Magnitude Of Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption Research Articles

Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption Following Isocaloric Bouts of Resistance and Aerobic Exercise in Older Adults

ABSTRACT Purpose: Albeit being a major determinant of exercise-related energy expenditure (EE), there is a lack of research on the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) after different exercise modalities in older adults. This study compared the EPOC after isocaloric bouts of resistance (RE) and aerobic (AE) exercise. Methods: The EE during exercise was determined through telemetric indirect calorimetry in ten physically active participants aged 63 to 82 years (5 women, 73 ± 6 years, 70.5 ± 9.9 kg, 161 ± 8 cm). The target EE in AE corresponded to values achieved during RE, and the EPOC was assessed for 30 min in the supine position. Results: The EE during AE and RE were 126.0 ± 30.7 kcal and 123.9 ± 30.6 kcal, respectively. The time to achieve the target EE was 2.3 times shorter in AE vs. RE. The EPOC magnitude was greater after AE (7.9 ± 2.4 L, 40.1 ± 11.1 kcal) than RE (5.9 ± 1.8 L, 26.9 ± 11.5 kcal). Conclusion: Older adults showed greater EPOC after isocaloric sessions of AE vs. RE. Additionally, AE had better temporal efficiency than RE to elicit a given EE.

Effect Of Aerobic Exercise With Blood Flow Restriction On Substrate Utilization And Energy Expenditure

Blood flow restriction (BFR) added to aerobic exercise has the potential to elicit physiological adaptations. However, the acute effects of BFR on substrate utilization and energy expenditure (EE) remains unclear. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of intermittent BFR compared to low- (LIIE) and high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) on EE and substrate utilization during exercise and recovery. METHODS: Participants randomly performed 3 interval (INT) exercise protocols: BFR, LIIE and HIIE. BFR and LIIE consisted of 10 INTs of 2-min of work at 70% of ventilatory threshold (VT) and 1-min of recovery (20 watts; W). During BFR, the cuffs were inflated to 80% of limb occlusion pressure (154 ± 17 mmHg) during each work INT and deflated during each recovery INT. HIIE consisted of 5 INTs at 140% of VT and 1-min of recovery (20 W). Breath by breath pulmonary oxygen uptake (VO2) and carbon dioxide production (VCO2) were recorded during a 15-min seated rest, exercise, and a 180-min seated recovery. Excess post exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) magnitude was calculated as area under the curve from netVO2 (VO2 - VO2 at rest) during the first 90 minutes post-exercise. EE was calculated from VO2 during exercise and recovery. Fat oxidation (FatOx) and carbohydrate oxidation (CarbOx) rates were calculated from VO2 and VCO2 at rest, 1, 2 and 3 hrs post-exercise. Enjoyment was assessed post-exercise using the physical activity enjoyment scale (PACES). RESULTS: EPOC magnitude was similar among trials (LIIE = 4.87 ± 2.60 L*min-1, BFR = 6.59 ± 2.33 L*min-1, HIIE= 6.56 ± 2.01 L*min-1; p = 0.06). Total EE was different between BFR (321.6 ± 30.1 kcals), HIIE (254.5 ± 33.5 kcals), and LIIE (287.1 ± 25.5 kcals) (p<0.05). FatOx in BFR (1hr = 0.14 ± 0.01 g*min-1, 3hr = 0.11 ± 0.01 g*min-1) was greater than LIIE (1hr = 0.08 ± 0.02 g*min-1, 3hr = 0.9 ± 0.02 g*min-1), but not different from HIIE (1hr = 0.12 ± 0.02 g*min-1, 3hr = 0.09 ± 0.01 g*min-1) (main effect of trial; p<0.05). CarbOx during BFR (3hr = 0.16 ± 0.03 g*min-1) was less than LIIE (3hr = 0.19 ± 0.03 g*min-1) and HIIE (3hr = 0.23 ± 0.05 g*min-1) (main effect of trial). There were no differences in PACES scores. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that the addition of intermittent BFR to LIIE may result in greater EE but similar substrate utilization and enjoyment as HIIE, albeit at a lower work rate.

