Magnetohydrodynamic Phenomena Research Articles

A high-order finite-difference solver for direct numerical simulations of magnetohydrodynamic turbulence

This paper presents the development and validation of a Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) module integrated into the Xcompact3d framework, an open-source high-order finite-difference suite of solvers designed to study turbulent flows on supercomputers. Leveraging the Fast Fourier Transform library already implemented in Xcompact3d, alongside sixth-order compact finite-difference schemes and a direct spectral Poisson solver, both the induction and potential-based MHD equations can be efficiently solved at scale on CPU-based supercomputers for fluids with strong and weak magnetic field, respectively. Validation of the MHD solver is conducted against established benchmarks, including Orszag-Tang vortex and MHD channel flows, demonstrating the module's capability to accurately capture complex MHD phenomena, providing a powerful tool for research in both engineering and astrophysics. The scalability of the Xcompact3d framework remains intact with the incorporation of the MHD module, ensuring efficient performance on modern high-performance clusters. This paper also presents new findings on the evolution of the Taylor-Green vortex under an external magnetic field for different flow regimes.

Mapping electro-vortex flow patterns from tornado to inverted tornado in a hemispherical container

This study aims to investigate the intricate interaction between fluid flow and magnetic fields, known as magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) phenomena, within a hemispherical container filled with conducting gallium–indium–tin (Ga-In-Sn) liquid. The primary objective is to explain the influence of the external magnetic field and electric current intensities on the flow structure. Novel insights into the emergence of Lorentz forces that drive the flow dynamics are pursued by varying these parameters. The motivation for this investigation is rooted in the desire to deepen our understanding and uncover new insights into magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) phenomena within a specific experimental setup. Specifically, we aim to understand how swirl velocity is generated and altered by fluctuations in magnetic field strength and electric current intensity within the system. Our investigation reveals a transformation in the flow pattern in a hemispherical pool as the magnetic field strength increases while maintaining a constant electric current intensity. Sequential transformations from a rope tornado to a tornado, cyclone, and finally an inverted tornado are observed, shedding light on the complex behavior of the system. On the other hand, under fixed external magnetic field conditions, it is observed that, as the electric current intensifies, the flow pattern evolves from a tornado to a rope tornado or from a cyclone to a tornado. Furthermore, once the electric current intensity exceeds a specific threshold, the flow pattern remains unchanged, providing valuable insights for process optimization and control. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of MHD phenomena and offers practical implications for optimizing processes such as electroslag remelting (ESR) and vacuum arc remelting (VAR) that involve a similar hemispherical pool of conductive liquid. The simulation results are validated against experimental measurements, ensuring the reliability and accuracy of our findings.

RELAP5/Mod3.3 MHD module development and validation: WCLL-TBM mock-up model

Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) phenomena significantly impact the design of magnetic-confinement fusion reactors, particularly in the context of breeding blankets (BB) utilizing liquid metals (LMs) as working fluids. These effects arise from the interaction between the electro-conductive flowing metal and the magnetic field used for plasma confinement in the reactor chamber. Induced electrical currents in the liquid generate Lorentz forces, thereby altering flow behaviour in comparison to standard hydrodynamic conditions. For example, MHD effects modify velocity distribution and mass transport within ducts, amplify pressure losses, and influence heat transfer mechanisms. Accurate estimation of these impacts is crucial for the effective design of a liquid metal breeding blanket. While computational tools are essential for fusion-related physical analyses, no comprehensive MHD code currently exists for simulating all relevant phenomena in a liquid metal blanket. In this context, models predicting both distributed and concentrated MHD pressure drops have been integrated into the thermal-hydraulic system code RELAP5/Mod3.3. The Verification and Validation (V&V) process compares code results to direct numerical simulations and experimental data. For validation, RELAP5 recreates experimental results of a Water Cooled Lithium Lead test blanket module at magnetic field intensities ranging from Ha=500−3000, confirming the reliability of the newly implemented MHD subroutines for predicting pressure drops within this parameter range.

