Made In Germany Research Articles

A Chip War Made in Germany? US Techno‐Dependencies, China Chokepoints, and the German Semiconductor Industry

<p>As geo-economic and geopolitical rivalries intensify, the US is weaponizing its power in global semiconductor supply chains to restrict Chinese technological development. To win this chip war against China, the US must compel key foreign firms in Asia and Europe not to supply its adversary with the materials, tools, and know-how needed to make advanced semiconductors. But will these firms agree to follow the US chip embargo and avoid the lucrative Chinese market? This article examines Germany’s “China chokepoint” firms, whose identity and behavior remain critically understudied. Drawing on novel data sets and annual company reports, we show that German firms across three case studies are highly “techno-dependent” on the US. Despite this techno-dependence, German firms have so far sought to circumnavigate US export controls. This constitutes a puzzle because Germany’s semiconductor firms are no more involved in the Chinese market than are firms in Japan and South Korea—which have frequently signaled voluntary compliance or even withdrawn from China in anticipation of harsher US sanctions. To resolve this puzzle, we map out Germany’s semiconductor network and demonstrate that it is tightly articulated with Germany’s auto industry—which is in turn heavily exposed to Chinese markets. We propose that this secondary exposure, through firms’ embeddedness in Germany’s “national production regime,” encourages them to resist the US chip embargo. In this way, we contribute empirical and conceptual insights to international political economy scholarship on firms as geo-economic actors, actively engaged in a protracted and contentious policy process with US authorities.</p>

From Niche Narrative to Audio Blockbusters

From Niche Narrative to Audio Blockbusters

Metz – Made in Germany

Metz – Made in Germany

Country-of-origin and competitive market dynamics: Italian biscuits and German cutlery, 1870–1920

Business historians have for long described the marketing value of country-of-origin (COO), often foregrounding the advantages of goods from a particular region. We argue that to fully understand COO, we also need to explore the impact of market competition on its evolution. This study compares two examples: the market category of Italian biscotti and the use of Made in Germany in the cutlery export business with India (1870–1920). In both, the perceptions of COO evolved as an advantage derived from competitive market dynamics, showing different ways of how competition mattered for COO. While Italian biscotti emerged out of imitation of British first movers, the value of cutlery Made in Germany was realised through a process of distinction from British competitors. Hence, we criticise approaches that isolate COO from its competitive environment or naturalise its advantages as timeless and absolute. Instead, we suggest a research agenda that pays attention to the way COO narratives incorporate comparative perspectives and commercial rivalry.

‘Made in Germany’ how companies approach Circular Economy on Linked-In

ABSTRACT In this study, circular economy (CE) relevance in Germany will be discussed based on LinkedIn readily available data. LinkedIn company profiles located in Germany with ‘circular economy’ in their description or any other field were selected and used as a data source to analyze their CE relation. Overall, 514 German companies were analyzed in reference to the 15 German regions they belong. Most companies are located in the federal state of Berlin (126), followed by North Rhine-Westphalia (96) and Bavaria (77). In terms of the industry sector, they are self-classified to environmental services (64), management consulting (50), renewables & environment (33), research (31), and computer software (18) etc. Regarding their employees with LinkedIn profiles, 22,621 people are affiliated with these companies, ranging from one to 7,877. All examined companies have a total of 819,632 followers on LinkedIn, ranging from none to 88,167. An increase in CE-related companies was recorded in 13 of the 16 federal states of Germany over a one-year period. This work provides essential insights into the increasing relevance and trends of the circular economy in German enterprises and will help conduct further national studies with readily available data from LinkedIn.

Mirroring Made in Germany What German Business needs

This article aims to give an overview of what German business needs in current times. By illustrating the Made in Germany label as a perceived image in sales, specific attributes are being evaluated to explain better the challenges German businesses are currently facing: Digitization, Education, Environment, and Quality & China.

International Investment Protection Made in Germany? On the Domestic and Foreign Policy Dynamics behind the First BITs

Abstract The investment protection treaty concluded between Germany and Pakistan in 1959 is generally regarded as a milestone in the development of international investment law. It has entered the collective memory as the first bilateral investment treaty (BIT). In this article, we analyse archival sources to investigate why Germany and Pakistan concluded this agreement at that specific time and what makes this treaty the first of its kind. Through historical analysis, we trace the domestic and related foreign policies that led to the BIT and discuss the negotiation process. Our analysis shows that the BIT was so closely linked with the German federal investment guarantee scheme (Bundesgarantien) that it is best understood as an extension of that policy. This also helps us to specify the underlying rationale for the treaties. We further highlight the influence of the financial industry – especially of Hermann Josef Abs – on the genesis of the BIT, which was less decisive than is often suggested. We identify features of the 1959 BIT that do characterize it as a new international legal instrument, but nuance claims about its degree of innovation as well as underlying motivations, and counter considerable retrospective myth making.

