Magnetic Dipole Transition Moments Research Articles

Cooperative Binding and Chirogenesis in an Expanded Perylene Bisimide Cyclophane.

The encapsulation of more than one guest molecule into a synthetic cavity is a highly desirable yet a highly challenging task to achieve for neutral supramolecular hosts in organic media. Herein, we report a neutral perylene bisimide cyclophane, which has a tailored chiral cavity with an interchromophoric distance of 11.2 Å, capable of binding two aromatic guests in a π-stacked fashion. Detailed host-guest binding studies with a series of aromatic guests revealed that the encapsulation of the second guest in this cyclophane is notably more favored than the first one. Accordingly, for the encapsulation of the coronene dimer, a cooperativity factor (α) as high as 485 was observed, which is remarkably high for neutral host-guest systems. Furthermore, a successful chirality transfer, from the chiral host to encapsulated coronenes, resulted in a chiral charge-transfer (CT) complex and the rare observation of circularly polarized emission originating from the CT state for a noncovalent donor-acceptor assembly in solution. The involvement of the CT state also afforded an enhancement in the luminescence dissymmetry factor (glum) value due to its relatively large magnetic transition dipole moment. The 1:2 binding pattern and chirality-transfer were unambiguously verified by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of the host-guest superstructures.

Probing heavy neutrino magnetic moments at the LHC using long-lived particle searches

We explore long-lived particle (LLP) searches using non-pointing photons at the LHC as a probe for sterile-to-sterile and active-to-sterile transition magnetic dipole moments of sterile neutrinos. We consider heavy sterile neutrinos with masses ranging from a few GeV to several hundreds of GeV. We discuss transition magnetic dipole moments using the Standard Model effective field theory and low-energy effective field theory extended by sterile neutrinos (NRSMEFT and NRLEFT) and also provide a simplified UV-complete model example. LLP searches at the LHC using non-pointing photons will probe sterile-to-sterile dipole moments two orders of magnitude below the current best constraints from LEP, while an unprecedented sensitivity to sterile neutrino mass of about 700 GeV is expected for active-to-sterile dipole moments. For the UV model example with one-loop transition magnetic moments, the searches for charged lepton flavour violating processes in synergy with LLP searches at the LHC can probe new physics at several TeV mass scales and provide valuable insights into the lepton flavour structure of new physics couplings.

Supramolecular Polymerization as a Tool to Reveal the Magnetic Transition Dipole Moment of Heptazines.

Heptazine derivatives have attracted significant interest due to their small S1-T1 gap, which contributes to their unique electronic and optical properties. However, the nature of the lowest excited state remains ambiguous. In the present study, we characterize the lowest optical transition of heptazine by its magnetic transition dipole moment. To measure the magnetic transition dipole moment, the flat heptazine must be chiroptically active, which is difficult to achieve for single heptazine molecules. Therefore, we used supramolecular polymerization as an approach to make homochiral stacks of heptazine derivatives. Upon formation of the supramolecular polymers, the preferred helical stacking of heptazine introduces circular polarization of absorption and fluorescence. The magnetic transition dipole moments for the S1 ← S0 and S1 → S0 are determined to be 0.35 and 0.36 Bohr magneton, respectively. These high values of magnetic transition dipole moments support the intramolecular charge transfer nature of the lowest excited state from nitrogen to carbon in heptazine and further confirm the degeneracy of S1 and T1.

A Universal Strategy to Enhance Circularly Polarized Luminescence Brightness in Chiral Perovskites

AbstractChiral perovskites are considered as promising candidates for circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) light source, by attracting the broader scientific community for their applications in chiral optoelectronics and spintronics. However, it is still a great challenge to achieve both substantial photoluminescence asymmetry (gCPL) and high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) simultaneously for high CPL brightness due to the limitations associated with magnetic transition dipole moments. Herein, this problem is overcome and achieve both large gCPL of 1.6×10−2 and PLQY of 56% in chiral perovskite through the magnetic element doping strategy. The substitution of Pb2+ ion with smaller magnetic Mn2+ ions shrinks the crystal lattice around [MnBr6]4− octahedra, amplifying the asymmetric distortion surrounding the Mn2+ ions. Moreover, the transition associated with Mn2+ ions can harvest the photoexcitation energy in chiral perovskites, and its spin‐flipping characteristics enable highly efficient CPL from the d–d transition on Mn2+ energy levels. Furthermore, this magnetic element doping strategy is proven to be a universal tactic for enhancing CPL brightness as confirmed in a series of 1D‐ or 2D‐chiral perovskites with various chiral ligands or halogens. The findings provide an in‐depth understanding of the structure‐property relationship in chiral perovskites toward chiral optoelectronic and spintronic applications.