Dynamics of Fluids in the Cavity of a Rotating Body: A Review of Analytical Solutions

Since the middle of the 20th century, an understanding of the diversity of the natural magnetohydrodynamic phenomena surrounding us has begun to emerge. Magnetohydrodynamic nature manifests itself in such seemingly heterogeneous processes as the flow of water in the world’s oceans, the movements of Earth’s liquid core, the dynamics of the solar magnetosphere and galactic electromagnetic fields. Their close relationship and multifaceted influence on human life are becoming more and more clearly revealed. The study of these phenomena requires the development of theory both fundamental and analytical, unifying a wide range of phenomena, and specialized areas that describe specific processes. The theory of translational fluid motion is well developed, but for most natural phenomena, this condition leads to a rather limited model. The fluid motion in the cavity of a rotating body such that the Coriolis forces are significant has been studied much less. A distinctive feature of the problems under consideration is their significant nonlinearity, (i.e., the absence of a linear approximation that allows one to obtain nontrivial useful results). From this point of view, the studies presented here were selected. This review presents studies on the movements of ideal and viscous fluids without taking into account electromagnetic phenomena (non-conducting, non-magnetic fluid) and while taking them into account (conducting fluid). Much attention is payed to the macroscopic movements of sea water (conducting liquid) located in Earth’s magnetic field, which spawns electric currents and, as a result, an induced magnetic field. Exploring the processes of generating magnetic fields in the moving turbulent flows of conducting fluid in the frame of dynamic systems with distributed parameters allows better understanding of the origin of cosmic magnetic fields (those of planets, stars, and galaxies). Various approaches are presented for rotational and librational movements. In particular, an analytical solution of three-dimensional unsteady magnetohydrodynamic equations for problems in a plane-parallel configuration is presented.

Analysis of magnetohydrodynamic phenomena in a single spatial electromagnetic field

The paper presents the results of the analysis of the disinfection of water by a pulsed single spatial electromagnetic field. The origin of the fluid pressure in the pipe is calculated and graphically presented as the interaction of a single spatial field and the current of moving charges. It is proved that a single spatial field enhances the process of dissociation of water in a liquid solution. The orbital electrons of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom of water create a strong inhomogeneous electric field around themselves, which leads to the separation of the liquid solution and the compounds contained in it into elements. The purpose of the work is to study magneto hydrodynamic phenomena spatial electromagnetic field disinfection of water by a single spatial electromagnetic field, The theory of a single spatial field involves the interaction of four fields of pulsed electromagnetic, pulsed electric, permanent magnetic and gravitational. The theory of a single spatial field is substantiated, which allows us to consider the issues of effective disinfection, desalination and purification of water, as well as to study the effects of electric, magnetic fields and electromagnetic waves on physical, chemical and biological processes occurring in liquids.

Study on the effect of magnetic field on electrodeposition of NiCr alloy coating

Different NiCr coatings are prepared by magnetic field assisted electrodeposition on the surface of Q235B substrate. The influence of magnetic field intensity on thickness, surface roughness, hardness, surface morphology, composition, and corrosion resistance of NiCr coating is studied. The Lorentz force generated by the interaction of magnetic field and electric field will produce magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) phenomena near cathode surface to improve ions transfer rate and reduce the surface roughness, resulting in the increase of thickness and hardness. The electrodeposited NiCr coatings all show granular surface morphology. The metal cellular protrusions on the surface of NiCr coating prepared without magnetic field are nonuniform and agglomerated. The applied magnetic field is beneficial to refine the metal cellular protrusions and increase the chromium content in the NiCr coating, resulting in the enhancement of corrosion resistance. The NiCr coating obtained at the condition of 1T magnetic field has the largest thickness and the best corrosion resistance. However, when the magnetic field is increased to 1.5T, the chromium content in CoNi coating is reduced due to severe hydrogen evolution, resulting in the decrease of hardness and corrosion resistance.

Tangential extreme ultraviolet and soft x-ray diagnostic system for time-resolved temperature measurement on the High Beta Tokamak-Extended Pulse.

The High Beta Tokamak-Extended Pulse has recently incorporated a tangential multi-energy extreme ultraviolet and soft x-ray diagnostic system. This system enables measurements of the electron temperature and the examination of mode dynamics within the tokamak. While other systems have been built for poloidal views over similar temperature ranges, this is the first multi-energy tangential-view system designed to work in a temperature range below 200eV in a tokamak. To facilitate these measurements, a filter wheel comprising five distinct groups of dual-filters has been developed and implemented. By employing a combination of 0.1μm aluminum and 0.2μm titanium filters, the system allows estimation of electron temperature profiles through reconstruction of the emission profile using the standard "double-foil" technique. The influence of impurities and filter oxide layers on measurement outcomes is examined. Results reveal that, while the absolute electron temperature values may exhibit some deviations, key characteristics like the electron temperature profile shape and inversion radius during sawtooth events remain consistent. This consistency confirms the system's suitability for core plasma studies. This system has proven effective in detecting and analyzing internal magnetohydrodynamic phenomena, such as sawteeth.