Völkerrechtlicher Investitionsschutz made in Germany? Zur Genese und Gestalt des ersten BIT zwischen Deutschland und Pakistan (1959)

International Investment Protection Made in Germany? On the Genesis and Shape of the First BIT between Germany and Pakistan (1959) The investment protection treaty concluded between Germany and Pakistan in 1959 is generally regarded as a milestone in the development of international investment law. It has entered the collective memory as the first bilateral investment treaty (BIT). In this article, we analyse archival sources to investigate what makes this treaty the first of its kind and why it was Germany that concluded this agreement at that specific time. Through historical analysis, we outline how previous instruments of investment protection influenced the creation and design of the BIT. In this context, continuities with legal practices and patterns of argumentation of the colonial period become apparent. In addition, we trace the ideas driving the BIT and its negotiation process. Considerations of economic policy in the context of immense trade surpluses were crucial. The emergence of the first BIT was moreover closely linked with domestic legal instruments, such as the federal investment guarantee scheme (Bundesgarantien). In short, German BITs should be understood as an appendix of the budget acts. Throughout, we highlight the extensive influence of the financial industry – especially via Hermann Josef Abs.

Gene Therapy "Made in Germany": A Historical Perspective, Analysis of the Status Quo, and Recommendations for Action by the German Society for Gene Therapy.

Gene therapies have been successfully applied to treat severe inherited and acquired disorders. Although research and development are sufficiently well funded in Germany and while the output of scientific publications and patents is comparable with the leading nations in gene therapy, the country lags noticeably behind with regard to the number of both clinical studies and commercialized gene therapy products. In this article, we give a historical perspective on the development of gene therapy in Germany, analyze the current situation from the standpoint of the German Society for Gene Therapy (DG-GT), and define recommendations for action that would enable our country to generate biomedical and economic advantages from innovations in this sector, instead of merely importing advanced therapy medicinal products. Inter alia, we propose (1) to harmonize and simplify regulatory licensing processes to enable faster access to advanced therapies, and (2) to establish novel coordination, support and funding structures that facilitate networking of the key players. Such a center would provide the necessary infrastructure and know-how to translate cell and gene therapies to patients on the one hand, and pave the way for commercialization of these promising and innovative technologies on the other. Hence, these courses of action would not only benefit the German biotech and pharma landscape but also the society and the patients in need of new treatment options.

Otorhinolaryngology as "Made in Germany" since 1921: an international perspective.

In 2021, the German Society of Otorhinolaryngology, Head Neck Surgery celebrates the 100th anniversary of its foundation. The aim of this research is to present the main advances and innovations developed in Germany since 1921-as selected and studied from outside Germany, first in other languages and then in German, hence an international "Made in Germany"-that eitherdirectly or indirectly expanded or impacted the development of Otorhinolaryngology (ORL). This gives an unusual but extremely interesting perspective on the history of ORL in Germany. However, events that are too recent to have already entered into the history of ORL are not discussed, not least due to the often huge difficulties in actually identifying the main protagonists. In all, 11 landmarks regarded to be "Made in Germany" and which have had amajor impact on the development of ORL since 1921 are presented. Some of these are well known, some not, but their importance must not be underestimated. They are presented here in chronological and specific sections: 1.Indisputable glasses to observe nystagmus; 2.Most monumental ORL encyclopedia ever published; 3.Histology of the inner ear is efficient; 4.Introduction of antibiotics to treat ORL infections; 5.Color atlas of ORL pathologies as support for teaching; 6.Tympanoplasty concept revolutionizes surgery of the ear; 7.Zeiss operating ear microscope broadens the surgical field; 8.Microlaryngoscopy suspension technique defines anew era in laryngeal surgery; 9.Septum resection becomes septum correction; 10.Karl Storz nasal endoscope opens up new surgical techniques; 11.The history of ORL must belong to ORL. This research demonstrates that Germany played amajor role in and has had aprofound impact on advances in ORL since 1921, areal otorhinolaryngological "Made in Germany."

