We show that the upper limit estimate provides a reliable and realistic upper bound for magnitudes of the record‐breaking events in investigated datasets including 15 publicly available datasets. The predicted magnitudes do not overestimate the observed magnitudes by more than 1.0 magnitude unit and underestimation is rare, probably resulting from insufficient sampling of the statistical distribution of the induced seismicity. The richest dataset, sourced from downhole and surface monitoring of the Preston New Road hydraulic fracturing, provides reliable estimates of the magnitudes over three orders of magnitudes with only slight underprediction of the largest observed event. While the detection of weaker events improves the performance of the method, we show that it can be applied even with a few observed record‐breaking events to provide reliable estimates of magnitudes. However, care must be taken to ensure that event catalogues are estimated consistently across a range of magnitudes.

Effective Charging of Commercial Lithium Cell by Triboelectric Nanogenerator with Ultrahigh Voltage Energy Management.

It is an increasingly mature application solution that triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) supplies power to electronic devices through its power management system (PMS). However, the previous PMS is able to manage a limited voltage magnitude and the energy storage elements are limited to capacitors. This work proposes an ultrahigh voltage PMS (UV-PMS) to realize the charging of commercial lithium cells (LCs) by TENG. The design of UV-PMS enables energy management of TENGs with ultrahigh open-circuit voltages up to 3500V and boosts the peak charging current from 30.9µA to 2.77mA, an increase of 89.64 times. With the introduction of UV-PMS, the effective charging capacity of LC charged by a TENG at a working frequency of 1.5Hz for 1h comes to 429.7µAh, making a 75.3 times enhancement compared to charging by TENG directly. The maximum charging power comes to 1.56mW. The energy storage efficiency is above 97% and the overall charge efficiency can be maintained at 81.2%. This work provides a reliable strategy for TENG to store energy in LC, and has promising applications in energy storage, LC's life, and self-powered systems.

Compact white dwarf binaries in the combined SRG/eROSITA/SDSS eFEDS survey

Context. X-ray surveys combined with optical follow-up observations are used to generate complete flux-limited samples of the main X-ray emitting source classes. eROSITA on the Spectrum-Roentgen-Gamma mission provides sufficient sensitivity to build significantly enhanced samples of rare X-ray emitting sources. Aims. We strive to identify and classify compact white dwarf binaries, cataclysmic variables (CVs), and related objects, which were detected in the sky area of eFEDS, the eROSITA Final Equatorial Depths Survey, and they were observed in the plate program of SDSS-V. Methods. Compact white dwarf binaries were selected from spectra obtained in the early SDSS-V plate program. A dedicated set of SDSS plate observations were carried out in the eFEDS field, providing spectroscopic classifications for a significant fraction of the optically bright end (r &lt; 22.5) of the X-ray sample. The identification and subclassification rests on visual inspections of the SDSS spectra, spectral variability, color-magnitude and color-color diagrams involving optical and X-ray fluxes, optical variability, and literature work. Results. Upon visual inspection of SDSS spectra and various auxiliary data products, we have identified 26 accreting compact white dwarf binaries (aCWDBs) in eFEDS, of which 24 are proven X-ray emitters. Among those 26 objects, there are 12 dwarf novae, three WZ Sge-like disk-accreting nonmagnetic CVs with low accretion rates, five likely nonmagnetic high accretion rate nova-like CVs, two magnetic CVs of the polar subcategory, and three double degenerates (AM CVn objects). Period bouncing candidates and magnetic systems are rarer than expected in this sample, but it is too small for a thorough statistical analysis. Fourteen of the systems are new discoveries, of which five are fainter than the Gaia magnitude limit. Thirteen aCWDBs have measured or estimated orbital periods, of which five were presented here. Through a Zeeman analysis, we revise the magnetic field estimate of the polar system J0926+0105, which is likely a low-field polar at B = 16 MG. We quantified the success of X-ray versus optical/UV selection of compact white dwarf binaries which will be relevant for the full SDSS-V survey. We also identified six white dwarf main sequence (WDMS) systems, among them there is one confirmed pre-CV at an orbital period of 17.6 h and another pre-CV candidate. Conclusions. This work presents successful initial work in building large samples of all kinds of accreting and X-ray emitting compact white dwarf binaries that will be continued over the full hemisphere in the years to come.