Mechanistic and methodological perspectives on the impact of intense interval training on post-exercise metabolism.

The post-exercise recovery period is associated with an elevated metabolism known as excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). The relationship between exercise duration and EPOC magnitude is thought to be linear whereas the relationship between EPOC magnitude and exercise intensity is thought to be exponential. Accordingly, near-maximal and supramaximal protocols such as high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and sprint interval training (SIT) protocols have been hypothesized to produce greater EPOC magnitudes than submaximal moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT). This review updates previous reviews by focusing on the impact of HIIT and SIT on EPOC. Research to date suggests small differences in EPOC post-HIIT compared to MICT in the immediate (<1hour) recovery period, but greater EPOC values post-HIIT when examined over 24hours. Conversely, differences in EPOC post-SIT are more pronounced, as SIT tends to produce a larger EPOC vs MICT at all time points. We discuss potential mechanisms that may drive the EPOC response to interval training (eg, glycogen resynthesis, mitochondrial uncoupling, and protein turnover among others) and also consider the role of EPOC as one of the potential contributors to fat loss following HIIT/SIT interventions. Lastly, we highlight a number of methodological shortcomings related to the measurement of EPOC following HIIT and SIT.

Acute Normobaric Hypoxia Exposure and Excess Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption

BACKGROUND: Excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) is an elevation in oxygen consumption (Vo₂) following exercise. Altitude decreases maximal oxygen uptake; however, studies are equivocal concerning the effect on resting metabolic rate. The EPOC response has not been studied with normobaric hypoxia. The purpose was to observe EPOC following constant-load cycling in normobaric hypoxia.METHODS: Subjects (N = 7 women, 7 men) completed resting metabolic rate testing between 06:00 and 08:30. Constant workload cycle exercise was performed (10 min at 100 W) while breathing air from an altitude simulator under the following conditions: normoxic control (CON), 3353 m (11,001 ft; HI), and 6401 m (21,001 ft; EXT). Subjects completed remaining conditions in a counterbalanced order. Upon completion, participants were reconnected to the metabolic system until a running 5-min average of Vo₂ values returned to baseline (EPOC duration). Magnitude was determined by summing the net oxygen consumption each minute during the EPOC period. Data were analyzed using 2 × 3 repeated measures ANOVA.RESULTS: No sex differences were detected for any variable. EPOC duration increased significantly at each simulated altitude increase (CON = 15.2 ± 1.9 vs. HI = 20.7 ± 1.7 min) (HI vs. EXT = 28.1 ± 2.6 min). Likewise, EPOC magnitude increased significantly at each simulated altitude (CON = 73.5 ± 9.9 vs. HI = 99.1 ± 9.3 ml O₂) (HI vs. EXT = 139.7 ± 14.3 ml O₂).DISCUSSION: The EPOC response to simulated altitude represents elevated caloric expenditure that must be accounted for. Individuals who are active at altitude must consider the increased caloric deficit despite a loss of appetite that is common with altitude exposure.Navalta JW, Tanner EA, Bodell NG. Acute normobaric hypoxia exposure and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2018; 89(12):1031-1035.

The effects of meal size on postprandial metabolic response and post-exercise metabolic recovery process in juvenile black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus)

ABSTRACTThe effects of meal size on the postprandial metabolic response and of digestion on the post-exercise metabolic recovery process were investigated in juvenile black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) . Experimental fish were forcedly fed with compound feed (meal sizes: 0.5%, 1% and 2% body weight). Then, the postprandial oxygen consumption rate and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) of the experimental fish were measured. Both the duration and the peak of oxygen consumption rate (PMR) increased with increasing meal size. The peak post-exercise metabolic rate of digesting fish were significantly higher, whereas EPOC magnitude and its duration were significantly smaller or (shorter) than those in the fasting fish. It is suggested that (1) this fish fulfills the increased energy demand during the digestive process by increasing PMR and by prolonging SDA duration with increasing meal size and (2) digesting fish might decrease their anaerobic exhaustive activity but increase the post-exercise recovery capacity.