Did the Volkswagen Emissions Scandal Harm the “Made in Germany” Image? A Cross-Cultural, Cross-Products, Cross-Time Study

Over the past years, the Volkswagen emissions scandal has been part of an enduring discussion in the Western media on corporate responsibility (or lack thereof). With its slogan “Das Auto,” the world’s second-largest automobile producer had successfully positioned itself as a German company in both the domestic and foreign markets, with the aim of benefitting from Germany’s positive country image. The emissions scandal, however, may have harmed not only the VW brand but also the “Made in Germany” label in general. This exploratory article shows that there are strong signals that this transgression indeed has led to a reverse country-of-origin effect, compromising Germany’s positive image. The authors demonstrate that this effect varied across product categories and customers’ cultural affiliations and that the perceived impact of the brand transgression on the country image increased over time.

Battery Cells "Made in Germany" - Overcoming Obstacles

Battery Cells "Made in Germany" - Overcoming Obstacles

Battery Cells "Made in Germany" - Overcoming Obstacles

Battery Cells "Made in Germany" - Overcoming Obstacles

Battery Cells "Made in Germany" - Overcoming Obstacles

Battery Cells "Made in Germany" - Overcoming Obstacles

Diversity of SME Sizing Policies and Delimitations in the World

Global partnerships are essential in order to maintain European competitiveness. People tend to think of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) on a global scale, however we should always consider the following questions: Is this the right way? Are we aware of the current situation of SMEs in the world? The aim of the study is to demonstrate the characteristics and the roles of SMEs on national, on European and on global scales, based on secondary data collection in 21 countries, including Arab, Latin America, Asia and the European Union. Based on the differences and identities, the definitions of the various practices regarding sizing policies of SMEs and delimitations in the European Union and Hungary have been summarized, highlighting the “Made in Germany” model as a characteristic difference. In addition, the different data for the countries in a table by regions will also be summarizes. A micro-enterprise typically has less than 10 employees, but distinguishes between self-employment, family, craft and “existential work”. The diversity of size delimitation and the intention to unify are the result of globalization. In the age of Info Communication Technology (ICT) companies have a legitimate need to connect to the global supply chain, therefore gaining know¬ledge of their potential partners. The goal is to see how SMEs can be compared on a global scale, outside the national and European Union frameworks. White looking for a global definition and size limitation of SMEs, I arrived to the global International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), more precisely to “IFRS for SMEs”, as a potentially usable benchmark for SMEs in the 21st century.

History of the USE Tool 20 Years of UML/OCL Modeling Made in Germany.

History of the USE Tool 20 Years of UML/OCL Modeling Made in Germany.

M&A advisory Made in Germany as a Competitive Advantage: Relevance and Perspectives

German companies increasingly rely on the advice of foreign advisers in their M&A activities. This article confirms this anecdotical evidence with an empirical analysis of 28,457 observations from 2003 to 2018. While a significant part of the loss of relevance in German M&A advisory is structurally rooted, a permanent loss of domestic M&A expertise can soon turn into a locational disadvantage for Germany as a globally-oriented open economy. While any political intervention seems to be ineffective and counterproductive, the remaining local M&A advisers should seize upon the digital transition of professional services and the regulatory opportunities of the European Capital Markets Union.

Will you miss me if I am leaving? Unexpected market withdrawal of Norwegian Joy and customer satisfaction

The first “Made in Germany, Designed for Chinese” luxury cruise, Norwegian Joy, announced an unexpected Chinese-market-withdrawal decision on July 14th, 2018, less than a year after her maiden voyage from Shanghai. How does customer satisfaction change as a response to a cruise's market-withdrawal decision? By resorting to the confirmation of expectation theory, our paper highlights satisfaction as being a function of the baseline effect of expectations plus perceived disconfirmation of expectations. We propose that customer satisfaction will rise because the withdrawal decision implies strategic mistake of the cruise and therefore lowers customer expectation. Drawing on customers' comments on the largest travel agency website in China, we conducted sentiment analysis and used ‘difference in difference’ statistical approach to test our hypothesis. Results show that customer satisfaction increased after Norwegian Joy's withdrawal announcement.

Das Auto. A case for anomic globalization through Volkswagen’s ‘Made in Germany’ label

ABSTRACTThis study of Volkswagen’s national claim deals with the anomic dimension of globalization. Using Bourdieu’s and Durkheim’s framework of analysis, it examines the paradoxical promotion of national belonging by a transnational company. It makes three contributions: first, successful national narratives show the incompleteness of globalization which engenders anomie, the lasting divergence between people’s habitus and their environment. Second, the national claim can be regarded as a reaction to globalization as well as to its pluralizing effect. Third, in reflexive terms, durable anomie is analyzed as reinforcing the place of the national level and the state in people’s habitus.

Understanding ‘AI Made in Germany’:

Understanding ‘AI Made in Germany’: