Macrostructure Model Research Articles

Modeling the macroeconomic consequences of natural disasters: Capital stock, recovery dynamics, and monetary policy

Natural disasters can cause substantial damage to public and private sector infrastructure capital, generating macroeconomic losses through complex channels. These shocks must be managed and accounted for with macrofiscal and monetary policy to minimize their welfare impacts. To support this process, we adapt the World Bank Macrostructural Model to capture key transmission channels of natural (geophysical or climate-related) disasters and their immediate aftermath. The macroeconomic model is extended on several fronts: (1) a distinction is made between infrastructure and noninfrastructure capital; (2) the production function is adjusted to account for short-term complementarity across capital assets; (3) the reconstruction process is modeled to consider postdisaster constraints, with distinct processes for the reconstruction of public and private assets. Destroyed infrastructure capital makes the remaining noninfrastructure capital less productive, which means that disasters reduce the total stock of capital and its marginal productivity. Upon applying the model to Türkiye data, the welfare impact of a disaster — proxied by the discounted consumption loss — is found to increase nonlinearly with direct asset losses. Macroeconomic responses reduce the welfare impact of minor disasters but magnify it when direct asset losses exceed the economy’s absorption capacity. The welfare impact also depends on the preexisting economic situation, the ability of the economy to reallocate resources toward reconstruction, and the response of monetary policy. Appropriate macrofiscal and monetary policies offer cost-effective opportunities to mitigate the welfare impact of major disasters.

The heterogeneity of aqueous solutions: the current situation in the context of experiment and theory.

The advancement of experimental methods has provided new information about the structure and structural fluctuations of water. Despite the appearance of numerous models, which aim to describe a wide range of thermodynamic and electrical characteristics of water, there is a deficit in systemic understanding of structuring in aqueous solutions. A particular challenge is the fact that even pure water is a heterogeneous, multicomponent system composed of molecular and supramolecular structures. The possibility of the existence of such structures and their nature are of fundamental importance for various fields of science. However, great difficulties arise in modeling relatively large supramolecular structures (e.g. extended hydration shells), where the bonds between molecules are characterized by low energy. Generally, such structures may be non-equilibrium but relatively long-lived. Evidently, the short times of water microstructure exchanges do not mean short lifetimes of macrostructures, just as the instability of individual parts does not mean the instability of the entire structure. To explain this paradox, we review the data from experimental and theoretical research. Today, only some of the experimental results on the lifetime of water structures have been confirmed by modeling, so there is not a complete theoretical picture of the structure of water yet. We propose a new hierarchical water macrostructure model to resolve the issue of the stability of water structures. In this model, the structure of water is presented as consisting of many hierarchically related levels (the stratification model). The stratification mechanism is associated with symmetry breaking at the formation of the next level, even with minimal changes in the properties of the previous level. Such a hierarchical relationship can determine the unique physico-chemical properties of water systems and, in the future, provide a complete description of them.

The Perils Unveiled: Discourse on Cancer; A CDA of Research Articles and Medical Associations

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is an interdisciplinary approach to studying the relationship between language, power, and society. The study discussed the medical discourse in research journals and associations in their recommendation sections for prescribing diets for cancer patients. A total of 10 research articles and 8 associations’ recommendations were made part of this mixed-method research by using the random sampling technique. The research provided discourse analysis of the recommendation sections by applying Van Dijk’s macrostructure model so that discourse could be observed by observing selection, deletion, and generalisation in the research journals and associations.AntConc and Excel were also used for the analysis of data obtained from articles and other web documents. Text from the articles was entered into a notepad file and then AntConc was used to generate a keyword list for the research. Microsoft Excel was used for the analysis of the data and the graphical representation of the data by drawing graphs. The results of the study showed that the discourse was manipulated in journals and associations, but the frequency and intensity of the manipulation varied among journals and associations. The results also provided details about the methods used for manipulating discourse in the recommendations of journals and associations for cancer patients and the reasons for doing so by the responsible organisations.