High-CHO diet increases post-exercise oxygen consumption after a supramaximal exercise bout

We investigated if carbohydrate (CHO) availability could affect the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) after a single supramaximal exercise bout. Five physically active men cycled at 115% of peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2 peak) until exhaustion with low or high pre-exercise CHO availability. The endogenous CHO stores were manipulated by performing a glycogen-depletion exercise protocol 48 h before the trial, followed by 48 h consuming either a low- (10% CHO) or a high-CHO (80% CHO) diet regime. Compared to the low-CHO diet, the high-CHO diet increased time to exhaustion (3.0±0.6 min vs 4.4±0.6, respectively, P=0.01) and the total O2 consumption during the exercise (6.9±0.9 L and 11.3±2.1, respectively, P=0.01). This was accompanied by a higher EPOC magnitude (4.6±1.8 L vs 6.2±2.8, respectively, P=0.03) and a greater total O2 consumption throughout the session (exercise+recovery: 11.5±2.5 L vs 17.5±4.2, respectively, P=0.01). These results suggest that a single bout of supramaximal exercise performed with high CHO availability increases both exercise and post-exercise energy expenditure.

Effects of Walking with Blood Flow Restriction on Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption.

This study determined the influence of walking with blood flow restriction (BFR) on the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) of healthy young men. 17 healthy young men (22.1±2.9 years) performed graded treadmill exercise to assess VO2peak. In a randomized fashion, each participant performed 5 sets of 3-min treadmill exercise at their optimal walking speed with 1-min interval either with or without BFR. Participants were then seated in a chair and remained there for 30 min of recovery. Expired gases were continuously monitored during exercise and recovery. BFR increased the O2 cost of walking as well as its relative intensity and cumulative O2 deficit (p<0.05). The EPOC magnitude after walking with BFR was greater than in the non-BFR condition (p<0.05). No differences between conditions were seen for the duration of EPOC. The EPOC magnitude was no longer different between conditions after controlling for the differences in relative intensity and in the cumulative O2 deficit (p>0.05). These data indicate that walking with BFR increases the magnitude of EPOC. Moreover, they also demonstrate that such increment in EPOC is likely explained by the effects of BFR on walking relative intensity and cumulative O2 deficit.

Effects of starvation on the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption of juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The resting metabolic rate (MO2rest) of juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) decreased from 264.5 to 189.4 mg O2 kg−1 h−1 after one week of starvation and the maximum post-exercise oxygen consumption (MO2peak) decreased from 1032.5 to 647.4 mg O2 kg−1 h−1. MO2 rest and MO2peak decreased further to 166.5 and 463.3 mg O2 kg−1 h−1 respectively after six weeks of starvation. Furthermore, the duration of the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) decreased from 113.3 to 56.3 min, and the magnitude of EPOC decreased from 276.8 to 100.2 mg O2 kg−1. We conclude that tilapia are very sensitive to food shortage and rapidly reduce their energy expenditure. The decreased metabolic scope and EPOC imply that both aerobic and anaerobic metabolic capacities are reduced in starved tilapia, possibly as a result of glycogen depletion. We suggest that food deprivation should not exceed one week when Nile tilapia are used as experimental fish.

Influence of Resistance Training Variables on Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption: A Systematic Review

Objectives. Resistance training may influence the resting metabolic rate (RMR), which is desirable in weight management programs. However, its impact on excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) is yet to be defined. The study evaluated the contribution of resistance training variables to EPOC. Design. Studies published until November 2011 were systematically reviewed. Methods. MEDLINE, LILACS, SCIELO, Science Citation Index, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and CINAHL databases were consulted. The methodological quality of studies was assessed by the PEDro 10-point scale. A total of 155 participants (54% men) aged between 20±2 and 34±14 years were observed by 16 studies (quality scores ranged from 5 to 7), which were organized according to treatment similarity (number of sets, intensity, rest interval, speed of movement, and exercise order). Results. Training volume seemed to influence both EPOC magnitude and duration, whereas workload influenced mostly the magnitude. Short rest intervals (&lt;60 s) increased the EPOC magnitude, but not the overall energy expenditure. Conclusion. Resistance training with high intensity and volume, performed with short rest intervals (as in circuit training), probably have greater impact on EPOC. Methodological procedures, particularly time of post-exercise observation and RMR assessment, should be standardized to an appropriate quantification of the actual influence of resistance training on EPOC.