Finite element simulation on MHD Free Convection in a Square Enclosure with Elliptical Shaped Obstacle

The study is focused on the magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) free convection flow phenomenon with varied positions of elliptical obstacle in a square enclosure. Cavity's base wall is uniformly heated, and the enclosure has a cold top wall and insulated side walls. Three diverse positions of elliptical obstacle, such as, left-bottom elliptical obstacle (LBEO), right-bottom elliptical obstacle (RBEO) and right-top elliptical obstacle (RTEO) are deemed for the analysis inside the enclosure. Additionally, the elliptical barriers are evenly heated. The mathematical model was created using a few governing equations with boundary conditions, and the non-dimensional governing equations were then solved using a Galerkin finite element formulation. Various elliptical obstacles and the parametric research study for the wide range of Hartmann number (0≤Ha≤100), fixed Rayleigh number (Ra = 103) and Prandtl number (Pr = 0.7) have been used in this case. The results have been demonstrated for various positions of elliptical obstacle (LBEO, RBEO and RTEO) using the streamline phase, isotherms, and average Nusselt number in the cavity. The average Nusselt number was found to drop for the pattern of LBEO and RBEO when the Hartman number was raised, but increased for RTEO pattern.
 GANIT J. Bangladesh Math. Soc. 43.1 (2023) 063- 075

Towards the simulation of MHD flow in an entire WCLL TBM mock-up

In the frame of the EUROfusion breeding blanket research activities, the water cooled lead lithium (WCLL) blanket is considered as reference liquid metal blanket design to be tested in ITER and to be used in a DEMO reactor. For the study of pressure and flow distribution in a WCLL blanket module, magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) phenomena, which result from the motion of the electrically conducting breeder in the intense plasma-confining magnetic field, have to be taken into account. They are due to the induction of electric currents that generate strong electromagnetic forces, which modify the velocity distribution in the blanket compared to hydrodynamic conditions and increase pressure losses. In the WCLL test blanket module (TBM) for ITER a basic geometry, consisting of a rectangular box, representing the breeding zone, is repeated along the poloidal direction. The manifold that distributes and collects the liquid metal features two long poloidal ducts, electrically connected across a common wall. The final goal of the present work is to simulate liquid metal MHD flows in strong magnetic fields in a complete column of a WCLL TBM including poloidal manifolds and 8 breeder units. With this aim, the complexity of the model geometry has been progressively increased and various topologies of computational grids have been considered. First simulations have been performed in a single breeder zone connected with a portion of manifolds in order to test the suitability of the generated grid and the performance of the numerical code for this type of problem. In a second step, the MHD flow at moderate magnetic fields in an entire TBM mock-up has been simulated to get pressure distribution along the manifolds and flow partitioning among breeder units.

Nonlinear Damping and Field-aligned Flows of Propagating Shear Alfvén Waves with Braginskii Viscosity

Braginskii magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) provides a more accurate description of many plasma environments than classical MHD since it actively treats the stress tensor using a closure derived from physical principles. Stress tensor effects nonetheless remain relatively unexplored for solar MHD phenomena, especially in nonlinear regimes. This paper analytically examines nonlinear damping and longitudinal flows of propagating shear Alfvén waves. Most previous studies of MHD waves in Braginskii MHD have considered the strict linear limit of vanishing wave perturbations. We show that those former linear results only apply to Alfvén wave amplitudes in the corona that are so small as to be of little interest, typically a wave energy less than 10−11 times the energy of the background magnetic field. For observed wave amplitudes, the Braginskii viscous dissipation of coronal Alfvén waves is nonlinear and a factor around 109 stronger than predicted by the linear theory. Furthermore, the dominant damping occurs through the parallel viscosity coefficient η 0, rather than the perpendicular viscosity coefficient η 2 in the linearized solution. This paper develops the nonlinear theory, showing that the wave energy density decays with an envelope . The damping length L d exhibits an optimal damping solution, beyond which greater viscosity leads to lower dissipation as the viscous forces self-organize the longitudinal flow to suppress damping. Although the nonlinear damping greatly exceeds the linear damping, it remains negligible for many coronal applications.