The Manipulation of Pakistani News Media Using Deletion in News Reports of Rape Cases

This study aims at investigating the manipulation strategy of Pakistani news media coverage by using ‘deletion’ from macrostructure for promoting victim blaming in rape cases. The study uses Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) model of Van Dijk to examine the data collected from the most prominent Pakistani newspapers such as Dunya News, ARY News, Geo News, Dawn News, and The Express Tribune. The data was collected from their official websites. The study examined the impact of news media in reporting rape cases by using Van Dijk’s macrostructure model of CDA. The findings of the study revealed that the news media consciously uses ‘deletion’ as one of the four elements of macrostructure to conceal the truth in reporting the rape cases. One the basis of findings, the study recommends certain measures to minimize the issue of biased media coverage and victim blaming in Pakistan.

Effect of Braid Angle on Crushing Performance of Double-Layer Carbon Fiber Composite Pipe

Three-dimensional braided composite materials have the advantages of high specific strength and good specific rigidity, they are widely used in various fields. With the help of the full-scale macrostructure model finite element analysis method to pre-test the mechanical properties of the axial compression, the simulation can observe the failure process, stress distribution and propagation form of the pipe, and study its failure mechanism. Then verify the correctness of the simulation through experiments. The conclusion is that the compressive performance of the material changes with the change in the braid angle. A smaller braiding angle can bear a larger load, but its material failure process is relatively rapid, and the load drop increases as the braiding angle decreases.

Experimental and numerical study on fracture behavior of SiC particle reinforced aluminum matrix composites based on Gurson–Tvergaard–Needleman damage model

AbstractIn this paper, the mechanical behavior of 10 and 14 vol.% SiCp/Al composites was studied with both experiments and numerical analysis. A 3D macrostructure model based on modified Gurson–Tvergaard–Needleman (GTN) model was developed to predict the elasto‐plastic response and fracture behavior of particle reinforced aluminum matrix composites (PRAMCs). The particle size effects on the plastic strengthening induced by geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs) were introduced, and the size distribution of the SiC particles was obtained according to the statistical analysis of the microstructure. The material parameters for GTN model were determined with a parameter identification process, and the validity of the numerical results was validated by the agreement of the experimental stress–strain curve. Results reveal that particle size randomness plays an important role in the fracture morphologies.

Структурные исследования современной российской экономической школы: основные подходы и перспективы

The economy has seen an increase in the rate of structural changes over the past century. Therefore, the economists extensively apply their efforts to study various structural phenomena, and one of the integral results of such work can be considered the establishment and development of structural dynamics theory. The purpose of this study is to highlight and analyze the fundamental contribution of the modern Russian school of structural research, to reveal the content of the main provisions of structural dynamics theory, and to evaluate the prospects for studying and managing structural changes. The methodology consists of taxonomy and generalization methods, comparative and morphological analysis, comparison of alternatives, including an overview of scientific works on structural changes. The study results in identifying the contribution of the modern Russian school of structural research to the description, explanation, modeling, and evaluation of the structural dynamics of the economy, clarification of the advantages and disadvantages of the developed approaches, models, methods for evaluating structural changes. The paper describes application options for structural analysis in the context of various economic systems, general drawbacks of index and other methods aimed to evaluate shifts. The article outlines three groups of research areas covering the main stratum of scientific works devoted to 1) the study of structural changes on the basis of macro aggregates and macrostructural models arising from the approach of N.D. Kondratyev, J. Schumpeter, L.V. Kantorovich, and V.V. Leontyev; 2) measuring structural breaks; 3) theoretical and terminological clarifications and substantiation of the industry application of individual models and methods. Intra-group insurmountable restrictions naturally lead to the need for establishing and developing structural dynamics theory, which proves to be fruitful for this kind of studies, especially in terms of the stability of structural changes. The article proves that the management of structural changes must be examined at different levels of an economic organization, taking into account the recursiveness of not only the systems, but also the management itself with regard to the initial state of the economy, goals for changing the structure, dynamics of the system, control parameters, and coordination. In the context of stagnation, an emphasis on development priorities and stimulation of expanding areas can worsen the structural configuration of the economy, which will result in a decrease rather than an increase in the growth rate. The prospect boils down to differentiating management methods, evaluating the power of the tools used in terms of structure and macro goals, which structural dynamics theory can provide.

