Magnification Rate Research Articles

Microlensing and event rate of static spherically symmetric wormhole

The study focuses on the impact of microlensing in modern cosmology and introduces a new framework for the static spherically symmetrical wormhole in terms of the radial equation of state. Following a standard procedure, the study calculates the lensing equation, magnification, and event rate based on the radial equation of state. The analysis highlights that the image problem of the light source is complex. Furthermore, the study suggests that larger values for the throat radius of the wormhole and the radial equation of state lead to higher event rates. Additionally, it is proposed that the event rate of a wormhole will be larger compared to that of a black hole, provided their masses and distances from the light source and observer are comparable. This study offers the potential to distinguish between a wormhole and a black hole under similar conditions.

Trophic transfer patterns of arsenic in freshwater ecosystem layers in arsenic-endemic Ganges Delta and its potential human health risk.

Arsenic (As) is a toxic environmental contaminant with global public health concern. In aquatic ecosystems, the quantification of total As is restricted chiefly to the individual organisms. The present study has quantified the total As in different trophic layers (sediment-water-phytoplankton-periphyton-zooplankton-fish-gastropod-hydrophytes) of lentic freshwater ecosystems. As transfer pathways quantifying the transmission rate across trophic-level compartmental route were delineated using a novel model-based approach along with its potential contamination risk to humans. Lentic water bodies from Indo-Gangetic region, acore area of groundwater As, were selected for the present investigation. The study revealed that among the lower biota, zooplankton were the highest accumulator of total As (5554-11,564µgkg-1) with magnification (rate = 1.129) of the metalloid, followed by phytoplankton (2579-6865µgkg-1) and periphytic biofilm (1075 to 4382µgkg -1). Muscle tissue of zooplanktivore Labeo catla is found to store higher As (80-115µgkg-1 w.w.) compared to bottom-dwelling omnivore Cirrhinus mrigala (58-92µgkg-1 w.w.). Whereas, Amblypharyngodon mola has accumulated higher As (203-319µgkg-1 w.w.) than Puntius sophore (30-98µgkg-1 w.w.) that raised further concern. The hepatic concentration indicated arsenic-mediated stress based on As stress index (threshold value = 1). Mrigal and Mola showed significant biomagnification among fishes while biodiminution was observed in Catla, Bata, Rohu and Punti. All the studied fishes were under the arsenic mediated stress. In the 'sediment-water-periphytic biofilm-gastropod' compartment, the direct grazing accumulation was higher (rate = 0.618) than the indirect path (rate = 0.587). Stems of edible freshwater macrophytes accumulated lesser As (32-190µgkg-1 d.w.) than roots (292-946µgkg-1 d.w.) and leaves (62-231µgkg-1 d.w.). The target cancer risk (TCR) revealed a greater concern for adults consuming edible macrophyte regularly. Similarly, the varied level of target hazard quotient and TCR for adults consuming fishes from these waterbodies further speculated significant health concerns. The trophic transfer rate of environmental As in soil-water-biota level at an increasing trophic guild and consumer risk analysis have been unravelled for the first time in the Indo-Gangetic plains, which will be helpful for the strategic mitigation of As contamination.

STUDY THE EFFECT OF ADDING A pbO NANOPARTICLE WITH A PERCENTAGE OF 0.3 OF Bi AND AN ADDITION OFF SrTiO₃ NANOPARTICLES OF 0.1,0.3,0.5 OF Ba ON THE STRUCTURAL,ELECTRICAL AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF THE SUPERCONDUCTING COMPOUND(Bi₂Ba₂Ca₂Cu₃O₁₀₊δ)AT HIGH TEMPERATURES