THE THREE HUNDRED: Contrasting cluster galaxy density in hydrodynamical and dark matter simulations

Cluster number counts at visible and IR wavelengths will be a key cosmological probe in the next decade thanks to the Euclid satellite mission. For this purpose, the performance of cluster detection algorithms, which at these wavelengths are sensitive to the spatial distributions of the cluster galaxy members and their luminosity functions, need to be accurately characterized. Using THE THREE HUNDRED hydrodynamical and dark-matter-only simulations, we studied a complete sample of massive clusters beyond 7 (5) × 1014 M⊙ at redshift 0 (1) on a (1.48 Gpc)3 volume. We find that the mass resolution of the current hydrodynamical simulations (1.5 × 109 M⊙) is not enough to characterize the luminosity function of the sample in the perspective of Euclid data. Nevertheless, these simulations are still useful to characterize the spatial distribution of the cluster substructures assuming a common relative mass threshold for the different flavours and resolutions. By comparing with the dark-matter-only version of these simulations, we demonstrate that baryonic physics preserves significantly low-mass subhalos (galaxies), as has also been observed in previous studies with less statistics. Furthermore, by comparing the hydro simulations with higher resolution dark-matter-only simulations of the same objects and taking the same limit in subhalo mass, we find galaxy density profiles that are significantly more cuspy towards the centre of the clusters, where the low-mass substructures tend to concentrate. We conclude that using a dark-matter-only simulation may lead to some biases on the spatial distribution and density of galaxy cluster members. Based on the preliminary analysis of few high-resolution hydro simulations we conclude that a mass resolution of 1.8 × 108h−1 M⊙ will be needed for THE THREE HUNDRED simulations to approach the expected magnitude limits for the Euclid survey. These simulations are currently under way.

Cosmological prediction of the CSST Ultra Deep Field Type Ia supernova photometric survey

ABSTRACT Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) as a standard candle is an ideal tool to measure cosmic distance and expansion history of the Universe. Here, we investigate the SN Ia photometric measurement in the China Space Station Telescope Ultra Deep Field (CSST-UDF) survey, and study the constraint power on the cosmological parameters, such as the equation of state of dark energy. The CSST-UDF survey is expected to cover a 9 deg2 sky area in 2 yr with 250 s × 60 exposures for each band. The magnitude limit can reach i ≃ 26 AB mag for 5σ point source detection with a single exposure. We generate light-curve mock data for SNe Ia and different types of core-collapse SNe (CCSNe). sncosmo is chosen as the framework by utilizing the salt3 model to simulate SN Ia data. After selecting high-quality data and fitting the light curves, we derive the light-curve parameters and identify CCSNe as contamination, resulting in ∼2200 SNe with an $\sim\!\! 7{{\ \rm per\, cent}}$ CCSN contamination rate. We adopt a calibration method similar to Chauvenet’s criterion, and apply it to the distance modulus data to further reduce the contamination. We find that this method is effective and can suppress the contamination fraction to $\sim\!\! 3.5{{\ \rm per\, cent}}$ with 2012 SNe Ia and 73 CCSNe. In the cosmological fitting stage, we did not distinguish between SNe Ia and CCSNe. We find that the constraint accuracies on ΩM, ΩΛ, and w are about two times better than the current SN surveys, and they could be further improved by a factor of ∼1.4 if including the baryon acoustic oscillation data from the CSST spectroscopic wide-field galaxy survey.

Multivariate mapping of low-resilient neurocognitive systems within and around low-grade gliomas.