Analisis Materi Struktur Atom Pada Buku Teks Kimia Kelas X SMA/MA

Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian Kualitatif. Metode penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian deksriptif. Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan adalah tabel identifikasi label konsep dan jenis representasi, tabel identifikasi kesesuaian label konsep dengan silabus, model struktur makro wacana, dan tabel kriteria representasi kimia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa label konsep yang terdapat pada buku A sebanyak 27 label konsep dan memiliki 50 jenis representasi yang terbagi dalam tipologi makroskopik, submikroskopik, simbolik. Label konsep yang terdapat pada buku B sebanyak 32 label konsep dengan 68 jenis representasi yang terbagi dalam tipologi makroskopik, submikroskopik, dan simbolik. Kesesuaian label konsep buku teks A dan buku teks B terhadap silabus kimia kuriukulum 2013 terdapat 31 label konsep yang sesuai dengan silabus kimia K-13. Struktur makro buku A mencapai level 7 dimensi elaborasi, dan buku B mencapai level 7 dimensi elaborasi. Kriteria representasi kimia konsep struktur atom pada buku A terdapat 21 representasi, dan pada buku B terdapat 26 representasi.

CT-Based Micro-Mechanical Approach to Predict Response of Closed-Cell Porous Biomaterials to Low-Velocity Impact

In this study, a new numerical approach based on CT-scan images and finite element (FE) method has been used to predict the mechanical behavior of closed-cell foams under impact loading. Micro-structural FE models based on CT-scan images of foam specimens (elastic-plastic material model with material constants of bulk aluminum) and macro-mechanical FE models (with crushable foam material model with material constants of foams) were constructed. Several experimental tests were also conducted to see which of the two noted (micro- or macro-) mechanical FE models can better predict the deformation and force-displacement curves of foams. Compared to the macro-structural models, the results of the micro-structural models were much closer to the corresponding experimental results. This can be explained by the fact that the micro-structural models are able to take into account the interaction of stress waves with cell walls and the complex pathways the stress waves have to go through, while the macro-structural models do not have such capabilities. Despite their high demand for computational resources, using micro-scale FE models is very beneficial when one needs to understand the failure mechanisms acting in the micro-structure of a foam in order to modify or diminish them.

Rhetorical Transformations of the Pragmaticmatrix of the Genre of Newspaper Literary Criticism

This paper examines the structural principle of the genre of newspaper literary criticism (NLC) based on the rhetorical motivation of textual structures and discourse functions developed on the basis of a communication purpose of literary-critical commentary. This having been established as a scientific research goal, the concept of genre (Swales 1990) and the theoretical and methodological practice of the Rhetorical Structure Theory (Mann and Thompson 1988) were applied, providing a semantic/pragmatic interface where text propositions of global significance are interpreted on the basis of discourse functions (DF) with matrix motivation ( NLC genre pragmatic matrix: informing – interpretation of meaning – significance of a literary work ), and in the domain of textual structure by abstract entities of nucleus and/or satellite , in the form of explicit and implicit propositions between which coherent relations of rhetorical nature are established. Within the framework of the theoretical and methodological analysis, the paper indicates the problem of compatibility of the sequential interpretative models (the macrostructure model) and schematic prototypical superstructures in the analysis of rhetorical motivation discourse; an additional section of the paper focuses on the comparative analysis of an NLC text, based on a sequential and rhetorical model. The final part of the paper presents the analysis of two literary-critical reviews of the same literary work from the standpoint of the theoretical-methodological practice of the RST and the concept of genre, where the presented rhetorical transformation of the pragmatic matrix of NLC genre enabled proposing a hypothesis on the genre rhetorical variation of NLC.

A multiscale model for pervious lime-cement mortar with perlite and cellulose fibers

A pervious lime-cement mortar (PLCM) with perlite (P) and cellulose fibers (FC) was studied for better understanding the relationships among mortar composition, microstructure and properties, especially thermal and acoustic performance. Mortar microstructure was studied by optical and scanning electron microscopy, water absorption and nitrogen adsorption/desorption tests. A multiscale model for PLCM with and without P and/or FC was proposed: a three-phase macrostructural model consisting on a gap-graded aggregate, a paste shell and a continuous void network; paste phase was described as a multiphase microstructure. Paste thickness and active void size were identified as PLCM macrostructural parameters. The use of P and FC widened the paste shell, reducing the active void size. While the effect of P depends on particle size rather than the proportion used, the effect of FC depended on fiber amount. The model could be useful for optimizing the design of PLCM and predicting thermal and acoustic performance.