Cardiorespiratory fitness level correlates inversely with excess post-exercise oxygen consumption after aerobic-type interval training

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to reveal any association between cardiorespiratory fitness level and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) using three cycling protocols with varying degrees of exercise intensity, i.e., sprint interval training (SIT), high-intensity interval aerobic training (HIAT), and continuous aerobic training (CAT).FindingsTen healthy men, aged 20 to 31 years, attended a cross-over experiment and completed three exercise sessions: SIT consisting of 7 sets of 30-s cycling at 120% VO2max with a 15-s rest between sets; HIAT consisting of 3 sets of 3-min cycling at 80~90% VO2max with a 2-min active rest at 50% VO2max between sets; and CAT consisting of 40 min of cycling at 60~65% VO2max. During each session, resting VO2, exercise VO2, and a 180-min post-exercise VO2 were measured. The net exercise VO2 during the SIT, HIAT, and CAT averaged 14.7 ± 1.5, 31.8 ± 4.1, and 71.1 ± 10.0 L, and the EPOCs averaged 6.8 ± 4.0, 4.5 ± 3.3, and 2.9 ± 2.8 L, respectively. The EPOC with SIT was greater than with CAT (P < 0.01) and HIAT (P = 0.12). Correlation coefficients obtained between subjects’ VO2max and the ratio of EPOC to net exercise VO2 for SIT, HIAT, and CAT were −0.61 (P = 0.06), -0.79 (P < 0.01), and −0.42 (P = 0.23), respectively.ConclusionsOur data suggest that cardiorespiratory fitness level correlates negatively with the magnitude of EPOC, especially when performing aerobic-type interval training.

The effects of hypoxia acclimation, exercise training and fasting on swimming performance in juvenile qingbo (Spinibarbus sinensis)

To investigate the effects of hypoxia acclimation, exercise training and fasting on the swimming performance of juvenile qingbo (Spinibarbus sinensis), we measured the critical swimming speed (U (crit)), resting and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) of control, hypoxia-acclimated, exercise-acclimated and fasting fish at 25°C. The muscle and plasma metabolites before and after a bout of exhaustive exercise (produced by chasing) were also measured. The fish were acclimated to hypoxia (48h at 1.0mgL(-1), 12.5% air saturation), exercise training (2weeks at 60% of U (crit), 6h daily) or fasting (2weeks). All treatments resulted in significantly lower resting oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text]O(2rest)) but had no effect on the magnitude of EPOC. Hypoxia acclimation had no effect on U (crit) or peak post-exercise oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text]O(2peak)) but produced a higher depletion of muscle [glycogen] post-chasing (P<0.05). Exercise training produced a significant increase in U (crit), higher liver [glycogen] pre-chasing and higher depletion of muscle [glycogen] post-chasing. Fasting resulted in a significant decrease in U (crit), [Formula: see text]O(2peak), muscle and liver [glycogen]. These results suggested that hypoxia acclimation had no effect on swimming performance in qingbo. Exercise training produced improved swimming performance by increasing the stored energy and the metabolic capacity of muscle. Fasting had a profound effect on swimming performance through both decreased respiratory capacity and a depleted energy store.

