Macropterous Form Research Articles

New species, new combinations, and morphological notes of South American Ambrysinae (Heteroptera: Naucoridae)

Although recent studies have been published on Ambrysinae (Naucoridae) from the Neotropical region, few efforts have been made to improve the taxonomic knowledge of this subfamily in Brazil. Two genera of Ambrysinae containing the greatest number of species in South America were recently established to accommodate species previously classified as Ambrysus Stål: Australambrysus Reynoso & Sites and Maculambrysus Reynoso & Sites. The subgeneric classification of Ambrysus has also changed, including the elevation of Melloiella De Carlo back to full generic status. In the present study, three new species of Ambrysinae from Brazil are described, two belonging to Australambrysus and one to Maculambrysus: Australambrysus minutus n. sp., A. tuberculatus n. sp., and Maculambrysus transversus n. sp. In addition, morphological notes are provided for Australambrysus planus (La Rivers) and A. partridgei (De Carlo), the placement of A. fraternus (Montandon) is confirmed, and the following new combinations are proposed: Maculambrysus attenuatus (Montandon) n. comb., and Maculambrysus obscuratus (Montandon) n. comb., species that are transferred from the genus Australambrysus and Ambrysus, respectively. Two of the species treated here (A. fraternus and A. tuberculatus) are included in the Australambrysus plax (La Rivers) species complex, and a morphological redefinition of the complex is presented. Also, the macropterous form and male genitalia of Melloiella truncaticollis De Carlo are described, including new records from southern Brazil.

A szárny dimorfizmus/polimorfizmus a poloskáknál (hemiptera, heteroptera): áttekintés funkcionális nézőpontból

This is the second part of the article where the available information from the published literature on the wing dimorphism/polymorphism occurring among true bugs (Heteroptera) is reviewed from a functional viewpoint. This paper covers the case studies on phytophagous species and draws some general conclusions. Wing dimorphism/polymorphism has been studied in detail at the red firebug: Pyrrhocoris apterus (Linnaeus, 1758), at some blissid species - mainly at the Oriental chinch bug: Cavelerius saccharivorus (Okajima,1922) - at some lygaeid species and at the red-shouldered soapberry bug Jadera haematoloma (Herrich-Schäffer, 1847) (Rhopalidae). In general, the macropterous form has a delayed sexual maturation, which further enhances its dispersal ability but represents an obvious reproductive disadvantage. In most known cases of the hemipteran wing dimorphism/polymorphism the wing form is affected by environmental factors (polyphenism), but examples of genetically determined wing dimorphism also have been documented among Lygaeinae. Seasonal wing dimorphism/polymorphism is very common among the well-studied northern temperate species. Wing dimorphic/polymorphic phytophagous “outbreak” species (Blissidae, Leptoterna dolobrata) react with mass production of the otherwise rare macropters to high population density and altered food quality. An underlying wing muscle dimorphism/polymorphism frequently co-exists with the externally visible wing dimorphism/polymorphism. Known cases of full or partial de-alation are also mentioned and briefly discussed.

Review of the genus Conocephalus (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) in Mongolia

An annotated list of four Mongolian species of the genus Conocephalus Thunberg, 1815 is given and a key to species is provided. The macropterous form of C. beybienkoi Storozhenko, 1981 is found for the first time and described. The distribution map of the species in Mongolia is also given

Functional characterization of five developmental signaling network genes in the white-backed planthopper: Potential application for pest management.

The white-backed planthopper (WBPH, Sogatella furcifera) is a major rice pest that exhibits condition dependent wing dimorphisms - a macropterous (long wing) form and a brachypterous (short wing) form. Although, the gene cascade that regulates wing development and dimorphic differentiation has been largely defined, the utility of these genes as targets for pest control has yet to be fully explored. Five genes typically associated with the developmental signaling network, armadillo (arm), apterous A (apA), scalloped (sd), dachs (d), and yorkie (yki) were identified from the WBPH genome and their roles in wing development assessed following RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated knockdown. At 5 days-post injection, transcript levels for all five targets were substantially decreased compared with the dsGFP control group. Among the treatment groups, those injected with dsSfarm had the most pronounced effects on transcript reduction, mortality (95 ± 3%), and incidence (45 ± 3%) of wing deformities, whereas those injected with dsSfyki had the lowest incidence (6.7 ± 4%). To assess the utility of topical RNAi for Sfarm, we used a spray-based approach that complexed a large-scale, bacteria-based double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) expression pipeline with star polycation (SPc) nanoparticles. Rice seedlings infested with third and fourth instar nymphs were sprayed with SPc-dsRNA formulations and RNAi phenotypic effects were assessed over time. At 2 days post-spray, Sfarm transcript levels decreased by 86 ± 9.5% compared with dsGFP groups, and the subsequent incidences of mortality and wing defects were elevated in the treatment group. This study characterized five genes in the WBPH developmental signaling cascade, assessed their impact on survival and wing development via RNAi, and developed a nanoparticle-dsRNA spray approach for potential field control of WBPH. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Identification and reproductive isolation of Euborellia species (Insecta, Dermaptera, Anisolabididae) from East and Southeast Asia.

Euborellia (Anisolabididae: Anisolabidinae) is one of the most speciose genera of earwigs (Dermaptera), and its species-level classification is difficult. To settle the classification of brachypterous species with abbreviated tegmina recorded from East and Southeast Asia, we examined the morphology and reproductive isolation of three tentative Euborellia species, and analyzed the DNA barcoding region of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. The observed complete reproductive isolation among the three Euborellia taxa and considerable differentiation in the COI sequences clearly show that each should be treated as a separate species. Based on morphology, distribution and the DNA sequence, we identify Euborellia sp. 1 of Malaysia as E.annulata (Fabricius), a circumtropical cosmopolitan with no records of a fully winged form. Samples from Ioto Island (= Iwo-jima Island: Ogasawara Islands, southern Japan) were also identified as this species. Euborellia sp. 3, from the main islands of Japan, was generally larger and lacked a Y-shaped pigmented area on the penis lobe, which is characteristic of Euborellia sp. 1. We propose reinstating E.pallipes (Shiraki) as the oldest name for this taxon. Euborellia sp. 2, even the brachypterous form, can be distinguished from these two species by its paler coloration (particularly the femora), ecarinate post-abdomen, and the shape of the male genitalia (parameres). We tentatively identify this species as E.philippinensis Srivastava based on the morphology of the brachypterous form, although the macropterous form cannot be distinguished from E.femoralis (Dohrn).

Seasonal variation in population and biochemical contents of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)

Aim: The present study was undertaken on population dynamics and estimation of protein, water-soluble carbohydrates and glycogen contents in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens to explore their migratory behaviour. Methodology: Brown planthopper populations were monitored and collected using sweep nets from 23rd standard meteorological week (SMW) to 47th SMW during 2017 and 2018 rainy seasons to understand population dynamics of the pest. The protein, water-soluble carbohydrates and glycogen contents were estimated from the pest samples collected during 36th to 44th SMW in 2017 and 2018 rainy seasons. Results: Brown planthopper population were not observed in rice farm during 23rd SMW to 28th SMW during two years of study. However, macropterous form of the pest first appeared in the farm during 29th SMW and peaked during 43rd SMW. Thereafter, population declined and disappeared after 47th SMW during both the years. Water-soluble carbohydrates and glycogen contents varied significantly different weeks which remained low during 36th-39th SMW, however, increased gradually towards the end of the rainy season 2017 and 2018. On the other hand, protein content significantly varied among different weeks unlike the trend of water-soluble carbohydrates and glycogen. Interpretation: The study revealed the absence of brown plant hopper during summer season preceding rainy season, and the accumulation of bio-chemical compounds towards the end of rainy season under Delhi environment is perhaps suggestive of migration of the pest from unknown areas during rainy season to Delhi and likely preparedness of the pest for emigration to safer areas from Delhi, respectively.