Longitudinal Extension of Double π-Helix Enables Near-Infrared Amplified Dissymmetry and Chiroptical Response.

Near-infrared (NIR) circularly polarized light absorbing or emitting holds great promise for highly sensitive and precise bioimaging, biosensing, and photodetectors. Aiming at designing NIR chiral molecular systems with amplified dissymmetry and robust chiroptical response, herein, we present a series of double π-helical dimers with longitudinally extended π-entwined substructures via Ullmann or Yamamoto homocoupling reactions. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra revealed an approximate linear bathochromic shift with the rising number of naphthalene subunits, indicating a red to NIR chiroptical response. Particularly, the terrylene diimide-entwined dimers exhibited the strongest CD intensities, with the maximal |Δε| reaching up to 393 M-1 cm-1 at 666 nm for th-TDI[2]; and a record-high chiroptical response (|ΔΔε|) between the neutral and dianionic species of 520 M-1 cm-1 at 833 nm for th-TDI[2]Cl was achieved upon further reduction to its dianionic state. Time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations suggested that the pronounced intensification of the CD spectra originated from a simultaneous enhancement of both electric (μ) and magnetic (m) transition dipole moments, ultimately leading to an overall increase in the rotatory strength (R). Notably, the circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) brightness (BCPL) reached 77 M-1 cm-1 for th-TDI[2]Cl, among the highest values reported for NIR-CPL emitters. Furthermore, all chiral dianions exhibited excellent air stability under ambient conditions with half-life times of up to 10 days in N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), which is significant for future biological applications and chiroptic switches.

Optical magnetic field enhancement using ultrafast azimuthally polarized laser beams and tailored metallic nanoantennas

Structured light provides unique opportunities to spatially tailor the electromagnetic field of laser beams. These include the possibility of a sub-wavelength spatial separation of their electric and magnetic fields, which would allow isolating interactions of matter with pure magnetic (or electric) fields. This could be particularly interesting in molecular spectroscopy, as excitations due to electric and—usually very weak—magnetic transition dipole moments can be disentangled. In this work, we show that the use of tailored metallic nanoantennas drastically enhances the strength of the longitudinal magnetic field carried by an ultrafast azimuthally polarized beam (by a factor of ∼65), which is spatially separated from the electric field by the beam’s symmetry. Such enhancement is due to favorable phase-matching of the magnetic field induced by the electric current loops created in the antennas. Our particle-in-cell simulation results demonstrate that the interactions of moderately intense (∼1011 W/cm2) and ultrafast azimuthally polarized laser beams with conical, parabolic, Gaussian, or logarithmic metallic nanoantennas provide spatially isolated magnetic field pulses of several tens of Tesla.

Quantum Size-Driven Spectral Variations in Pillar[n]arene Systems: A Density Functional Theory and Wave Function Assessment.

This study explores the quantum size effects on the optical properties of pillar[n]arene (n = 5, 6, 7, 8) utilizing density functional theory (DFT) and wave function analysis. The mechanisms of electron transitions in one-photon absorption (OPA) and two-photon absorption (TPA) spectra are investigated, alongside the calculation of electron circular dichroism (ECD) for these systems. Transition Density Matrix (TDM) and electron-hole pair density maps are employed to study the electron excitation characteristics, unveiling a notable size dependency. Analysis of the transition electric dipole moment (TEDM) and the transition magnetic dipole moment (TMDM) reveals the electromagnetic interaction mechanism within pillar[n]arene. Raman spectra computations further elucidate vibrational modes, while interactions with external environments are studied using electrostatic potential (ESP) analysis, and electron delocalization is assessed under an external magnetic field, providing insights into the magnetically induced current phenomena within these supramolecular structures. The thermal stability of pillar[n]arene was investigated by ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD).

