Magnesium Phosphate Research Articles

Life cycle assessment of the climate change impact of magnesium phosphate cements formulated with tundish deskulling waste compared to conventional cement

Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) production significantly contributes to greenhouse gas emissions due to high resource consumption and CO2 output. It is therefore imperative to investigate alternative cements, such as magnesium phosphate cement (MPC), as a potential solution. This study is based on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology, comparing OPC with alternative magnesium phosphate cements (MPC) developed at the laboratory scale. The novelty of this study considers two types of alternative cements that use two different sources of MgO: MPC-MgO, developed with pure MgO, and MPC-TUN, formulated using tundish deskulling waste from steelmaking industry.The evaluated functional units are 1 tonne of cement, 1 m3 of cement paste, and 1 m3 of mortar, all of them are designed for the same function, which is as non-structural precast elements. The study assesses climate change impacts under two future scenarios: 1) electricity decarbonisation in the background economy using projections from Integrated Assessment Models and 2) electricity decarbonisation and a fuel switch in the cement kilns.The results indicate that MPC-TUN exhibits a lower impact of climate change in terms of CO2 emissions across all functional units and scenarios compared to the other materials. In the most ambitious climate scenario, MPC-TUN mortar exhibits 42% and 56% lower climate change impacts than OPC-CEM I and MPC-MgO mortars, respectively, demonstrating its potential as a more sustainable construction material. Although further research is needed on the applicability of MPC-TUN in construction, regulatory frameworks are advised to simplify barriers to expedite the adoption of sustainable alternative cements.

Hydration, Hardening Properties, and Microstructure of Magnesium Phosphate Cement–Emulsified Asphalt Composites across Various Stoichiometries

Hydration, Hardening Properties, and Microstructure of Magnesium Phosphate Cement–Emulsified Asphalt Composites across Various Stoichiometries

Influence of elevated temperature on the interfacial adhesion properties of cement composites reinforced with recycled coconut fiber

Magnesium phosphate cement (MPC) is the preferred material for rapid repair due to its rapid setting and early strength properties. However, its inherent brittleness renders it less suitable for use in assembled building nodes. To address the brittleness of MPC, coconut fiber (CF), a natural fiber known for its toughness, is often employed as a reinforcement. However, CF-MPC encounter difficulties in high-temperature settings, such as fire emergencies, which may compromise the interfacial bonding properties of this materials. This paper presents an investigation into the interfacial bonding properties of CF-MPC at elevated temperatures. The study employed microscopic analysis to observe the material changes of CF at elevated temperatures, evaluated the mechanical property changes by means of Fiber Tensile Test, and assessed the interfacial bonding performance by means of Fiber Drawing Test between CF and MPC. The findings indicated that as the temperature increased, the carbonized residue of the CF gradually decomposed, resulting in a notable decline in mechanical strength. Upon exceeding 400 °C, the carbonization of CF was complete, resulting in the loss of its mechanical properties. Besides the results also demonstrated that the interfacial bond strength of CF-MPC at a burial depth of 7.5 mm reaches its maximum value of 2.14 MPa at 20 °C. As the temperature rises to 200 °C, the interfacial bond strength at a burial depth of 12.5 mm reaches its maximum value of 1.08 MPa at this temperature. The findings of this study are conducive to promoting the application of CF-MPC at high temperatures and provide a theoretical basis for the subsequent optimization of this material.

Electromagnetic wave absorption performance of rapid emergency magnesium phosphate cement (MPC) canvas

This study leverages the rapid emergency protection advantages of magnesium phosphate cement (MPC) canvas to develop a novel electromagnetic wave-absorbing material based on MPC canvas. The composite is composed of an MPC matrix with magnetite and iron powder as absorbers, arranged in a gradient structure. The research investigates the effects of absorbers and gradient contents on the electromagnetic wave absorption performance (EWAP) of MPC canvas. Experimental results show a maximum RL of −37.2 dB in the 2–18 GHz range, with a 6.3 GHz absorption bandwidth below −10 dB. Simulations further confirm that the gradient MPC canvas exhibits excellent EWAP across different frequency bands. The gradient design effectively adjusts the electromagnetic parameters through multiple reflection, scattering, and interference attenuation effects within the multilayer structure, enabling broadband absorption of electromagnetic waves.