Extended multiscale FE approach for steady-state heat conduction analysis of 3D braided composites

A new multiscale finite element (FE) calculation procedure is presented to predict the thermal conductive performance of 3D braided composites by a combined approach of the multiscale asymptotic expansion homogenization (MAEH) method and multiphase finite element (MPFE) approach. The analysis was performed based on a homogeneous macrostructure model and a heterogeneous microstructure representative unit cell model. The heat flux distribution, temperature distribution of 3D braided composites under different boundary conditions are basically predicted. It is found that the heat flux transmission is mainly along fiber orientation direction and the heat flux of the braiding yarns in the center region is much higher than that in the outer region. Effective coefficients of thermal conductivity (CTC) of 3D braided composites is predicted and compared with experiment data available in the literature to demonstrate the accuracy and reliability of the present multiscale FE approach. The procedure, which can be implemented into commercial finite element codes, is an efficient tool for the design and analysis of a heterogeneous material with anisotropic properties or complex geometries.

Pressure drop simulation of structured corrugation foam packing by computational fluid dynamics

Pressure drop is proved to be an important parameter influencing the capacity of both structured packing towers and catalytic reactors. A computational fluid dynamic method is proposed to predict the pressure losses within the newly developed foam SiC ceramic structured packing. The present work simulates the flow pattern in a macrostructure model and the typical REU mechanisms, and further studies the effect of corrugation angle on pressure drop. A comparison between simulation results and experimental data of our previous work is given to validate the models. A large corrugation angle, such as 60◦, could minimize the pressure losses.

Structure optimization of structured corrugation foam packing by computational fluid dynamics method

A computational fluid dynamic method is developed to predict the pressure losses within the newly developed foam SiC ceramic structured packing. The present work simulates the flow pattern in a macrostructure model and the typical REU mechanisms. Vertical pulse structure districts are added in one corrugated packing to aid the optimization of structured packing designs while minimizing the pressure drop. The simulations are carried out and the results are validated to obtain optimization structured packings with good pressure drop performance.

Physically based models to study the alkali–silica reaction

The Laboratory of Construction Materials in Lausanne has been studying the alkali–silica reaction for more than 10 years, advancing the understanding of the reaction, and also producing microstructural models which can be used to predict quantitatively the degradation of affected concrete. This paper provides an overview of these developments. The authors present experimental evidence of the link between aggregate degradation and expansion, a formulation of the microstructural model and a proposition for a macrostructural model derived from their computations.

Nucleation and Growth of Graphite in Eutectic Spheroidal Cast Iron: Modeling and Testing

A new model of graphite growth during the continuous cooling of eutectic spheroidal cast iron is presented in this paper. The model considers the nucleation and growth of graphite from pouring to room temperature. The microstructural model of solidification accounts for the eutectic as divorced and graphite growth rate as a function of carbon gradient at the liquid in contact with the graphite. In the solid state, the microstructural model takes into account three stages for graphite growth, namely (1) from the end of solidification to the upper bound of intercritical stable eutectoid, (2) during the intercritical stable eutectoid, and (3) from the lower bound of intercritical stable eutectoid to room temperature. The micro- and macrostructural models are coupled using a sequential multiscale approach. Numerical results for graphite fraction and size distribution are compared with experimental results obtained from a cylindrical cup, in which the graphite volumetric fraction and size distribution were obtained using the Schwartz–Saltykov approach. The agreements between the experimental and numerical results for the fraction of graphite and the size distribution of spheroids reveal the importance of numerical models in the prediction of the main aspects of graphite in spheroidal cast iron.