Achieving Strong Circularly Polarized Luminescence through Cascade Cationic Insertion in Lead-free Hybrid Metal Halides.

Generating circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) with simultaneous high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) and dissymmetry factor (glum) is difficult due to usually unmatched electric transition dipole moment (μ) and magnetic transition dipole moment (m) of materials. Herein we tackle this issue by playing a "cascade cationic insertion" trick to achieve strong CPL (with PLQY of ~100 %) in lead-free metal halides with high glum values reaching -2.3×10-2 without using any chiral inducers. Achiral solvents of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) infiltrate the crystal lattice via asymmetric hydrogen bonding, distorting the perovskite structure to induce the "intrinsic" chirality. Surprisingly, additional insertion of Cs+ cation to substitute partial (CH3)2NH2 + transforms the chiral space group to achiral but the crystal maintains chiroptical activity. Further doping of Sb3+ stimulates strong photoluminescence as a result of self-trapped excitons (STEs) formation without disturbing the crystal framework. The chiral perovskites of indium-antimony chlorides embedded on LEDs chips demonstrate promising potential as CPL emitters. Our work presents rare cases of chiroptical activity of highly luminescent perovskites from only achiral building blocks via spontaneous resolution as a result of symmetry breaking.

Achieving Strong Circularly Polarized Luminescence through Cascade Cationic Insertion in Lead‐free Hybrid Metal Halides

AbstractGenerating circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) with simultaneous high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) and dissymmetry factor (glum) is difficult due to usually unmatched electric transition dipole moment (μ) and magnetic transition dipole moment (m) of materials. Herein we tackle this issue by playing a “cascade cationic insertion” trick to achieve strong CPL (with PLQY of ~100 %) in lead‐free metal halides with high glum values reaching −2.3×10−2 without using any chiral inducers. Achiral solvents of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and N, N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) infiltrate the crystal lattice via asymmetric hydrogen bonding, distorting the perovskite structure to induce the “intrinsic” chirality. Surprisingly, additional insertion of Cs+ cation to substitute partial (CH3)2NH2+ transforms the chiral space group to achiral but the crystal maintains chiroptical activity. Further doping of Sb3+ stimulates strong photoluminescence as a result of self‐trapped excitons (STEs) formation without disturbing the crystal framework. The chiral perovskites of indium‐antimony chlorides embedded on LEDs chips demonstrate promising potential as CPL emitters. Our work presents rare cases of chiroptical activity of highly luminescent perovskites from only achiral building blocks via spontaneous resolution as a result of symmetry breaking.

Enhancing Chiroptical Responses in Helical Nanographenes via Geometric Engineering of Double [7]Helicenes.

Helical nanographenes with high quantum yields and strong chiroptical responses are pivotal for developing circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) materials. Here, we present the successful synthesis of novel π-extended double [7]helicenes (ED7Hs) where two helicene units are fused at the meta- or para-position of the middle benzene ring, respectively, as the structural isomers of the reported ortho-fused ED7H. The structural geometry of these ED7Hs is clearly characterized by single-crystal X-ray analysis. Notably, this class of ED7Hs exhibits bright luminescence with high quantum yields exceeding 40 %. Through geometric regulation of two embedded [7]helicene units from ortho-, meta- to para-position, these ED7Hs display exceptional amplification in chiroptical responses. This enhancement is evident in a remarkable approximate fivefold increase in the absorbance and luminescence dissymmetry factors (gabs and glum), respectively, along with a boosted CPL brightness up to 176 M-1 cm-1, surpassing the performance of most helicene-based chiral NGs. Furthermore, DFT calculations elucidate that the geometric adjustment of two [7]helicene units allows the precise alignment of electric and magnetic transition dipole moments, leading to the observed enhancement of their chiroptical responses. This study offers an effective strategy for magnifying the CPL performance in chiral NGs, promoting their expanded application as CPL emitters.