Exploring the potential of construction-compatible materials in structural supercapacitors for energy storage in the built environment

As urbanization accelerates, the need for innovative solutions that integrate energy storage within the built environment (BE) becomes increasingly vital for sustainable and multifunctional infrastructure. This review paper delves into the pioneering concept of structural supercapacitors (SSCs), which seamlessly embed energy storage capabilities directly into construction materials such as ordinary portland cement, geopolymers, magnesium phosphate cement, aluminate cement, bricks, wood, and polymers. These materials are readily available and possess inherent structural strength, making them ideal candidates for functionalization as energy storage devices. SSCs rely on the combination of mechanical strength and electrochemical capabilities, allowing structures to serve dual functions—bearing mechanical loads while storing and releasing electrical energy. This review discusses the key components of SSCs, including conductive fillers, electrodes, and electrolytes, and evaluates their electrochemical and mechanical performance. Several critical research gaps have been identified, including the need for alternative conductive fillers to improve ionic conductivity and specific capacitance, advanced additives to enhance multifunctionality and optimization of the interaction between fillers and substrates. Additionally, post-curing treatments and the control of porosity and microstructure require further exploration to balance electrochemical performance with mechanical robustness. Challenges related to integrating SSCs into practical applications, such as environmental durability and mechanical load-bearing capacity, are also highlighted. Furthermore, the potential of 3D printing technology to create customizable SSC structures is identified as a promising area for future research. This review contributes to advancing SSCs and their potential integration into sustainable infrastructure by highlighting the gaps and future directions of the existing literature.

Study on the adhesive property of sludge-modified magnesium phosphate cement reinforcement coating for steel bars

The synergistic interaction inreinforced concrete systems originates from the strong bond between steel reinforcement and concrete, enabling them to collaborateunder load and optimize structural performance. This study applied various sludge-modified magnesium phosphate cement mixtures to the surfaces of plain round steel bars and ribbed steel bars to prepare steel-reinforced concrete specimens. The characterization of the bond performance of the sludge-modified magnesium phosphate cement reinforcement coating for steel bars and concrete was achieved through analyzing the failure modes, bond strength, and slip values of different groups. Microscopic analysis was performed using a scanning electron microscope. The results revealed that the primary failure mode of the steel-reinforced concrete specimens was steel bar pull-out, with some specimens exhibiting concrete splitting failure. Coating application on plain round steel bars increased bond strength, while on ribbed steel bars, it decreased bond strength. The application of the coating slightly reduced slip values to some extent.

Effect of magnesium hydroxide on the properties of fireproof coatings for steel structure based on magnesium phosphate cement

Magnesium phosphate cement, renowned for its exceptional fire resistance, has been a key area of research in fireproof coatings for steel structures. This study introduces a significant amount of magnesium hydroxide to replace the dead-burned MgO in magnesium phosphate cement. The goal is to enhance fireproof performance by capitalizing on magnesium hydroxide's outstanding flame retardant and fire resistance properties. This paper primarily investigates the effects of substantial amounts of magnesium hydroxide on the compressive strength, dry density, and bonding strength of coatings and the quality, phase, and micro-morphology of coatings before and after flaming thermal shock. The findings indicate that when the substitution rate of magnesium hydroxide surpasses 50 %, the coatings exhibit commendable performance characteristics. After a curing duration of 28 days, the coatings attain a compressive strength of 0.5 MPa, a bonding strength exceeding 0.04 MPa, and a dry density remaining below 650 kg/m³. Furthermore, the coatings demonstrate remarkable resilience to thermal shock, maintaining structural integrity even under extreme flame thermal shocks exceeding 1000 °C, without any observable cracking or spalling. This noteworthy performance underscores the significant potential of this research in the industrial landscape.

The Synergistic Effects of Different Phosphorus Sources: Ferralsols Promoted Soil Phosphorus Transformation and Accumulation

Phosphorus (P) application can enhance soil P availability and alter P fractions. However, the P accumulation and transformation of different P sources in low-phosphorus red soil remain unclear. Two-year (2018–2019) field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of five P source treatments (CK—no phosphorus; SSP—superphosphate; MAP—calcium–magnesium phosphate; DAP—monoammonium phosphate; and CMP—diammonium phosphate) on the P accumulation of maize and soil P fractions in low-P red soil using the Hedley Sequential Method. The results showed that P application significantly increased P uptake, Olsen-P, total phosphorus, and most of the soil P fractions. Compared to the CMP, MAP, and DAP treatments, SSP had a relatively higher P accumulation and labile P pool, with a slightly lower moderately labile P pool. The SSP treatment mainly increased soil-available P content and crop P uptake by increasing the labile P pool (resin-P and NaHCO3-Pi) and reducing the moderately labile P pool and non-labile P pool. The P activation coefficient (PAC%) and Olsen-P were positively correlated with labile P (resin-P, NaHCO3-Pi, and NaHCO3-Po) and moderately labile P (NaOH-Pi and 1 M HCl-Pi) and negatively correlated with Fe2O3 and Al2O3. The results suggest that SSP has a priority effect on the crop P uptake and soil P availability in low-P red soil.