Analysis of fluctuating heat and current density of mixed convection flow with viscosity and thermal conductivity effects along horizontal nonconducting cylinder

Due to excessive heating, various physical mechanisms are less interested in engineering and modern technologies. To reduce excessive heating, the aligned magnetic field acts like a coating material to insulate the heat which is a very important mechanism in modern technologies. To solve this problem, the primary goal of the current analysis is to utilize magnetization normal to the surface. Numerical simulations have been made of the magnetohydrodynamic convective heat-transfer phenomena of electrically conductive fluid flow down the horizontally non-magnetized heated cylinder. The associated non-linear PDEs that control fluid motion can be conveniently represented by using the finite-difference algorithm and primitive element substitution. The numerical outcomes are deduced in graphs and tabular form with the help of FORTRAN program. The distinct parameters in the flow model are affected by physical features such skin friction, heat transfer, and current density for velocity profile, magnetic field profile, and temperature profile together with their slopes. The current magnetohydrodynamics and thermal problem is very important in the fields of MRI resonance sequences, artificial heart wolves, internal heart cavities, and nanoburning technologies. Additionally, the increase in Prandtl Pr leads to a reduction in skin friction and heat transmission, which is physically consistent, due to frictional forces between viscous layers with lesser magnitude.

Variable fluid properties analysis for thermally laminated 3-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic non-Newtonian nanofluid over a stretching sheet

This article is mainly focused on the viscous flow of cu-water/Methanol suspended nanofluids towards a three-dimensional stretching sheet reformed by magnetohydrodynamic phenomenon. The viscous effect is considered as temperature dependent with water treated as a base fluid. Similarity conversions are employed to set forth the non-linear equations of this physical problem. An innovative model for 3D analysis for cu-water/Methanol nanofluid with an irregular viscosity is presented in the present study. Reynold’s model of viscosity is considered in the present study. Moreover, shooting technique is employed to elaborate the non-linear coupled governing equations with the relevant boundary conditions. The physical interpretation of these numerical calculations is presented through a graphical specimen of velocity, Nusselt number, temperature, and skin friction etc. The results of present model are showing quality harmony with the results of existing model. This model is being used for manipulating and designing the surfaces such as stretching/shrinking wrapping and panting devices in nanotechnology. The results also show the significant changes in flow characteristics with changing the value of stretching parameter. It is observed that with an increasing in nanoparticles volume fraction boundary layer thickness decreases. Further, it is also observed that with an increase in viscosity parameter, temperature increases because here we are considering temperature dependent viscosity.

Preface

The 2022 International Conference on Energy and Power Engineering (EPE 2022) was successfully held in Sanya, China on October 21st-23rd, 2022 (virtual conference). EPE 2022 provided an international platform for experts, scholars, and engineers to share professional experience and exchange new ideas, and to explore the key challenges and research directions facing the development of these fields, as well as promoted the development and integration of related disciplines.We had the honor of having invited Prof. Mohan Kolhe from University of Agder, Norway to serve as our Conference Chair. The conference was composed of keynote speeches, oral presentations, and online Q&A discussion, bringing together over 150 delegates from all over the world. Firstly, keynote speakers were each allocated 30-45 minutes to hold their speeches. Then in the next part, oral presentations, the excellent papers we had selected were presented by their authors one by one.During the conference, two distinguished professors were invited to address their keynote speeches. For a start, Prof. Kamil ARSLAN from Karabük University, Turkey made a report on the title Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). Fluid flow under the magnetic field effect is stated as Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) phenomenon which is the field that examines the dynamic behavior of electrically conductive fluids. He showed us the background, the researches and then his study on Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). And then, Prof. Santhanam Harikrishnan from Kings Engineering College, India delivered a speech on Thermal Characteristics of Nanomaterials Embedded Phase Change Materials (NePCMs). He introduced that phase change materials (PCMs) employed in LTES for larger-scale applications are limited due to their low thermal conductivities and then nanomaterials are suspended to accelerate the energy storage/release rate capabilities, which leads to the improvement of the thermal properties of the pure PCMs. Their brilliant keynote speeches had sparked heated discussion in the conference. And every participant praised this conference for disseminating useful and insightful knowledge.List of Committee member are available in this pdf.