Four samples of the compound (Bi₂Ba₂Ca₂Cu₃O₁₀₊δ) were prepared by solid-state reaction method, using annealing method, at a temperature of 800 ℃ and under hydraulic pressure of 8 tan/cm² by partial substitution of the nanoparticle lead by 0.3 from bismuth, strontium and titanium nanoparticles at a ratio of (0.1,0.3,0.5) of the element barium Ba of the compound. Electrical tests showed an increase in the value of the critical temperature Tc when compensation the material with a value of X = 0.3 for the PbO nanoparticle values of Bi and y = 0.1 compensation for the values of SrTiO₃, and from the element Ba, where the critical temperature Tc reached a value of 146.5 k and When compensation the substance with a value of x = 0.3 for the values of pbO nanoparticle from the element Bi and y = 0.3 for the values of SrTiO₃ from the element Ba, the highest increase in the value of the critical temperature Tc was 143.5 k, but it decreased when compensation the substance with x =0.3 for the values of the PbO nanoparticle From the Bi element and y = 0.5 compensation for the values of SrTiO₃, from the Ba element to 142.5 K. The structural properties of the X-ray diffraction of the models showed the presence of a certain phase in the three values with varying differences in the dimensions of the network a, b, c with a clear increase in the dimension c. When examining the samples with a fesem device with a magnification rate of 500kx ---100.00kx, it was found that the average particle size of the best samples was 27.48 nm at the sample X=0.3 and y=0.1. The images of the four models show very high-resolution images and are very detailed, and it appears that light structures belong to the light elements and dark areas belong to the heavy elements. The study under consideration showed the magnetic properties through the hysteresis curve of the samples and the relationship between the saturation magnetism Ms and the remanence magnetization Mr and the coercive force Hc that the hysteresis rings formed in the superconducting samples are narrow and there is an inverse relationship between the tightness of the rings and the improvement of the critical temperature Tc.

An early report of exoscope-assisted otologic surgery.

Exoscope has been used in otoneurologic surgery in several reports. However, most ear surgeries are performed using either microscope or endoscopy today. The purpose of this study is to present our subjective and objective experience of using this instrument in our institution. Sixteen ears with different severity and condition in 15 consecutive patients were enrolled. A questionnaire with 12 questions was sent to different participants, including surgeons, residents, medical students, and scrub nurses in the operation room. The total score and average score of each item were calculated and analyzed. Exclusive exoscopic operation was performed on 13 patients with 14 procedures. A combination of endoscopy-exoscope and microscope-exoscope was used in one patient, respectively. There were no complications. Hearing recovery or disease extirpation was achieved in most patients. Twenty participants in the operation room filled out the questionnaire. There was no significant difference between the different groups. High ratings were reported in terms of image quality, stereoscopic effects, magnification rate, and the same field of view as the surgeon. Worse ratings were reported in items related to limited working space, increase in eye strain by video observation, and focusing difficulty. Exoscopic ear surgery is feasible, safe, and effective in managing various otologic conditions involving external ear, middle ear, mastoid, and lateral skull base. Its high-definition image quality, stereoscopic effects, sufficient magnification, reliability and teaching value made it a potential instrument in general ear surgeries. Further improvements to current drawbacks can be anticipated.

The importance of linear measurements made using panoramic radiography in pre-implant site assessment: actual vs. measured

Background: In order to reduce post-operative failure and ensure successful rehabilitation, patients scheduled for dental implant treatment are often evaluated pre-operatively using radiographic images in addition to clinical examination. This study aimed to investigate the reliability of digital panoramic radiography in the pre-implant site assessment. 
 
 Methods: Panoramic images of 150 patients with the total of the 396 implants placed in the maxilla (n=165) and mandible (n=231), were examined in the study. Radiographic measurements (vertical and horizontal) were recorded on the computer using the automatic calibration tab for each radiograph and compared with the actual implant dimensions. Moreover, the effects of location, gender, and change in dimensions on magnification rate (MR) were also investigated. The measurements were made by two experienced observers. 
 