Accumulating evidence suggests that the brain exhibits a remarkable capacity for functional compensation in response to neurological damage, a resilience potential that is deeply rooted in the malleable features of its underlying anatomofunctional architecture. This propensity is particularly exemplified by diffuse low-grade glioma, a subtype of primary brain tumour. However, functional plasticity is not boundless, and surgical resections directed at structures with limited neuroplasticity can lead to incapacitating impairments. Yet, maximizing diffuse low-grade glioma resections offers substantial oncological benefits, especially when the resection extends beyond the tumour margins (i.e. supra-tumour or supratotal resection). In this context, the primary objective of this study was to identify which cerebral structures were associated with less favourable cognitive outcomes after surgery, while accounting for intra-tumour and supra-tumour features of the surgical resections. To achieve this objective, we leveraged a unique cohort of 400 patients with diffuse low-grade glioma who underwent surgery with awake cognitive mapping. Patients benefitted from a neuropsychological assessment consisting of 18 subtests administered before and 3 months after surgery. We analysed changes in performance and applied topography-focused and disconnection-focused multivariate lesion-symptom mapping using support vector regressions, in an attempt to capture resected cortico-subcortical structures less amenable to full cognitive compensation. The observed changes in performance were of a limited magnitude, suggesting an overall recovery (13 of 18 tasks recovered fully despite a mean resection extent of 92.4%). Nevertheless, lesion-symptom mapping analyses revealed that a lack of recovery in picture naming was linked to damage in the left inferior temporal gyrus and inferior longitudinal fasciculus. Likewise, for semantic fluency abilities, an association was established with damage to the left precuneus/posterior cingulate. For phonological fluency abilities, the left dorsomedial frontal cortex and the frontal aslant tract were implicated. Moreover, difficulties in spatial exploration were associated with injury to the right dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and its underlying connectivity. An exploratory analysis suggested that supra-tumour resections were associated with a less pronounced recovery following specific resection patterns, such as supra-tumour resections of the left uncinate fasciculus (picture naming), the left corticostriatal tract and the anterior corpus callosum (phonological fluency), the hippocampus and parahippocampus (episodic memory) and the right frontal-mesial areas (visuospatial exploration). Collectively, these patterns of results shed new light on both low-resilient neural systems and the prediction of cognitive recovery following glioma surgery. Furthermore, they indicate that supra-tumour resections were only occasionally less well tolerated from a cognitive viewpoint. In doing so, they have deep implications for surgical planning and rehabilitation strategies.

Satellite-Derived Variability of Sea Surface Salinity and Geostrophic Currents off Western Patagonia

The coastal ocean off western Patagonia is one of the main coastal regions with high freshwater inputs from rivers, rain, and glaciers in the Southern Hemisphere. This study conducts an analysis of the seasonal and interannual variations in sea surface salinity and meridional geostrophic transports, specifically focusing on the Cape Horn Current, using improved satellite-derived data of sea surface salinity (SSS) and geostrophic velocities spanning an ∼11-year period (September 2011–August 2022). Our results reveal a clear salinity minimum in a coastal band between 42–54°S associated with the highest freshwater content. The average geostrophic currents are stronger south of 49°S, in line with the location of the Cape Horn Current. The average salinity minimum tends to disappear south of 54°S, with salinity values increasing slightly southward. The seasonal cycle of salinity shows the most pronounced minimum in summer (∼33.2–33.4). The greatest variability in salinity (standard deviation of salinity fields) occurs in the southern region of the Cape Horn Current. Hovmöller plots reveal two cores of minimum salinity observed in spring and summer (∼33.3–33.4). The freshwater off the Gulf of Penas contributes to the northern core. The meridional geostrophic transport differs between the northern and southern sections, with transports predominantly towards the Equator (Pole) north (south) of about 47–48°S during spring–summer. There is a marked seasonal variability in the magnitude and northern limit of the southward-flowing Cape Horn Current, being extended further north during winter and with a maximum average magnitude during summer–fall (about −2×104 m2 s−1). On the interannual scale, a major drop in surface salinity occurred off northern and central Patagonia during 2018–2019. Finally, a potential long-term freshening trend is observed in the coastal area off southern Patagonia (south of 52°S), although prolonged data records are essential to confirm this pattern.