Verstärkung von chiroptischen Eigenschaften in helikalen Nanographenen durch geometrische Anpassung von Doppel‐[7]Helicenen

AbstractHelikale Nanographene (NG) mit hohen Quantenausbeuten und starken chiroptischen Antworten sind entscheidend für die Entwicklung von lumineszenten Materialien mit zirkularer Polarisation (engl. circular polarized luminescence, CPL). Hier berichten wir von der erfolgreichen Synthese neuartiger π‐erweiterter Doppel‐[7]Helicene (ED7Hs), bei denen sich zwei Helicen‐Einheiten meta bzw. para am zentralen Benzenring befinden. Sie sind damit strukturelle Isomere des bekannten ortho‐ED7H. Die strukturelle Integrität und Geometrie der ED7Hs wurde eindeutig durch Röntgen‐Einkristalldiffraktometrie aufgeklärt. Die ED7Hs besitzen eine ausgeprägte Fluoreszenz mit Quantenausbeuten über 40 %. Durch Variation der relativen Positionen der Doppel‐[7]Helicene am zentralen Benzenring (ortho, meta, para) kann eine außergewöhnliche Verstärkung der chiroptischen Eigenschaften registriert werden. Diese Verbesserung zeigt sich in einem etwa fünffachen Anstieg der Absorbanz und Lumineszenz‐Dissymmetriefaktoren (gabs und glum) sowie einer erhöhten CPL‐Helligkeit von bis zu 176 M−1 cm−1, was die Leistung der meisten helicenbasierten chiralen NGs übertrifft. Des weiteren zeigen DFT‐Simulationen, dass die relative geometrische Lage der [7]Helicene eine präzise Anpassung der elektrischen und magnetischen Übergangsdipolmomente zur Folge hat, welche die beobachteten Verstärkungen der chiroptischen Eigenschaften erklären. Diese Studie liefert eine effektive Strategie zur Verstärkung der CPL‐Eigenschaften chiraler Nanographene, welche ihre Anwendbarkeit als CPL‐Emitter verbessert.

The Physical Mechanism of Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Nanographene-Induced Chiral Inversion.

Based on density functional theory (DFT) and wave function analysis, the ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis) spectra and Raman spectra of 1-meso and 1-rac obtained by the chiral separation of chiral nanographenes are theoretically investigated. The electron excitation properties of 1-meso and 1-rac are studied by means of transition density matrix (TDM) and charge density difference (CDD) diagrams. The intermolecular interaction is discussed based on an independent gradient model based on Hirshfeld partition (IGMH). The interaction of 1-meso and 1-rac with the external environment is studied using the electrostatic potential (ESP), and the electron delocalization degree of 1-meso and 1-rac is studied based on the magnetically induced current under the external magnetic field. Through the chiral separation of 1-rac, two enantiomers, 1-(P, P) and 1-(M, M), were obtained. The electrical-magnetic interaction of the molecule is revealed by analyzing the electron circular dichroism (ECD) spectra of 1-meso, 1-(P, P) and 1-(M, M), the transition electric dipole moment (TEDM) and the transition magnetic dipole moment (TMDM). It is found that 1-(P, P) and 1-(M, M) have opposite chiral properties due to the inversion of the structure.

Highly Luminescent Chiral Double π-Helical Nanoribbons.

Unveiling the mechanism behind chirality propagation and dissymmetry amplification at the molecular level is of significance for the development of chiral systems with comprehensively outstanding chiroptical performances. Herein, we have presented a straightforward Cu-mediated Ullmann homocoupling approach to synthesize perylene diimide-entwined double π-helical nanoribbons encompassing dimer, trimer, and tetramer while producing homochiral or heterochiral linking of chiral centers. A significant dissymmetry amplification was achieved, with absorption dissymmetry factors (|gabs|) increasing from 0.009 to 0.017 and further to 0.019, and luminescence dissymmetry factors (|glum|) rising from 0.007 to 0.013 and eventually to 0.015 for homochiral double π-helical oligomers. The disparity of magnetic transition dipole moment (m) densities in homochiral and heterochiral tetramers by time-dependent density functional theory calculations confirmed that homochiral oligomerization can maximize the total m, which is favorable for achieving ever-increasing g factors. Notably, these double π-helices exhibited exceptional photoluminescence quantum yields (ΦPL) ranging from 83 to 95%. The circularly polarized luminescence brightness (BCPL) eventually reached a remarkable 575 M-1 cm-1 for the homochiral tetramer, which is among the highest values reported for chiral small molecules. This kind of linearly extended double π-helices offers a platform for a comprehensive understanding of the mechanism behind chirality propagation and dissymmetry amplification.