 Results: Panoramic vertical measurements were significantly higher in both the maxilla and mandible compared to the actual implant lengths (p

Whole slide imaging (WSI) scanner differences influence optical and computed properties of digitized prostate cancer histology

PurposeDigital pathology is becoming an increasingly popular area of advancement in both research and clinically. Pathologists are now able to manage and interpret slides digitally, as well as collaborate with external pathologists with digital copies of slides. Differences in slide scanners include variation in resolution, image contrast, and optical properties, which may influence downstream image processing. This study tested the hypothesis that varying slide scanners would result in differences in computed pathomic features on prostate cancer whole mount slides. DesignThis study collected 192 unique tissue slides from 30 patients following prostatectomy. Tissue samples were paraffin-embedded, stained for hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), and digitized using 3 different scanning microscopes at the highest available magnification rate, for a total of 3 digitized slides per tissue slide. These scanners included a (S1) Nikon microscope equipped with an automated sliding stage, an (S2) Olympus VS120 slide scanner, and a (S3) Huron TissueScope LE scanner. A color deconvolution algorithm was then used to optimize contrast by projecting the RGB image into color channels representing optical stain density. The resulting intensity standardized images were then computationally processed to segment tissue and calculate pathomic features including lumen, stroma, epithelium, and epithelial cell density, as well as second-order features including lumen area and roundness; epithelial area, roundness, and wall thickness; and cell fraction. For each tested feature, mean values of that feature per digitized slide were collected and compared across slide scanners using mixed effect models, fit to compare differences in the tested feature associated with all slide scanners for each slide, including a random effect of subject with a nested random effect of slide to account for repeated measures. Similar models were also computed for tissue densities to examine how differences in scanner impact downstream processing. ResultsEach mean color channel intensity (i.e., Red, Green, Blue) differed between slide scanners (all P<.001). Of the color deconvolved images, only the hematoxylin channel was similar in all 3 scanners (all P>.05). Lumen and stroma densities between S3 and S1 slides, and epithelial cell density between S3 and S2 (P>.05) were comparable but all other comparisons were significantly different (P<.05). The second-order features were found to be comparable for all scanner comparisons, except for lumen area and epithelium area. ConclusionThis study demonstrates that both optical and computed properties of digitized histological samples are impacted by slide scanner differences. Future research is warranted to better understand which scanner properties influence the tissue segmentation process and to develop harmonization techniques for comparing data across multiple slide scanners.

THE EFFECT OF ADDING A Pb NANOPARTICLE WITH A PERCENTAGE OF 0.5 OF BI AND AN ADDITION OFF SR,TI NANOPARTICLES OF 0.1,0.3,0.5 OF BA ON THE STRUCTURAL, ELECTRICAL AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF THE SUPERCONDUCTING COMPOUND (Bi₂Ba₂Ca₂Cu₃O₁₀₊δ) AT HIGH TEMPERATURES

Four samples of the compound (Bi₂Ba₂Ca₂Cu₃O₁₀₊δ) were prepared by solid-state reaction method, using annealing method, at a temperature of 800 ℃ and under hydraulic pressure of 8 tan/cm² by partial substitution of the nanoparticle lead by 0.5 from bismuth, strontium and titanium nanoparticles at a ratio of (0.1,0.3,0.5) of the element barium Ba of the compound. Electrical tests showed an increase in the value of the critical temperature Tc when compensation the material with a value of X = 0.5 for the Pb nanoparticle values of Bi and y = 0.1 compensation for the values of Sr,Ti, and from the element Ba, where the critical temperature Tc reached a value of 144.5 k and When compensation the substance with a value of x = 0.5 for the values of pb nanoparticle from the element Bi and y = 0.3 for the values of Sr,Ti from the element Ba, the highest increase in the value of the critical temperature Tc was 152.2 k, but it decreased when compensation the substance with x = 0.5 for the values of the Pb nanoparticle From the Bi element and y = 0.5 compensation for the values of Sr,Ti, from the Ba element to k 145.5. The structural properties of the X-ray diffraction of the models showed the presence of a certain phase in the three values with varying differences in the dimensions of the network a, b, c with a clear increase in the dimension c. When examining the samples with a fesem device with a magnification rate of 500kx ---100.00kx, it was found that the average particle size of the best samples was 38.28 nm at the sample X=0.5 and y=0.5. The images of the four models show very high-resolution images and are very detailed, and it appears that light structures belong to the light elements and dark areas belong to the heavy elements. The study under consideration showed the magnetic properties through the hysteresis curve of the samples and the relationship between the saturation magnetism Ms and the remanence magnetization Mr and the coercive force Hc that the hysteresis rings formed in the superconducting samples are narrow and there is an inverse relationship between the tightness of the rings and the improvement of the critical temperature Tc.