Effect of meal size on postprandial metabolic response and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption in juvenile rock carp (Procypris rabaudi)

To investigate the effect of meal size on postprandial metabolic response and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption(EPOC) in juvenile rock carp(Procypris rabaudi)[(13.05±0.17) g,n=44],experimental fish were lightly anaesthetized and force-fed with compound feed(meal sizes: 0%,0.5%,1% and 2% body weight) at(25 ±0.5)℃.After diet offered,oxygen consumption rates at different intervals were measured.Variables of postprandial metabolic and EPOC responses were calculated.The results of present study showed that resting metabolic rates(RMR) were not significantly different among all groups.The postprandial metabolic rate first increased and then slowly decreased to pre-fed level.The time to peak metabolic rate and the energy expended on Specific dynamic action(SDA) in 0.5% and 1% meal size groups were lower than that of 2% meal size group(P0.05).The peak metabolic rates(PMR) and the SDA coefficients were not significantly different among 0.5%,1% and 2% meal size groups.Pre-exercise metabolic rate in feeding group was significantly higher than that of fasting group(P0.05).Peak post-exercise metabolic rate,metabolic rate increment and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption magnitude were not significantly different between feeding group and fasting group.The maximum metabolic rate(MMR) and MMR/RMR were significantly higher than PMR and PMR/RMR(P0.05).The fish fulfilled the increased energy demand during digestive process by means of prolonged SDA duration with the increase of meal size.EPOC was not influenced by feeding in the fish.

Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption is Unaffected by the Resistance and Aerobic Exercise Order in an Exercise Session

The main purpose of this study was to compare the magnitude and duration of excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) after 2 exercise sessions with different exercise mode orders, resistance followed by aerobic exercise (R-A); aerobic by resistance exercise (A-R). Seven young men (19.6 ± 1.4 years) randomly underwent the 2 sessions. Aerobic exercise was performed on a treadmill for 30 minutes (80-85% of reserve heart rate). Resistance exercise consisted of 3 sets of 10 repetition maximum on 5 exercises. Previous to the exercise sessions, V(O2), heart rate, V(CO2), and respiratory exchange rate (RER) were measured for 15 minutes and again during recovery from exercise for 60 minutes. The EPOC magnitude was not significantly different between R-A (5.17 ± 2.26 L) and A-R (5.23 ± 2.48 L). Throughout the recovery period (60 minutes), V(O2) and HR values were significantly higher than those observed in the pre-exercise period (p < 0.05) in both exercise sessions. In the first 10 minutes of recovery, V(CO2) and RER declined to pre-exercise levels. Moreover, V(CO2) and RER values in A-R were significantly lower than in R-A. In conclusion, the main result of this study suggests that exercise mode order does not affect the EPOC magnitude and duration. Therefore, it is not necessary for an individual to consider the EPOC when making the decision as to which exercise mode is better to start a training session.

Respostas metabólicas ao treinamento de força: uma ênfase no dispêndio energético. DOI: 10.5007/1980-0037.2011v13n2p150

The present study reviews the results reported in the literature regarding energy expenditure in strength training (ST). For this purpose, a search was conducted in the Medline and Sport Discus databases using the following key words: strength training, energy expenditure, and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). The studies analyzed report that ST protocols involving exercises for the major muscle groups characterized by high-intensity and high-volume training and low resting intervals between sets and exercises have a greater metabolic impact on ST. These variables also interfere with the magnitude and duration of EPOC

Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption After Aerobic Exercise Training

Literature examining the effects of aerobic exercise training on excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) is sparse. In this study, 9 male participants (19-32 yr) trained (EX) for 12 wk, and 10 in a control group (CON) maintained normal activity. VO(2max), rectal temperature (T(re)), epinephrine, norepinephrine, free fatty acids (FFA), insulin, glucose, blood lactate (BLA), and EPOC were measured before (PRE) and after (POST) the intervention. EPOC at PRE was measured for 120 min after 30 min of treadmill running at 70% VO(2max). EX completed 2 EPOC trials at POST, i.e., at the same absolute (ABS) and relative (REL) intensity; 1 EPOC test for CON served as both the ABS and REL trial because no significant change in VO(2max) was noted. During the ABS trial, total EPOC decreased significantly (p < .01) from PRE (39.4 ± 3.6 kcal) to POST (31.7 ± 2.2 kcal). T(re), epinephrine, insulin, glucose, and BLA at end-exercise or during recovery were significantly lower and FFA significantly higher after training. Training did not significantly affect EPOC during the REL trial; however, epinephrine was significantly lower, and norepinephrine and FFA, significantly higher, at endexercise after training. Results indicate that EPOC varies as a function of relative rather than absolute metabolic stress and that training improves the efficiency of metabolic regulation during recovery from exercise. Mechanisms for the decreased magnitude of EPOC in the ABS trial include decreases in BLA, T(re), and perhaps epinephrine-mediated hepatic glucose production and insulin-mediated glucose uptake.