Environmental Factors Predicting Dispersal Mode of the Wing-Dimorphic Psammophilous Beetle Mecynotarsus niponicus Lewis, 1895 (Coleoptera: Anthicidae) in a Sandy Floodplain: An Exploratory Analysis

Wing-dimorphic insects occur in diverse habitats in heterogeneous environments. However, little is known about the wing dimorphism of insects that inhabit floodplains and the possible environmental factors affecting their wing morphs. In this study, we used cantharidin-baited traps to collect and quantify the psammobiont beetle Mecynotarsus niponicus Lewis, 1895 (Anthicidae) in a sandy floodplain of the Tamagawa River, Japan, in a one-year repeated cross-sectional study design. Our analysis of the demographic characteristics of over 400 M. niponicus adults and public weather-related data showed that: 1) two distinct wing morphs, long-winged (macropterous) and short-winged (brachypterous) individuals, were present within the population; 2) macroptery rates were consistently lower but varied greatly (6.7–50.0%) within a year; and 3) higher macroptery was significantly associated with greater fluctuation in river water level, namely flooding (odds ratio, 2.96; 95% confidence interval, 1.78–4.91; P < 0.001). Thus, the macropterous form of M. niponicus may be advantageous in avoiding temporal habitat loss due to river flooding. These observations may represent a first step toward testing a flooding-dispersal hypothesis for the morph alteration of wing-dimorphic insects in floodplains.

Diagnostics of Polymerus Hahn (Heteroptera, Miridae) Species Group Including Agricultural Pests in the East European Forest-Steppe, Based on Morphological and Molecular Characters

The paper presents an improved key to the co-occurring species of Polymerus Hahn, 1831 (Heteroptera, Miridae) based on morphological characters and our new data on the differences between the COI gene DNA sequences of these species. These characters, together with the data stored in the NCBI GenBank, provide the means for accurate and rapid identification of adults and nymphs of Polymerus unciniger Gapon, 2014, P. unifasciatus (Fabricius, 1794), P. cognatus (Fieber, 1858), P. vulneratus (Panzer, 1806), and P. brevicornis (Reuter, 1879). The subgenera Poeciloscytus Fieber, 1858 and Pachycentrum Gapon, 2014 differ considerably in morphological and molecular genetic characteristics. A PCR-RFLP method has been developed for rapid identification of the pest species P. vulneratus. The morphological characters of P. unifasciatus and the COI gene sequences of the forms earlier registered in GenBank as P. unifasciatus and P. microphthalmus (Wagner, 1951) reveal high intrapopulation variability. Polymerus microphthalmus may be a submacropterous form of P. unifasciatus with shortened hemelytra and smaller eyes, while the macropterous form of the latter species is characterized by larger eyes.

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Contribution to the Lygaeoidea (Heteroptera) fauna of Turkey based on specimens preserved in the Lodos Entomological Museum, Turkey (LEMT) and additional information&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

In this study, the following three species of Lygaeoidea were recorded from Turkey: Emblethis solitarius Jakovlev, 1882; Orsillodes longirostris Puton, 1884 (both Rhyparochromidae) and Horvathiolus kiritshenkoi kiritshenkoi Josifov, 1965 (Lygaeidae). Among them E. solitarius Jakovlev, 1881 was recorded from Turkey for the first time and additional data on the distribution of H. kiritshenkoi kiritshenkoi and O. longirostris previously known only from one or two localities from Turkey was added. Horvathiolus kiritshenkoi kiritshenkoi was redescribed and new diagnostic characters were added. Photographs of macropterous form of H. kiritshenkoi kiritshenkoi and adult forms of the other two species were given. Supplementary material of Adelphophylus oenderi Çerçi, Koçak &amp; Tezcan, 2019 (Miridae: Phylinae) was also reported. Key words: Lygaeoidea, Lygaeidae, Rhyparochromidae, Miridae, new record, redescription, Turkey

Effects of elevated CO2 and temperature on survival and wing dimorphism of two species of rice planthoppers (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) under interaction.