A complex network-based response method for changes in customer requirements for design processes of complex mechanical products

The soaring demand, inevitable changes, and substantial change costs associated with complex mechanical products (CMPs) have accelerated the need to reasonably and accurately respond to changes in customer requirements during the product design process. However, current related studies cannot provide a simple and intuitive decision reference for decision-makers (DMs) to respond to these changes. In this work, a complex network theory-based methodology is proposed. First, a complex network model of CMPs is constructed; this model is processed unidirectionally through analysis of the constraint relation and affiliation among parts. Second, all nodes in this network are divided into levels, and all feasible change propagation paths are selected by breadth-first search. Furthermore, to quantify the change losses of paths, a novel “change workload” is proposed, which is a comprehensive indicator, and a distinct decision reference. The “change workload” is composed of “network change rate,” “change magnification node rate,” and “change magnification rate,” whose weights are evaluated by The Entropy Method and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution. Due to the independence of the “change workload” from expert experience, the proposed methodology is reasonable and capable of outputting a list of affected parts and a preferred ordering of propagation paths, which could provide clearer and more direct guidance for DMs. This presented method is fully proven through a real-world case study of a wind turbine.

Motion picture of magnified light pulse propagation with extending recordable time of digital light-in-flight holography.

We experimentally demonstrate a motion picture imaging technique that can record a magnified image of light pulse propagation with extending the recordable time of digital light-in-flight recording by holography. We constructed an optical system that achieves a recordable time extension and an observation of a magnified image of light pulse propagation. As a result, we experimentally succeeded in recording light pulse propagation with a 7.45 magnification rate with extending the recordable time. The recordable time of the motion picture was 714 fs, which is twice that of the conventional one.

Mapping of a multilayer panoramic radiography device.

To map the shape, location, and thickness of the focal trough of a panoramic radiography device with a multilayer imaging program. An acrylic plate (148 × 148 × 3 mm) containing 1156 holes distributed in a matrix of 34 × 34 rows was placed in the OP300 Maxio at the levels of the maxilla and mandible. 20 metal spheres (3.5 mm in diameter) were placed on the holes of the plate under 15 different arrangements and panoramic images were acquired for each arrangement at 66 kV, 8 mA, and an exposure time of 16 s. The resulting panoramic radiographs from the five image layers were exported, the horizontal and vertical dimensions of the metal spheres were measured in all images using the Image J software, and the magnification and distortion rates of the spheres were calculated. All metal spheres presenting a magnification rate lower than 30% in both vertical and horizontal dimensions and a distortion rate lower than 10% were considered to map the focal troughs of each of the five image layers. All panoramic image layers had a curved shape ranging from 39° to 51° for both dental arches and varied in position and thickness. The anterior region of maxilla was anteriorly displaced when compared to the anterior region of the mandible for all layers. Image layers are thicker at the level of the mandible than those at the level of the maxilla; also, inner layers were thinner and outer layers were thicker. All image layers in the studied panoramic radiography device had a curved shape and varied in position and thickness. The anterior region of maxilla was anteriorly displaced when compared to that of the mandible for all layers.

Deep Learning-Based Three-Dimensional Oral Conical Beam Computed Tomography for Diagnosis.