Cattaneo-Christov heat flux effect on Sakiadis magnetohydrodynamic boundary-layer transport phenomena in the Jeffrey fluid

This study aims to perform a numerical simulation of the boundary flow with the characteristic Sakiadis flow of the MHD Jeffrey fluid under the Cattaneo-Christov heat flux model over the horizontal plate. The similarity transformation for the local similarity solution was used to reduce the set of governing equations to non-linear ODE. The equations were solved by using ?dsolve? command with the numeric option for the boundary value problem in MAPLE. Simulations have been carried out for different values of the relaxation retardation times, the Deborah number, the magnetic field parameter, the heat flux relaxation time, the Prandtl number, and the Schmidt parameter. A comparative study of the numerical results from the previously published paper with the present result for the dimensionless velocity gradient over the horizontal plate shows excellent agreement. It has been found that the growth of the Deborah number leads to the dimensionless velocity gradient enhancement, while the increment of the relaxation retardation times parameter and the magnetic field parameter indicates the opposite trend. The heat transfer rate noticeably decreased with an increment in the Prandtl number and thermal relaxation time at the fluid regime. Also, fluid concentration decreases with larger values of the Schmidt parameter.

Temperature-Dependent Density and Magnetohydrodynamic Effects on Mixed Convective Heat Transfer along Magnetized Heated Plate in Thermally Stratified Medium Using Keller Box Simulation

The heat transmission properties along the non-magnetized geometries have been numerically obtainedby various researchers. These mechanisms are less interesting in engineering and industrial processes because of excessive heating. According to current studies, the surface is magnetized and the fluid is electrically conductive, which helps to lessen excessive surface heating. The main objective of the current analysis is to numerically compute the temperature-dependent density effect on magnetohydrodynamic convective heat-transfer phenomena of electrical-conductive fluid flow along the vertical magnetized and heated plate placed in a thermally stratified medium. For the purpose of numerical analysis, the theoretical process governing heat and magnetic intensity along a vertical magnetic plate is examined. By using suitable and well-known similarity transformations for integration, the non-linear coupled PDEs for the aforementioned electrical-conductive fluid flow mechanism are changed and subsequently converted into non-similar formulation. The Keller Box method is used to numerically integrate the final non-similar equations. The MATLAB software program plots the transformed algebraic equations graphically and quantitatively. The behavior of the physical quantities such asvelocity graph, magnetic field graph, and temperature plot along with their slopes that arerate of skin friction, the rate of heat transfer, and the rate of magnetic intensity for different parameters included in the flow model. The novelty of the current work is to compute the magneto-thermo analysis of electrically conducting flow along the vertical symmetric heated plate. First, we secure the numerical solution for steady part and then these results are used to find skin friction, heat transfer, and magnetic intensity. In the current work, the fluid becomes electrically conducing due to a magnetized surface which insulates heat during the mechanism and reduces the excessive heating. The results are excellent and accurate because they are satisfied by its given boundary conditions. Additionally, the current problems have a big impact on the production of polymer materials, glass fiber, petroleum, plastic films, polymer sheets, heat exchangers, catalytic reactors, and electronic devices.

Applications of Magneto Electrochemistry and Magnetohydrodynamics in Microfluidics

Magnetic fields affect electrolytes in diverse ways. This paper focuses on the interactions among electric, magnetic, and flow fields and the applications of the resulting phenomena in microfluidics. When an electrical current is transmitted in an electrolyte in the presence of an external magnetic field, a Lorentz body force results, which may induce pressure gradients and fluid motion—magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). The resulting advection is used to pump fluids, induce/suppress flow instabilities, and control mass transfer in diverse electrochemical processes. When an electrolyte flows in the presence of a magnetic field, electromotive force (emf) is induced in the electrolyte and can be used for flow metering, hydrogen production, and energy conversion. This review describes the governing equations for modeling MHD flows in electrolytes and MHD phenomena and applications relevant to microfluidic systems, such as the use of MHD to pump and stir fluids, propel swimmers, and control fluid flow in fluidic networks without any mechanical components. The paper also briefly assesses the impact of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on blood flow. MHD in electrolytes is a highly interdisciplinary, combining electrokinetics, fluid mechanics, electrochemistry, and Maxwell equations.