Effect of temperature on excess post-exercise oxygen consumption in juvenile southern catfish (Silurus meridionalis Chen) following exhaustive exercise

The effects of temperature on resting oxygen consumption rate (MO2rest) and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) after exhaustive exercise (chasing) were measured in juvenile southern catfish (Silurus meridionalis) (8.40±0.30 g, n=40) to test whether temperature has a significant influence on MO2rest, maximum post-exercise oxygen consumption rate (MO2peak) and EPOC and to investigate how metabolic scope (MS: MO2peak - MO2rest) varies with acclimation temperature. The MO2rest increased from 64.7 (10°C) to 160.3 mg O2 h(-1) kg(-1) (25°C) (P<0.05) and reached a plateau between 25 and 30°C. The post-exercise MO2 in all temperature groups increased immediately to the peak values and then decreased slowly to a steady state that was higher than the pre-exercise MO2. The MO2peak did not significantly differ among the 20, 25 and 30°C groups, though these values were much higher than those of the lower temperature groups (10 and 15°C) (P<0.05). The duration of EPOC varied from 32.9 min at 10°C to 345 min at 20°C, depending on the acclimation temperatures. The MS values of the lower temperature groups (10 and 15°C) were significantly smaller than those of the higher temperature groups (20, 25 and 30°C) (P<0.05). The magnitude of EPOC varied ninefold among all of the temperature groups and was the largest for the 20°C temperature group (about 422.4 mg O2 kg(-1)). These results suggested that (1) the acclimation temperature had a significant effect on maintenance metabolism (as indicated by MO2rest) and the post-exercise metabolic recovery process (as indicated by MO2peak, duration and magnitude of EPOC), and (2) the change of the MS as a function of acclimation temperature in juvenile southern catfish might be related to their high degree of physiological flexibility, which allows them to adapt to changes in environmental conditions in their habitat in the Yangtze River and the Jialing River.

Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption following Repeated Bouts of Anaerobic Exercise

PURPOSE: Repeated anaerobic bouts are often used in training and observed in athletic competition. To our knowledge, the elevation in postexercise metabolism following exercise bouts of this nature has not been observed. The purpose of this study was to investigate excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) following repeated, exhaustive bouts of anaerobic exercise. METHODS: Four recreationally trained male subjects (age: 24.5 + 2.7 yrs), performed nine bouts of anaerobic exercise using the Wingate 30-second cycle protocol. The bouts were separated into sets of three, with a two minute rest after the first and second bout and a six minute forty-five second rest after the third bout, resulting in total test duration of thirty minutes. Prior to the third bout of the third set, subjects were fitted with an appropriate gas collection mask, and calculation of EPOC began immediately following that bout. Subjects reported to the laboratory rested and following a 12-hour fast. Each test was preceded by a 30-minute baseline test to determine resting metabolic rate. Postexercise VO2 was continuously monitored until baseline was re-established. RESULTS: EPOC magnitude and duration from repeated, exhaustive anaerobic exercise bouts was 10.6 + 4.3 L O2 and 58.5 + 38.8 mins, respectively. Heart rate at the completion of recovery was significantly elevated above rest (66.3 + 8.1 bts*min-1 vs. 84.8 + 13.7 bts*min-1, p=.01). CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that EPOC, and thus caloric expenditure, during recovery from repeated, exhaustive anaerobic bouts of exercise is a noteworthy contributor to total caloric burn following this type of exercise, and is substantially greater than previously published EPOC values reported from aerobic exercise protocols. Heart rate remained significantly elevated above resting levels even after postexercise oxygen consumption returned to baseline. Further investigation of postexercise biomarkers, such as catecholamines, is warranted.