Anthropogenic climate change (ACC) may have significant impacts on insect herbivore communities including pests. Two of the most important climate-change related factors are increased atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2 ), and increasing mean global temperature. Although increasing attention is being paid to the biological and ecological effects of ACC, important processes such as interspecific interaction between insect herbivores have been little explored. Here, in a field experiment using the FACE (free-air CO2 enrichment) system, we investigated the effect of elevated CO2 and temperature on survival and wing dimorphism of two species of rice planthoppers, Laodelphax striatellus and Nilaparvata lugens under interaction. The two species were grouped into five treatments of relative density (0/50, 13/37, 25/25, and 37/13, 50/0), each of which was allocated to one of a factorial combination of two CO2 concentrations and two temperature treatments (elevated and ambient levels). Our results revealed that climatic treatment has no effects on survivorship of interspecific competing planthoppers. However, climatic treatment affected wing-form of planthoppers under interspecific interaction. For females of N. lugens, in the 37/13 ratio, proportion macropterours form was lower under elevated CO2 + temperature than under the ambient environment or than under elevated temperature. For females of L. striatellus, proportion macropterous form did not differ among climatic treatments at each ratio treatment. These findings illustrate that climate change-related factors, by affecting the macropetry of interspecific competing planthoppers, may influence planthopper fitness. We provide new information that could assist with forecasting outbreaks of these migratory pests. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

A new brachypterous Filchneria and two new generic records for China, Arcynopteryx and Pictetiella (Plecoptera: Perlodidae).

A new brachypterous species of the perlodid genus Filchneria Klapálek 1908, F. wusuensis sp. nov. is described and illustrated from Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of northwestern China. An additional unidentified specimen, Filchneria sp. is recorded from Heilongjiang Province of northeastern China. Two other perlodid genera, Arcynopteryx Klapálek, 1904 and Pictetiella Illies, 1966 are newly reported from China. The macropterous form of A. polaris Klapálek, 1912 and P. asiatica Zwick Levanidova, 1971 are reported from Jilin Province of northeastern China for the first time. Finally, an updated checklist and adult key to genera of Perlodidae known from China are provided.

Notes on Water Striders (Heteroptera: Gerridae) in Southwest Iran with a Description of a New Macropterous Form of Metrocoris communis (Distant, 1910)

In a sample collection trip across Fars Province, Iran, Gerris thoracicus, G. costae, G. argentatus, and Metrocoris communis were found and macropterous form of M. communis is described for the first time.

Three new species of Mesovelia Mulsant &amp;amp; Rey (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Mesoveliidae) from India

Three new species of Mesovelia Mulsant &amp; Rey, 1852 (Mesoveliidae: Mesoveliinae) are described from India. Mesovelia kumaria sp. nov. and Mesovelia lillyae sp. nov. are described from Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu and Mesovelia easaci sp. nov. is described from Meghalaya. Mesovelia easaci sp. nov. can be distinguished by the presence of a small gap between the median spinose tuft on the eighth abdominal sternum of the male, an inverted heart-shaped white mark on the membrane of the macropterous form and a flap-like posterolateral projection on the ninth abdominal segment of the female. Mesovelia kumaria sp. nov. can easily be identified by the absence of spines on the flexor region of the male fore femur and the presence of widely spaced and very small spinose setal tufts on the eighth abdominal sternum of the male. Mesovelia lillyae sp. nov. can be recognized by the absence of the spines on the basal half of the mid femur and the presence of a pair of brush-like spinal tufts in the centre of the eighth abdominal sternum in the males. Detailed illustrations of all three species described here are given.

A new species of Oiovelia (Heteroptera: Gerromorpha: Veliidae) from Mesoamerica, with an identification key to the genus.

Oiovelia johnpolhemi sp. nov. is described and illustrated based on macropterous specimens collected in Mexico and Belize. This species is the tenth of the genus, and represents its first record outside South America. An updated identification key and distribution maps of all species of Oiovelia are presented. Finally, photographs of the macropterous form of O. spumicola Spangler are presented for the first time.