In order to deeply study oral three-dimensional cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), the diagnosis of oral and facial surgical diseases based on deep learning was studied. The utility model related to a deep learning-based classification algorithm for oral neck and facial surgery diseases (deep diagnosis of oral and maxillofacial diseases, referred to as DDOM) is brought out; in this method, the DDOM algorithm proposed for patient classification, lesion segmentation, and tooth segmentation, respectively, can effectively process the three-dimensional oral CBCT data of patients and carry out patient-level classification. The segmentation results show that the proposed segmentation method can effectively segment the independent teeth in CBCT images, and the vertical magnification error of tooth CBCT images is clear. The average magnification rate was 7.4%. By correcting the equation of R value and CBCT image vertical magnification rate, the magnification error of tooth image length could be reduced from 7.4. According to the CBCT image length of teeth, the distance R from tooth center to FOV center, and the vertical magnification of CBCT image, the data closer to the real tooth size can be obtained, in which the magnification error is reduced to 1.0%. Therefore, it is proved that the 3D oral cone beam electronic computer based on deep learning can effectively assist doctors in three aspects: patient diagnosis, lesion localization, and surgical planning.

LRTM effect and electronic crystal imaging on silicon surface

Some interesting phenomena have been observed in the laser reflecting Talbot magnification (LRTM) effect discovered at first, in which the high-order nonlinear imaging and the plasmonic structures imaging occur. The LRTM effect images were obtained on the 1D and 2D photonic crystals fabricated by using nanosecond pulsed laser etching on silicon surface, where the high-order nonlinear imaging on the 1D and 2D photonic crystals was observed interestingly. The theory result is consistent with the experimental one, which exhibits that the suitable wave-front shape of injection beam selected in optical route can effectively enlarge the magnification rate and elevate the resolution of the Talbot image. Especially the periodic plasmonic structures on silicon surface have been observed in the LRTM effect images, which have a good application in the online detection of pulsed laser etching process. The temporary reflecting Talbot images exhibit that the electrons following with photonic frequency float on plasma surface to form electronic crystal observed on silicon at first, which is similar with the Wigner crystal structure.

Bi-Level algorithm for the segmentation and counting of Leukocytes and Erythrocytes

Background/Objectives: To present an accurate quantitative approach based two-phase algorithm to count both the leukocytes and erythrocytes for identifying the severity of leukaemia in the human body. Methods/Statistical analysis: The algorithm is having two-phases with the first phase meant for recognizing and counting the leukocytes using the thresholding based segmentation technique that focuses on the intensity values of pixels of the greyscale blood smear images; whereas the second phase recognizes the erythrocytes by their circular shape using Circular Hough Transform (CHT) method. The system experiments with 26 stained blood smear images from the ALL-IDB1 benchmark dataset. Findings: The first phase of the algorithm achieves 99.41 per cent overall accuracy in leukocytes detection and in the second phase 99.76 per cent overall accuracy is attained in erythrocytes detection. Novelty/Applications: This proposal applies Circular Hough Transform in detecting the erythrocytes by adjusting the radius of the circle according to the magnification rate of the sample image. Keywords: Circular Hough transform; cell count; image processing; Leukaemia; Leukocytes; Erythrocytes

Active Cardiac Sarcoidosis Imitating Cardiac Metastases.