Effect of meal size on excess post-exercise oxygen consumption in fishes with different locomotive and digestive performance

Effects of feeding on pre-exercise VO(2) and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) after exhaustive exercise were investigated in sedentary southern catfish, active herbivorous grass carp, omnivorous crucian carp, and sluggish omnivorous darkbarbel catfish to test whether feeding had different effects on EPOC and to compare EPOC in fishes with different ecological habits. For fasting fish, the pre-exercise and peak post-exercise VO(2) were higher and recovery rates were faster in crucian carp and grass carp compared to those of darkbarbel catfish and southern catfish. EPOC magnitudes of grass carp and southern catfish were significantly larger than those of crucian carp and darkbarbel catfish. Feeding had no significant effect on peak post-exercise VO(2), recovery rate, and EPOC magnitude in grass carp. Both the pre-exercise and peak post-exercise VO(2) increased with meal size, while the EPOC magnitude and duration decreased significantly in the larger meal size groups of crucian carp and southern catfish. In darkbarbel catfish, both the pre-exercise and peak post-exercise VO(2) increased with meal size, but the VO(2) increment elicited by exercise was larger in feeding groups compared with the fasting group. These results suggest that (1) the characteristics of the post-exercise VO(2) profile, such as peak post-exercise VO(2) and recovery rate, were closely related to the activity of fishes, whereas the EPOC magnitude was not and (2) the effects of feeding on EPOC were more closely related to the postprandial increase in VO(2).

Excess post‐exercise oxygen consumption in untrained men following exercise of equal energy expenditure: comparisons of upper and lower body exercise

This study assessed excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) following continuous 200- kcal bouts of upper body exercise (UBE) and lower body exercise (LBE). Ten untrained men (age: 25.7 +/- 5.83 years; arm VO(2peak): 2.2 +/- 0.25 l/min; 21.5 +/- 4.35 ml/kg/min; leg VO(2peak): 3.1 +/- 0.38 l/min; 30.7 +/- 7.79 ml/kg/min) exercised at 60% mode-specific VO(2) peak using either an arm crank or a leg cycle protocol (counterbalanced order with 48 h between). Baseline VO(2) was monitored for 30 min. EPOC was measured until baseline was re-established. EPOC magnitude and duration were significantly greater (p < 0.05) following LBE (2.93 +/- 1.4 l/min; 16.5 +/- 7.4 min) compared with UBE (1.89 +/- 0.7 l/min; 11.5 +/- 6.1 min). Results indicate that leg exercise elicited a greater EPOC magnitude and duration compared with arm exercise of the same relative intensity and energy expenditure.

Excess Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption Following Continuous and Interval Cycling Exercise

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effect of interval (INT) and continuous (CON) cycle exercise on excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). Twelve males first completed a graded exercise test for VO2max and then the two exercise challenges in random order on separate days approximately 1 wk apart. The INT challenge consisted of seven 2 min work intervals at 90% VO2max, each followed by 3 min of relief at 30% VO2max. The CON exercise consisted of 30 to 32 min of continuous cycling at 65% VO2max. Gas exchange and heart rate (HR) were measured for 30 min before, during, and for 2 h post-exercise. Three methods were used to analyze post-exercise oxygen consumption and all produced similar results. There were no significant differences in either the magnitude or duration of EPOC between the CON and INT protocols. HR, however, was higher (P < 0.05) while respiratory exchange ratio (RER) was lower (P < 0.05) following INT. These results indicate that when total work was similar, the magnitude and duration of EPOC were similar following CON or INT exercise. The differences in HR and RER during recovery suggest differential physiological responses to the exercise challenges.