Investigating the interfacial vertical shear behavior of BFPMPC mortar and cement concrete with pothole repair

Magnesium phosphate cement (MPC) has both traditional cement properties and ceramic properties with fast setting and hardening characteristics. To rapidly reopen traffic and extend its service life, MPC has been widely used in the rapid repair of highway and airport cement concrete pavement. This study utilizes basalt fiber-reinforced polymer-modified magnesium phosphate cement (BFPMPC) developed in previous research to rapid repair the typical potholes on cement concrete pavement, aims to reveal the interface properties between BFPMPC mortar and cement concrete and further investigate the underlying mechanisms for such properties. Firstly, the optimal mixture ratio was determined by orthogonal test design. Then, the shear strength of the repair interface was measured by composite BFPMPC mortar and cement concrete specimens. The mechanical characteristics of the repair interface and the microscopic mechanism were characterized by nano-indentation technology and SEM/EDS. Finally, the interface constitutive model was established by DIGIMAT and finite element model was developed to simulate the interface failure. Results showed that the no new hydration products were produced by the addition of polymer in BFPMPC. BFPMPC matrix became denser with the increase of age, resulting in the better bonding between fiber and paste. The interface vertical shear strength at 6 h and 3 d were 3.1 MPa and 3.9 MPa, respectively. SEM/EDS results showed that polymer has a certain self-healing ability to decrease the crack width with increase of curing age, and a variety of inclusions in the repair interface were observed. The elastic modulus of each inclusion phase can be effectively analyzed by nanoindentation. The simulation results showed that the pressure on upper surface of BFPMPC mortar transfers to the bottom through the repair interface. As the tensile stress on the bottom over the maximum interface tensile stress, the cracks were extend from the bottom to upper, then the structure was failed. Interface vertical shear strength of numerical simulation was, respectively, 3.149 MPa and 3.957 MPa. It is close to the plain shear strength experimental value, validating the proposed interface constitutive relationship.

Effectiveness of 2D magnesium phosphate hydrogel for surgical decontamination of dental implants: A case series.

Dental implants, recognized for their enhanced functionality and aesthetic outcomes, are susceptible to peri-implant mucositis and subsequent peri-implantitis when oral hygiene is inadequate. Effective biofilm management is critical to prevent and manage these prevalent conditions and promote implant longevity. Materials with a two-dimensional (2D) structure have demonstrated robust antimicrobial properties. Among these, 2D magnesium phosphates have garnered significant attention due to their additional biocompatibility and osteoconductive properties. This case series explores the application of a thixotropic inorganic hydrogel, composed of 2D magnesium phosphate, in the surgical treatment of dental implant infections. The hydrogel was used for surgical dental implant decontamination in patients diagnosed with peri-implantitis characterized by inflammation in the peri-implant mucosa and subsequent progressive loss of supporting bone. The study encompassed eight cases with a history of peri-implantitis. Clinical measurements were recorded before and after treatment, including bleeding on probing, suppuration, and probing depth. Radiographic evaluations were conducted to assess the exposure of implant threads. The findings revealed a statistically significant decrease in probing depth, bleeding on probing, and the number of exposed implant threads following treatment with the magnesium phosphate hydrogel, though the exact role of the hydrogel in these improvements warrants further exploration.

A biochar-based amendment improved cadmium (Cd) immobilization, reduced its bioaccumulation, and increased rice yield