Translation Evaluation: The Suitability of the Argument Macrostructure Model for the Assessment of Translated Texts across Different Fields

<p>Even though there exists an undeniable need for an acceptable translation among translators, translation scholars and translation teachers, the question of acceptability and the criteria against which this acceptability can be determined are still controversial. There is a lack of generally agreed criteria against which translation can possibly be evaluated, despite the fact that international as well as local standards of translation are clearly witnessed. In spite of the fact that some scholars suggest certain parameters that can be utilized for the purpose of translation evaluation, such as quality of TL, accuracy, register, appearance of TT, situationality, and so on, there seems to be no parameter on which evaluators may rely to arrive at an overall quality assessment for the TT. The present paper argues that the argument macrostructure model should be utilised as a translation evaluation parameter to determine the translation quality. This model should comprise several standards and grades peculiar to different translation contexts and situations, so that it can successfully be applied in the case of assessing translation materials within both academic as well as professional settings.</p><p> </p>

A macrostructural model for simulating the combined effects of roughness and plasticity induced fatigue crack closure

We adapt a weight function based modified strip-yield model to geometrically include the mode I effects of roughness induced crack closure. A rough crack geometry is simulated as a sine wave fitted to a sawtooth defined by an asperity angle and period. Additional crack closure due to the sliding of crack faces is incorporated into the strip-yield model by lengthening and shortening the crack face elements, creating a sawtooth-like crack wake. We study combined roughness and plasticity induced crack closure by varying the crack face asperity angle and period. The addition of rough crack face geometry effects causes the amount of crack closure to oscillate above and below an average value influenced primarily by the asperity angle. The periodicity of the rough crack has little or no effect on closure.

Codon populations in single-stranded whole human genome DNA Are fractal and fine-tuned by the Golden Ratio 1.618

This new bioinformatics research bridges Genomics and Mathematics. We propose a universal "Fractal Genome Code Law": The frequency of each of the 64 codons across the entire human genome is controlled by the codon's position in the Universal Genetic Code table. We analyze the frequency of distribution of the 64 codons (codon usage) within single-stranded DNA sequences. Concatenating 24 Human chromosomes, we show that the entire human genome employs the well known universal genetic code table as a macro structural model. The position of each codon within this table precisely dictates its population. So the Universal Genetic Code Table not only maps codons to amino acids, but serves as a global checksum matrix. Frequencies of the 64 codons in the whole human genome scale are a self-similar fractal expansion of the universal genetic code. The original genetic code kernel governs not only the micro scale but the macro scale as well. Particularly, the 6 folding steps of codon populations modeled by the binary divisions of the "Dragon fractal paper folding curve" show evidence of 2 attractors. The numerical relationship between the attractors is derived from the Golden Ratio. We demonstrate that: (i) The whole Human Genome Structure uses the Universal Genetic Code Table as a tuning model. It predetermines global codons proportions and populations. The Universal Genetic Code Table governs both micro and macro behavior of the genome. (ii) We extend the Chargaff's second rule from the domain of single TCAG nucleotides to the larger domain of codon triplets. (iii) Codon frequencies in the human genome are clustered around 2 fractal-like attractors, strongly linked to the golden ratio 1.618.

RESPON KEBIJAKAN MONETER YANG OPTIMAL DI INDONESIA: The State-Contingent Rule?

By developing a long-run macro structural model, The Structural Cointegrating Vector Autoregression (VAR), the optimality principle of monetary policy response in Indonesia is formulated. It accommodates not only long-run policy response and short-run dynamic errorcorrection mechanism, but also specific shocks emerged due to structural changes in the economy. In that context, the generated policy response basically reflects the optimal response of a “state-contingent rule”, different from common simple policy rules, such as Taylor rule and McCallum rule. This study captures several important aspects related to the implementation of “state-contingent rule” as an optimal monetary policy in Indonesia, namely: (i) the superiority of interest rate as a policy variable, or an operational target, against monetary base, (ii) the identification of monetary policy lag which is estimated averagely one-and-a half year, and (iii) the sub optimality of central bank monetary policy response, attributed by an over tight or loose policy response.JEL Classification: C32, E52Keywords: Kebijakan Moneter di Indonesia, Respon Kebijakan Moneter, Structural Cointegration Vector Autoregression(VAR).