Sum of electric and magnetic transition dipole moments – A new molecular descriptor for explaining enantiomeric enrichment of chiral amino acids by l- and r-circularly polarized light

One of the big scientific questions is why all amino acids constituting biomolecules have the l-configuration in nature. Enantiomeric enrichment of chiral amino acids by left- and right-circularly polarized light (l- and r-CPL) could be part of the answer. Previous studies directly measured the enantiomeric excesses of amino acids initiated by l- and r-CPL. This study found well-known molecular properties for circular dichroism: electric transition dipole moment, magnetic transition dipole moment, rotational strength, and anisotropy factor could not explain those enantiomeric excess data. By means of DFT/TDDFT (B3LYP-D3BJ) with a basis set (def2-TZVPD), this study discovered that a new molecular descriptor: the sum of electric and magnetic transition dipole moments could provide an explanation of those enantiomeric excess data. In addition, this discovery may provide new theoretical insights into photochemical reactions initiated by l- and r-CPL and assist in establishing fundamental chemistry for the abiotic origin of life.

Helicene‐type β‐isoindigo‐based boron‐dipyrromethene analogs with strong near‐infrared chiroptical activity

AbstractNear‐infrared (NIR) chiroptical response has been less explored because it is challenging to achieve both chirality and NIR absorption/emission. Herein, we describe the design of heterohelicene‐type β‐isoindigo‐based boron‐dipyrromethene (BODIPY) analogs (β‐IBs), which shift the absorption peak to 800 nm and produce significant Cotton effects (127.8 M−1 cm−1) and absorbance dissymmetry factors (|gabs| = 3.5 × 10−3). The luminescence dissymmetry factor (glum) and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) brightness (BCPL) of up to 1.24 × 10−3 and 1.78 M−1 cm−1 were realized beyond 800 nm. These β‐IBs are the first examples of helicene‐type compounds with the highest gabs in the NIR region and CPL beyond 800 nm. Theoretical calculations demonstrate that the strong chiroptical activities are triggered by their large transition magnetic dipole moments. This study not only provides a new approach to the synthesis of a larger variety of unprecedented helicene‐type BODIPY analogs but also demonstrates excellent NIR chiroptical properties.

Can Magnetic Dipole Transition Moment Be Engineered?

AbstractThe development of chiral compounds with enhanced chiroptical properties is an important challenge to improve device applications. To that end, an optimization of the electric and magnetic dipole transition moments of the molecule is necessary. Nevertheless, the relationship between chemical structure and such quantum mechanical properties is not always clear. That is the case of magnetic dipole transition moment (m) for which no general trends for its optimization have been suggested. In this work we propose a general rationalization for improving the magnitude of m in different families of chiral compounds. Performing a clustering analysis of hundreds of transitions, we have been able to identify a single group in which |m| value is maximized along the helix axis. More interestingly, we have found an accurate linear relationship (up to R2=0.994) between the maximum value of this parameter and the area of the inner cavity of the helix, thus resembling classical behavior of solenoids. This research provides a tool for the rationalized synthesis of compounds with improved chiroptical responses.

Can Magnetic Dipole Transition Moment Be Engineered?

The development of chiral compounds with enhanced chiroptical properties is an important challenge to improve device applications. To that end, an optimization of the electric and magnetic dipole transition moments of the molecule is necessary. Nevertheless, the relationship between chemical structure and such quantum mechanical properties is not always clear. That is the case of magnetic dipole transition moment (m) for which no general trends for its optimization have been suggested. In this work we propose a general rationalization for improving the magnitude of m in different families of chiral compounds. Performing a clustering analysis of hundreds of transitions, we have been able to identify a single group in which |m| value is maximized along the helix axis. More interestingly, we have found an accurate linear relationship (up to R2 =0.994) between the maximum value of this parameter and the area of the inner cavity of the helix, thus resembling classical behavior of solenoids. This research provides a tool for the rationalized synthesis of compounds with improved chiroptical responses.