Cadmium (Cd) contamination of soil threatens human health, food security, and ecosystem sustainability. The in situ stabilization of Cd has been recognized as a potentially economical technology for the remediation of Cd-contaminated soil. Recently, biochar (BC) and activated carbon (AC) have received widespread attention as eco-friendly soil amendments that are more beneficial for plant growth, soil health, and remediation of contaminated soil. An experiment was performed in a paddy field to investigate the effects of two different types of BC (maize straw biochar and bamboo biochar) and AC (coconut shell activated carbon) in combination with rape organic fertilizer (R), calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer (P), and fulvic acid (F), respectively, on soil Cd immobilization, Cd accumulation in rice, and yield. The results indicated that the BC/AC-based amendments reduced soil bioavailable Cd (DTPA-Cd) and brown rice Cd by 9.58%–27.06% and 19.30%–71.77%, respectively. The transformation of exchangeable Cd (Ex-Cd) to carbonate-bound Cd (Ca-Cd), Fe-Mn oxide bond (Ox-Cd), and residual (Re-Cd) in soil accounted for the mitigation of Cd uptake and enrichment by rice. Additionally, BC-/AC-based amendments altered soil physicochemical properties, which significantly increased the soil pH and cation exchange capacity (CEC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), soil organic carbon (SOC), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), directly promoting soil health. All BC-/AC-based amendments significantly increased FeIMP and MnIMP concentrations by 47.31%–160.34% and 25.72%–73.09% in the Fe/Mn plaque (IMP), respectively. Maize straw and bamboo biochar-based amendments significantly increased rice yield by 10.46%–20.41% and 9.94%–16.17%, respectively, while coconut shell-activated carbon severely reduced rice yield by 65.06%–77.14%. The correlation analysis revealed that leaf Cd and IMP primarily controlled Cd uptake by rice, and soil pH, Eh, CEC, SOC, IMP, and TP influenced DTPA-Cd in soil. This field study demonstrated that maize straw and bamboo biochar-based amendments not only reduced soil DTPA-Cd in paddy fields but also decreased the accumulation of Cd in brown rice, as well as improved rice yield, which has potential application in Cd-contaminated agriculture fields. Coconut shell-activated carbon severely decreased rice yields, which is not appropriate for rice production.

Experimental and simulation study of magnesium phosphate cement two-liquid grouting materials

Magnesium phosphate cement (MPC) has a promising application in grouting. This study drew on the traditional cement-waterglass two-liquid grouting model. Creatively, the two main reaction components of MPC, dead-burned magnesium oxide and phosphate, were applied to the grouting field in a two-component liquid form. At the same time, through proportioning adjustment and experimental testing, we obtained A\B liquid components, which can be stabilized. In addition, MPC slurry was compared with the traditional grouting material, silicate cement slurry, to demonstrate its superiority. Finally, we simulated the grout diffusion process of the mixed slurry using the two-phase Darcy's law module of COMSOL Multiphysics subsurface fluids. The results show that the mixed slurry with a magnesium phosphate ratio of 1/3, a magnesium–boron ratio between 5% and 10%, and a water–cement ratio of 0.2–0.5 has better stability and mobility. Under the same fluidity, its strength is much higher than that of common silicate cement slurry and has good injectability. MPC was subjected to two-fluid grouting to take advantage of its fast-hardening and early-strengthening properties, while also improving its stability and fluidity. This study provided a theoretical foundation for the application of MPC.

Management of Rotator Cuff Tears in Severely Osteoporotic Patients

Management of rotator cuff tears (RCT) in osteoporotic patients presents significant challenges for treating clinicians because of compromised bone quality. We present a case series of 2 patients with RCT and severe osteoporosis highlighting the complexities of operative and nonoperative management and underscoring the importance of preoperative optimization and careful surgical planning in this vulnerable population. Patient 1 experienced initial improvement postarthroscopic RCT repair but required revision surgery because of anchor pullout, with eventual conversion to reverse total shoulder arthroplasty. Patient 2 faced intraoperative challenges because of previously undiagnosed osteoporosis, leading to difficulties in securely placing suture anchors, and was referred to the fracture liaison service (FLS) for osteoporosis management postoperatively. A multifaceted approach integrating preoperative optimization, advanced surgical techniques, and postoperative management is advised to improve operative success. Extensive perioperative bone quality assessments and augmentation strategies are warranted, including medication comanagement through an FLS if available. Detailed surgical planning is crucial, focusing on arthroscopic repair technique while considering various anchor factors to mitigate failure including proper placement, design, and pullout analysis. Intraoperative bone augmentation with materials such as calcium phosphate, magnesium phosphate, and polymethyl methacrylate cements significantly improves anchor fixation strength in osteoporotic bone. Consideration of a transosseous approach and potential for conversion to an open procedure is also an option when necessary. This review highlights the unique challenges and potential options available to treating clinicians when managing RCT in osteoporotic patients. Continued research and refinement of emerging treatment strategies are essential to improve outcomes and quality of life in this patient population.