A duct-dimension-regulation approach for eliminating MHD PbLi flow reversal in buoyancy-opposed poloidal duct relevant for typical liquid breeder blanket designs

Lithium-lead (PbLi) flow plays the major roles: removing nuclear heating, breeding tritium and multiplying neutrons, in the appeared typical liquid breeder blanket designs for magnetically confined fusion reactors. Under the buoyancy effect caused by the volumetric nuclear heating with large gradient in the radial direction, flow reversals can be generated in the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) PbLi flow in the poloidal downward-flow duct(s) of such blanket designs, which may import negative consequences to the functionality of the breeder blanket. Based on a theory regarding mixed convection in fully developed MHD duct flows developed by Smolentsev et al. (Smolentsev, Moreau & Abdou, Characterization of key magnetohydrodynamic phenomena in PbLi flows for the US DCLL blanket, Fusion Engineering and Design 83, 771-783, 2008), this study attempts to further quantitatively analyze the above-mentioned flow-reversal issues, and in the meantime to develop an approach to eliminate the reverse flow regime by regulation of the duct dimensions. Numerical simulations are performed for buoyancy-opposed MHD duct flows of PbLi in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed duct-dimension-regulation approach on eliminating the occurrence of reverse flows. It is found that, in the reverse flow regime, the reversal structures travel to the downstream from their onset locations at a speed essentially equal to the mean flow velocity in the bulk; the reverse flow regime can be effectively eliminated by regulating the duct dimensions. Comprehensive discussions about the reverse flow related issues in the DCLL type blanket are then stressed.

Preliminary MHD pressure drop analysis for the prototypical WCLL TBM with RELAP5/MOD3.3

In fusion reactor development, the design of the breeding blanket (BB) represents an important technical challenge due to the extreme operative conditions that the component must withstand. One of the critical issues of a liquid metal BB is the occurring of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) effects within the piping network that transports the electro-conductive fluid. Predicting MHD phenomena is fundamental for a reliable and efficient blanket design and computational tools are indispensable to achieve a fusion-relevant physical analysis. For this reason, a dedicated MHD module for the System Thermal-Hydraulic (STH) code RELAP5/MOD3.3 (RELAP5) is under development at Sapienza University of Rome. In its current state, RELAP5 can evaluate MHD pressure losses in many common layouts for BB piping system. In a previous work of the Authors, the verification and validation (V&V) procedure of the MHD module has been discussed. In this paper, the code is used to assess the MHD pressure loss in the Water-Cooled Lithium Lead Test Blanket Module (TBM). Furthermore, the geometry of the TBM box is optimized to reduce the MHD pressure loss and to equalize the flow distribution among the Breeding Units.

Low Reynolds number MHD mixed convection of nanofluid in a corner heated grooved cavity

This study aims to explore mixed magnetohydrodynamic convective transport phenomena in a grooved channel geometry using CuO-H2O nano-fluid flow under low fluid velocity situation. Convective dynamics in such complex geometry have not been studied in detail considering multiphysical scenarios. The fluid enters through the enclosure in cold conditions having temperature Tc and all the walls of the cavity are insulated, except the corner heated with Th temperature. The numerical technique is adopted to solve two-dimensional continuity, momentum, and energy equations. A parametric study is carried out here in terms of Rayleigh number (Ra), Reynolds number (Re), Hartmann number (Ha), and nano-particle concentration (φ). The observations are highlighted in the form of isotherms, streamline plots, and average Nusselt number (Nu) to study the variation of Ra, Re, Ha, and φ on the thermo-fluid coupled process. The current study reveals that for the specified geometry, the change of Ra, Re, and Ha significantly affects the flow pattern along with related heat transfer features as compared to φ. The analysis implied that the optimum heat-transfer performance (Nu = 7.58) is obtained under conditions of Ra = 105, Re = 30, and Ha = 0. The flow separation process becomes more complex and is dictated by the magnetic field intensity.

Important Key Process Simulations in the Field of Steel Metallurgy

During the last decade, the chair for ‘Simulation and Modelling of Metallurgical Processes’ (SMMP) has worked on different metallurgical processes with the highlights of the following five industrial relevant topics: (i) modelling the as-cast structures of large steel castings; (ii) exploring the formation mechanisms of macrosegregation; (iii) describing magnetohydrodynamic and electrochemical phenomena in remelting processes, (iv) understanding how solidification and flow can be influenced by magnetohydrodynamics during steel continuous casting; and (v) describing nozzle clogging in steelmaking processes. In this contribution, the main achievements from the group on the above five topics are briefly described.