Chiral Benzene Triimide (BTI) Radical Anions for Probing the Interplay of Unpaired Electron Spin and Chirality.

Herein a series of chiral BTI radical anions bearing different chiral substituents were efficiently prepared by chemical reduction. X-ray crystallography revealed finely-tuned packing and helix assemblies of the radicals by the size of chiral substituents in crystalline state. In accordance with the crystalline-state packing, the powder ESR spectra indicate that 4 a- ⋅CoCp2 + and 4 c- ⋅CoCp2 + π-dimers exhibit thermally excited triplet states arising from strong spin-spin interactions, while discrete 4 b- ⋅CoCp2 + shows a broad doublet-state signal reflecting weak spin-spin interactions. The interplay between the unpaired electron spin and chiral substituents was studied by UV-Vis-NIR spectra, electronic circular dichroism (ECD) and TD DFT calculations. Different NIR absorptions of the radicals attributing to isolated SOMO→LUMO+1 (~889 nm) transitions were recorded. The emergence of Cotton effects (CEs) at the NIR region for 4 c- ⋅CoCp2 + radical enantiomers suggest the interplay between chirality and unpaired electron spin. The origin of the different circularly polarized light absorptions regarding SOMO derived transitions (around 880 nm) was attributed to chiral substitutes regulated electric and magnetic transition dipole moments of the unpaired electron participated transition.

Chiroptical Properties of Planar Benzobisthiazole-Bridged Squaraine Dimers.

Five chiral squaraine dimers were synthesized by fusing chiral indolenine semisquaraines with three different benzobisthiazole bridges. The thereby created squaraine dimers show a strong splitting of the lowest energy absorption bands caused by exciton coupling. The intensities of the two exciton transitions and the energetic splitting depend on the angle of the two squaraine moieties within the chromophore dimer. The electric circular dichroism spectra of the dimers show intense Cotton effects whose sign depends on the used squaraine chromophores. Sizable anisotropies gabs of up to 2.6 × 10-3 could be obtained. TD-DFT calculations were used to partition the rotational strength into the three Rosenfeld terms where the electric-magnetic coupling turned out to be the dominant contribution while the exciton chirality term is much smaller. This is because the chromophore dimers are essentially planar but the angle between the electric transition dipole moment of one squaraine and the magnetic transition dipole moment of the other squaraine strongly deviates from 90°, which makes the dot product between the two moment vectors and, thus, the rotational strength substantial.

Liquid Crystalline Magneto-Optically Active Peralkylated Azacoronene.

Organic Faraday rotators have gained significant attention in recent years as a promising alternative to traditional inorganic magneto-optical (MO) materials as a result of their lower cost, superior mechanical properties, and potential for large-scale deployment. This interest is peaked by the fact that a number of high symmetry, rigid, strongly optically absorbing organic chromophores display Verdet constants an order of magnitude higher than commercial inorganic Faraday rotators. Critical to the development of new generations of organic materials is the ability to organize them in optimal structures for optical coupling/measurements. We report herein the synthesis of a dodecyl-substituted hexapyrrolohexaazacoronene (C12-HPHAC) displaying discotic liquid crystalline (LC) properties and large Faraday rotation. Thin films with a redox mixed C12-HPHAC/C12-HPHAC+2 composition display a discotic columnar LC phase, are stable to air and moisture in the solid and solution states, and achieve a maximum Verdet constant of 3.36 × 105 deg T-1 m-1 at 700 nm. This result is consistent with Serber's model of magnetic circular birefringence and displays one of the largest reported Verdet constants for organic materials in the UV-Vis range. The LC phase aligns the molecules and leads to gains in Verdet constants of up to 105% through the favorable orientation of the molecules' magnetic and electric transition dipole moments with respect to the applied magnetic field.