Study on the high temperature performance of magnesium and potassium phosphate cement mixed with sucrose and its mechanism of action

Magnesium potassium phosphate cement (MKPC) is susceptible to high-temperature damage when used as a fireproofing coating or structural repair material and as a nuclear waste encapsulation shell, and the strength loss and dimensional shrinkage at about 100 °C severely limit the application of MKPC. Therefore, in this paper, the macroscopic properties, physical phase composition and microscopic morphology of sucrose-modified MKPC at room and high temperatures (20°C, 50°C, 120°C) are investigated from the perspective of modified retarder, and the mechanism of sucrose's influence on MKPC at high temperatures and the optimal dosage are speculated, and the Pearson correlation analysis is performed on the various macroscopic and microscopic indexes. The results showed that 2.5 % sucrose doping could reduce dimensional shrinkage by 59.6 % and increase late strength by 21.8 % at high temperatures, significantly optimizing the macroscopic properties of MKPC. The inhibition of the high-temperature decomposition product MgKPO4·H2O by sucrose and the reduction of pores formed by water evaporation are among the main reasons for the optimization of the properties. Additionally, the adsorption of amorphous products to form new polymers that fill the pores is also an important reason for the optimization of performance. However, Pearson's correlation analysis showed that too much sucrose contributed to the reduction of pulp strength, and its optimal dosage should be between 2 % and 3 %.

Phosphorus removal and recovery from water and wastewater by the struvite crystallization

The precipitation of phosphorus naturally present in water, in the form of struvite, constitutes an interesting alternative for the phosphate water treatment. In this context, the main objective of the present study is to follow the crystallization of struvite, in a stirred tank, from real phosphated water (wastewater and natural water) at 25°C and at optimum pH 8.5 and to study the effect of environmental conditions on the crystallization stages (nucleation and crystal growth) and the morphology of struvite crystals.Various analytical methods (spectrophotometry, FTIR, SEM and XRD) were used to characterize the solid and liquid phases. In the light of the results obtained in this investigation, it appears that the precipitates formed in all the samples of treated waters were identified as ammonium magnesium phosphate (i.e. struvite). The precipitation of struvite in water allowed a significant elimination of phosphorus (up to 70%). On the other hand, the SEM analysis was able to highlight the presence of large clusters of large struvite crystals up to 146.8µm, as in the case of the precipitation of struvite with wastewater, where the conversion rate was the highest. The supersaturation ratio is the most important factor influencing the crystallization process.

Designing of a High Performance NiMgPO4/CNT Electrode Material for a Battery-Supercapacitor Hybrid Device

Improved pseudo-capacitance performance can be obtained by phosphates and transition-metal oxides by achieving oxidation states that boost redox (reduction-oxidation) processes. In this work, the nickel magnesium phosphate (NiMgPO4) is synthesized using the hydrothermal method, Additional, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are blended with NiMgPO4. To build the supercapattery device (NiMgPO4@CNT//AC) and evaluate its electrochemical characteristics, we used NiMgPO4@CNT as the anode & activated carbon as cathode. We also used X-ray diffraction, scanning electron micrscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques to analyze the crystal structure, surface area, and elemental composition. The nanocomposite NiMgPO4@CNT demonstrated a high specific capacity of 1243 C g−1 or 2071.66 F g−1 in a three-electrode system, which was much more than that of the separate reference materials. The supercapattery device shows a specific capacity of 251 C g−1, energy density of 44.5 Wh kg−1 and power density of 1030 W kg−1 is observed. The hybrid electrode exhibited a capacity retention of 85% after 5000 cycles and a columbic efficiency of 91% during the stability measurement. These findings emphasize NiMgPO4@CNT’s potential as an electrode composite material that holds promise for high-performance supercapattery device building.

Research on the properties of brucite-based magnesium phosphate cement fire resistive coating for steel structures