First record of two tubuliferan and four terebrantian species of Thysanoptera (Insecta) from northeastern India

The occurrence of four species of terebrantians under the family Thripidae viz., Dendrothrips schimae Kudo, Mycterothrips consociatus (Targioni - Tozzetti), Panchaetothrips stepheniParabaliothrips coluckus (Kudo) and two tubuliferans under the family Phaleothripidae viz., Dyothrips pallescens (Hood) and Baenothrips asper (macropterous form) are reported for the first time from India, especially from the Indo - Myanmar hotspot regions of Manipur and Nagaland.

Macropterous form of Paratrephes China, 1940, with new distributional records of Neotrephinae from Brazil (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Helotrephidae)

The subfamily Neotrephinae (Nepomorpha: Helotrephidae) includes two genera and is endemic to the Neotropical region. Paratrephes is monotypic and brachypterous specimens have been recorded from French Guiana, Suriname, Colombia, and Bolivia. Neotrephes has nine species and has been recorded from Argentina and Brazil. Presented here are a description of the macropterous form of Paratrephes hintoni China and the first records of this species from Brazil. In addition, Neotrephes lanemeloi Nieser &amp; Chen is recorded for the first time from southern Brazil. Illustrations and a distribution map of both species are presented.

Taxonomic revision of family Tropiduchidae (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha) from Korea

AbstractThe family Tropiduchidae is revised taxonomically comprising five genera and five species from Korea. Catullia vittata Matsumura is redescribed here on the basis of a series of males recently collected in Korea. Cixiopsis punctatus Matsumura and Catullia vittata Matsumura were transferred from Achilidae to Tropiduchidae and are redescribed here with male genitalia for the first time from Korea. Ommatissus binatatus Fieber previously reported was an incorrect identification of Ommatissus lofouensis Muir. Another species, Trypetimorpha koreana Kwon and Lee, is the macropterous form of Trypetimorpha japonica Ishihara. All Korean species of the Tropiduchidae are redescribed and illustrated, and an identification key to the genera of Tropiduchidae is provided.

Macropterism of Roesel's BushcricketMetrioptera roeseliiin Relation to Climate Change and Landscape Structure in Eastern England

Abstract There has been a considerable range expansion for Roesel's bushcricket Metrioptera roeselii in Essex since 1980, and it is often assumed that the macropterous (long-winged) form (f. diluta) has played an important role. A systematic study of the occurrence and distribution of this bushcricket in the county shows that this range expansion has corresponded with a significant increase in air temperature and the availability of tall grassland on farmland, due to the introduction of set-aside and agri-environment schemes such as Countryside Stewardship. These tall grasslands are particularly important for M. roeselii in areas of the county (e.g., the northwest) where hedgerow removal has been severe since the 1940s. This study indicates that the previous year's air temperature may be the most crucial climatic determinant of macroptery, hot weather leading to successful breeding and high population densities in the following year. These populations may then produce macropterous individuals in response ...

Wing structure and polymorphism in minute scavenger beetles (Coleoptera, Latridiidae)

The main structural elements of the hind wing in 56 species of the family Latridiidae (Coleoptera) are analyzed. In macropterous forms, wing venation is reduced to 3 modified veins. 10 areas of sclerotization of the wing membrane are distinguished. Three forms with different degrees of wing reduction are revealed: the brachypterous, the micropterous, and the apterous form. Among 56 species examined, 40 are represented only by the macropterous form; 2, 3, 5, and 6 species, by macropterous and brachypterous, macropterous and micropterous, micropterous, and apterous forms, respectively.

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIRST RECENT MACROPTEROUS SPECIES OF VIANAIDINAE (HETEROPTERA: TINGIDAE) WITH COMMENTS ON THE PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF THE FAMILY WITHIN THE CIMICOMORPHA

The morphology of a macropterous form of Anommatocoris China is described for the first time, based on Anommatocoris bolivianus, new species. Scanning micrographs and line art are provided for most aspects of external morphology; comparative illustrations are provided for members of the tingid subfamilies Cantacaderinae and Tinginae. Characters establishing the relationships of the Vianaidinae with other groups of the Miroidea sensu Schuh and Stys, 1991 are analyzed phylogenetically and discussed.