A 54-year-old woman diagnosed with sarcoidosis based on mediastinal lymph node biopsy underwent conventional contrast material–enhanced chest CT examination without electrocardiographic synchronization to evaluate pulmonary sarcoidosis. Past medical history included prior left total mastectomy for breast cancer (Fig 1, A). CT results demonstrated multiple hypoattenuating masses involving the septum, free walls of both ventricles, and right atrium (Fig 1, B, C). Cardiac metastases were a potential diagnosis; however, the cardiac lesions were similar in appearance to lymph nodes noted in the hilum and mediastinum. Subsequent late gadolinium enhancement MRI results showed abnormal foci of delayed enhancement in both ventricles and the right atrium, corresponding to the lesions on chest CT (Fig 1, D). Fluorine 18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET results showed abnormal uptake in these areas (maximum standardized uptake value, 12.0) (Fig 1, E). Finally, results of endomyocardial biopsy from the right ventricle revealed a granuloma with lymphocytes, demonstrating active sarcoidosis (Fig 1, F). Open in a separate window A, Contrast-enhanced CT image obtained with a delay time of 90 seconds after contrast medium injection at a slice thickness of 5 mm shows hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy (arrows). Note the prior left total mastectomy (arrowheads). B and C, Contrast-enhanced CT images demonstrate hypoattenuating foci in the septum, both ventricles, and right atrium (arrows). D, A four-chamber view of late enhancement MRI acquired 10 minutes after injection of gadolinium-based contrast material reveals delayed gadolinium enhancement in the septum, both ventricles, and right atrium (arrows). E, Abnormal fluorine 18 fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) uptake is observed in the septum, both ventricles, and right atrium on the 18F-FDG PET image (arrows). F, Endomyocardial biopsy specimen obtained from the right ventricle demonstrates granulomas with giant cells. (CD68 immunohistochemical staining; magnification rate, ×400.)

Fabrication of MAPbBr3 Single Crystal p‐n Photodiode and n‐p‐n Phototriode for Sensitive Light Detection Application

AbstractIn this study, MAPbBr3 single crystal (MSC) p‐n perovskite homojunction photodiode and n‐p‐n phototriode are successfully fabricated through controlled incorporation of Bi3+ ions in solution. Optoelectronic analysis reveals that the photodiode shows typical photovoltaic behavior and the best photovoltaic performance can be achieved when the n‐type MSC is grown in 0.3% Bi3+ feed solution. The as‐assembled p‐n MSC photovoltaic detector displays obvious sensitivity to 520 nm illumination, with a high responsivity of up to 0.62 A W‐1 and a specific detectivity of 2.16 × 1012 Jones, which surpass many those of MSC photodetectors previously reported. Further performance optimization can be realized by constructing an n‐p‐n phototriode using the same growth method. The photocurrent magnification rate of the as‐fabricated n‐p‐n phototriode can reach a maximum value of 2.9 × 103. Meanwhile, a higher responsivity of 14.47 A W‐1, specific detectivity of 4.67 × 1013 Jones, and an external quantum efficiency of up to 3.46 × 103 are achieved under an emitter–collector bias of 8 V. These results confirm that the present p‐n and n‐p‐n MSC homojunctions are promising device configurations, which may find potential application in future optoelectronic devices and systems.

Applying the paralleling technique in intraoral periapical radiographs for Japanese patients by analyzing CT images.

The aim of this study was to investigate the size of the teeth and palatal heights to determine if it is possible to apply the paralleling technique in the upper molar region in Japanese patients. The medical computed tomography (CT) data of ten patients were analyzed. A minimum intensity projection image with 8-mm slice thickness was created for each second premolar, first molar, and second molar tooth. We traced the tooth, the alveolar bone, the plate bone surface, and the cheek skin surface on a tracing paper. Tooth length (TL), palatal height (PH), distance between a tip of the cheek and each tooth (D1), and distance between each tooth and the receptor (D2) were measured. The measurements were performed by two observers, and the measurements were repeated twice by each observer. Two potential situations were considered for application of the paralleling technique. We analyzed whether there was a possibility for application of the paralleling technique comparing the TL and the PH for each case by considering the magnification rate calculated from D1 and D2, the palatal mucosa thickness, and the safety margin within the resultant image. The data suggested that applying the paralleling technique was impossible in 95% of cases. In the cases where application of the paralleling technique was impossible, the incident angle of X-ray increased by 31.6°. We concluded that the paralleling technique could not be applied in Japanese patients due to insufficient space for the image receptor in the upper maxilla region.

High definition three-dimensional exoscope (VITOM3D) for microsurgery training: a preliminary experience.