Magnesium Phosphate Cement (MPC) exhibits high strength, exceptional high-temperature resistance, and outstanding adhesion properties at the steel interface, rendering it an ideal material for fire resistive coatings on steel structures. In this study, natural brucite powder was employed as the magnesium source, while hollow glass microspheres (HGM) were utilized as functional modifiers to formulate brucite-based MPC fire resistive coatings for steel structures. This research explored the influence of the mass ratio of brucite powder to ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (M/P), the brucite particle size, and the addition of HGM on the physical, mechanical, and fire-retardant properties of the coatings. The microstructure of the brucite-based MPC before and after fire testing was examined using SEM, XRD, TG-DTG, and X-CT. The results indicated that with an M/P ratio of 2.5:1 and a brucite particle size of 75–150 μm, the material exhibited optimal overall performance and was suitable as a matrix material for MPC. The incorporation of an appropriate amount of HGM increased the compressive strength of brucite-based MPC by 33.4 %, reduced the dry density by 20.5 %, extended the fire resistance of the structure, and decreased the thermal conductivity by 48.2 %. This can be attributed to: (i) HGM filling the pores in brucite-based MPC, creating a denser microstructure; (ii) HGM forming a closed porous structure with the MPC matrix, reducing thermal conductivity and increasing thermal resistance; (iii) The low thermal diffusivity of HGM/MPC impeded heat transfer, thereby decelerating thermal decomposition and flame propagation.

Radiation stability and durability of magnesium phosphate cement for radioactive reactive metals encapsulation

The encapsulation of Radioactive Reactive Metallic Waste (RRMW) in ordinary Portland cement poses significant challenges due to its incompatibility with the alkaline environment of the matrix. To address this issue, magnesium phosphate cements (MPC) emerge as potential solutions for the safe and effective immobilisation of RRMWs. The radiation stability and durability of an optimised formulation have been examined for samples irradiated up to 1000 kGy, in particular concerning the leaching behaviour of the three main constituents of the cement hydration products, and on four artificially added elements used to simulate radionuclides commonly found in radioactive waste (caesium, strontium, europium, and cobalt). The mortars exhibited excellent leaching behaviour and a high mechanical resistance, even after irradiation, freeze-thaw cycles, and water immersion. No significant radiation-induced effects were observed in the mineralogical and microstructural properties of the mortars, thus supporting their stability at the examined doses. Having verified the compliance with the main Italian waste acceptance criteria, the results of this research represent an encouraging step for the future implementation of MPCs for RRMWs conditioning.

Influence of slag on water resistance of magnesium silicon potassium phosphate cement

The poor water resistance of traditional magnesium phosphate cement (MPC) limits its wider application in engineering fields. So far, research on enhancing the water resistance of MPC has been relatively limited. Therefore, this paper optimizes the slag content based on magnesium silicon potassium phosphate cement to prepare slag-magnesium silicon potassium phosphate cement (S-MSPPC). The research results indicate that slag contains various active components, and its appropriate addition can refine the pore structure of the paste. With the increase in slag replacement rate, the paste setting time increases, and the fluidity decreases slightly. The hydration of silica fume to produce SiO(OH)3‐ and SiO2(OH)22‐ ions significantly enhances the alkalinity of the paste and provides conditions for activating the activity of the slag. The S-MSPPC hardened paste can maintain alkalinity for the long term. Moreover, the water resistance of the S-MSPPC paste was significantly improved while ensuring mechanical properties. The water resistance coefficients of S-20 with 20 % slag increased by 49.23 % and 40.64 % at 28 days and 56 days compared to the reference group S-0. This improvement was due to the participation of silica fume and slag in the hydration reaction to form M-S-H and C-(A)-S-H gels in the paste. These gel products fill the pores and microcracks in the paste, optimize the pore size distribution, reduce porosity, and enhance density. In addition, the alkaline environment within the paste effectively slows the dissolution rate of K-struvite in water, further enhancing the water resistance of S-MSPPC.

A review on serviceability of foam concrete

In the face of the present global warming crisis, building energy conservation and emissions reduction have gained increasing attention. In the sustainable development of buildings, foam concrete has become increasingly popular in the construction industry due to its excellent thermal insulation, sound insulation and fire resistance. Foam concrete employed in buildingand construction (used as either a structural or non-structural member) must meet certain serviceability criteria. This paper reviews the serviceability of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) foam concrete, geopolymer foam concrete (GFC), sulphoaluminate cement (SAC) foam concrete, magnesium phosphate cement (MPC) foam concrete and limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) foam concrete, to include drying shrinkage, creep, thermal conductivity, water absorption and acoustic properties. Subsequently, it is proposed to change the initial curing conditions to reduce drying shrinkage, add glass fiber and basalt fiber to improve creep performance, increase heat flow direction resistance and extend the thermal conduction path to reduce thermal conductivity, control slump flow to regulate water absorption, and combine sound absorbing foam concrete with sound reflecting materials to achieve a comfortable and low noise living environment. Finally, ideas and suggestions for future work are proposed.