To assess the feasibility of a high definition 3D exoscope (VITOM®) for microsurgery training in a cohort of naïve medical students. Twenty-two consecutive medical students performed a battery of four exercises assessing basic microsurgical skills. The students were randomized in two different groups based on two different VITOM® holding systems (VERSACRANE™ and ARTip™ cruise). Participants self-reported the VITOM® system quality on a 4-point Likert scale (VITOM Quality Assessment Tool). The time needed to complete the exercises was analyzed. All students successfully completed the training, and no technical issues were raised during the simulation. The majority of the individual items were judged "good" or "very good" (n = 187; 94.4%), regardless of the two groups. "Image quality" (n = 21; 95%), "magnification rate" (n = 20; 91%), "stereoscopic effect" (n = 19; 86%), and "focusing" (n = 18; 82%) represented the best-rated items. No statistically significant difference between the two groups was measured in almost all items of the VITOM Quality Assessment Tool (p > 0.05). The time needed to perform each exercise showed a statistically significant difference between groups in two tests (p < 0.05). This study demonstrated the feasibility of a VITOM-based microsurgery training. The students' subjective assessment of the VITOM® 3D system was promising in terms of technological quality and technical feasibility. Further studies are recommended to define which VITOM® holding system could be more appropriate for microsurgery training.

教師の指さし動作認識に基づく生徒の遠隔授業参加支援

It is difficult for students under hospital care by the reasons of severe disease to attend school classes, and there exists many students who takes remote classes due to COVID-19 in 2020. We constructed a system which enables a student to attend classes using an alter ego robot which provides scenery of the class to the student through a monitor in front of the student. It is important to restrict the amount of information on the class lesson given to the student to avoid decrease in concentration. As a method to restrict the amount of the information, we propose a service in which notable description on the blackboard pointed by the teacher is magnified and shown to the student through the monitor. The parameters which can affect human psychology such as magnification rate, tracking characteristics to the change of the pointed position, the timing to return from magnification to the normal display when the pointing motion ends, are evaluated by the Semantic Differential method. It is clarified from the factor analysis that the emotion to the service can be expressed by the factors of legibility, emotionality and stability. In addition, the desirable magnification rate, breakpoint frequency of the first order delay characteristics to the change of pointed position, and dead time before returning to the normal display are clarified.

Design of Partial Discharge Real-Time Capture System

This paper presents an online partial discharge real-time capture system whose system architecture includes Field-programmable Gate Array (FPGA) components, a Human–Machine Interface (HMI), and analog amplifying circuits. The analog amplify circuit is designed to achieve a magnification rate of 10 times and a bandwidth of 100 MHz. The software developed in this work can be used for real-time online monitoring, recording, and analysis of partial discharge. The captured signal of the partial discharge was analyzed by the FPGA by using a fast Fourier transform, time–frequency map, and phase-resolved partial discharge, and the results were transmitted through the RS-232 to the HMI for display. System stability is improved through data analysis to determine possible causes of partial discharge, averting both user risk and damage to equipment.

Camera calibration of a near-parallel imaging system based on magnification rate

Microscopes are now widely used in the field of three-dimensional measurements for their high magnification and changeable physical focal length. However, the small depth of focus restricts the camera from taking clear images with apparent tilts. To set the camera in focus, the calibration board should be near-parallel to the imaging plane. As a result, the traditional calibration methods are not practical for a normal lens, which requires multiple views of the calibration board. For this, a method in which a digital camera with a microscope is calibrated precisely under the near-parallel condition is proposed. In this method, the magnification rate of the imaging system, which is equal to the rate of image distance to object distance, is calculated precisely and utilized to calculate camera parameters. Due to the invariance of the magnification rate, the parameters calculated by this method are accurate and stable. In addition, to solve the problem that the physical focal length cannot be calibrated by one image, the magnification method is adopted to measure it. Finally, the stability and accuracy are evaluated by simulations and experiments.