Macrophage Phagocytosis Activity Research Articles

MRGPRX2 antagonist GE1111 attenuated DNFB-induced atopic dermatitis in mice by reducing inflammatory cytokines and restoring skin integrity.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterised by itching, erythema, and epidermal barrier dysfunction. The pathogenesis of AD is complex and multifactorial; however,mast cell (MC) activation has been reported to be one of the crucial mechanisms in the pathogenesis of AD. The MC receptor Mas related G protein-coupled receptor-X2 (MRGPRX2) has been identified as a prominent alternative receptor to the IgE receptor in causing MC activation and the subsequent release of inflammatory mediators. The current study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of a novel small molecule MRGPRX2 antagonist GE1111 in AD using in vitro and in vivo approaches. We developed an in vitro cell culture disease model by using LAD-2 MC, HaCaT keratinocytes and RAW 264.7 macrophage cell lines. We challenged keratinocytes and macrophage cells with CST-14 treated MC supernatant in the presence and absence of GE1111 and measured the expression of tight junction protein claudin 1, inflammatory cytokines and macrophage phagocytosis activity through immunohistochemistry, western blotting, RT-qPCR and fluorescence imaging techniques. In addition to this, we developed a DFNB-induced AD model in mice and evaluated the protective effect and underlying mechanism of GE1111. Our in vitro findings demonstrated a potential therapeutic effect of GE1111, which inhibits the expression of TSLP, IL-13, MCP-1, TNF-a, and IL-1ß in MC and keratinocytes. In addition to this, GE1111 was able to preserve the expression of claudin 1 in keratinocytes and the phagocytotic activity of macrophage cells. The in vivo results demonstrated that GE1111 treatment significantly reduced phenotypic changes associated with AD (skin thickening, scaling, erythema and epidermal thickness). Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that GE1111 treatment preserved the expression of the tight junction protein Involucrin and reduced the expression of the inflammatory mediator periostin in the mouse model of AD. These findings were supported by gene and protein expression analysis, where GE1111 treatment reduced the expression of TSLP, IL-13, and IL-1ß, as well as downstream signalling pathways of MRGPRX2 in AD skin lesions. In conclusion, our findings provide compelling in vitro and in vivo evidence supporting the contribution of MRGPRX2-MC interaction with keratinocytes and macrophages in the pathogenesis of AD.

Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Momordica Charantia L. Fruits Induce the Phagocytosis Activity and Capacity of Rat Peritoneal Macrophages

Phagocytosis is one of the body's immune mechanisms in the elimination of antigens, including bacteria. Its mechanism is affected by many factors, such as the inducers. The present study aims to elaborate on the effect of ethyl acetate fraction of Momordica charantia L fruits on the activity and capacity of rat peritoneal macrophages on a non-A Staphylococcus aureus, including the white blood cell percentage. A series of M. charantia ethyl acetate extract concentrations of 25 mg/kg BW, 50 mg/kg BW, and 100 mg/kg BW were used to identify the phagocytosis activity and capacity, as well as the percentage of white blood cells (WBC). The result showed that the concentration of 50 mg/kg BW had the highest phagocytic activity and capacity compared to other concentrations (P < 0.05), while for the WBC percentage, there were no significant differences among the concentrations (P > 0.05). The conclusion of the present study is M. charantia ethyl acetate extract has the potential to be used as a natural immunostimulant.

Abstract 7520: NRT-YHD_001, targeting CD47 for liver cancer immunotherapy

Abstract Previously, we demonstrated that recovery of histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) suppressed let-7i-5p expression to de-repress the thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) expression, and thereby it occupied CD47 receptor to block CD47-SIRPα mediated anti-phagocytosis of macrophage in liver cancer. NRT-YHD_001 is a modified antisense miRNA of let-7i-5p for liver cancer treatment. In addition, N-acetylgalactosamine was attached to NRT-YHD_001 for specific delivery to the liver. In vitro phagocytosis assay showed better macrophage phagocytosis activity than non-modified antisense let-7i-5p. To investigate the in vivo efficacy of NRT-YHD_001, spontaneous (Ras-transgenic) mouse liver cancer model was used and compared with that of sorafenib treatment. This mouse liver cancer model usually develops spontaneous liver cancer mass after 15 ~ 20 weeks of birth. We confirmed that both weekly i.v. injection of 1mg/kg and biweekly i.v. injection of 2mg/kg NRT-YHD_001 showed more significant therapeutic efficacy than the sorafenib-treated group. Furthermore, xenograft assay with Hep3B human liver cancer cells in athymic-nude mouse also showed that weekly i.v. injection of 1mg/kg NRT-YHD_001 exhibited better survival and tumor growth inhibition compared to non-treated group. In mouse and cynomolgus monkey maximum tolerated dose (MTD) studies, no toxicity of NRT-YHD_001 was found at doses up to 500 mg/kg intravenously. These results showed that NRT-YHD_001 had a robust anticancer effect by converting the macrophage of “don't eat me” into “eat me signal” in the tumor microenvironment of liver cancer, thereby removing or inhibiting liver cancer cells. Keywords: let-7i-5p, macrophage, phagocytosis, liver cancer, CD47 Citation Format: Suk Woo Nam, Sangyean Kim, Minjeong Na, Eunbi Shin, Jin Woong Ha, Soyoung Jeon, Sungpil Yoon. NRT-YHD_001, targeting CD47 for liver cancer immunotherapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 7520.

Immune-Enhancing Effects of Marine Algae Extracts: Modulation of Macrophage Activation by Sargassum horneri, Sargassum fusiforme, and Undaria pinnatifida

The immune system acts as a defense mechanism against foreign antigens. Impairment of the immune system leads to the development of chronic diseases such as respiratory infections, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegeneration. Macrophages, natural scavengers that are part of innate immunity, are known to directly participate in scavenging foreign antigens. The functional modulation of macrophages could be an effective treatment for pathogens. Seaweeds are marine macroalgae known to exhibit multiple bioactive properties. Thus, this study evaluated the immune-enhancing properties of marine brown algae extracts of Sargassum horneri (SH), Undaria pinnatifida (UP), and Sargassum fusiforme (SF) on murine macrophage cells. The results showed that all three algal extracts stimulated cell proliferation. SH and UP outshined SF in enhancing the expression levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 at almost all the concentrations tested as compared to SF which showed similar effects only at 200 or 400 μg/mL. A similar trend was seen in TNF-α, NO, and PGE2 production. Additionally, only SH and SF could enhance the mRNA expression levels of IL-12, and only SH upregulated the mRNA expression level of IL-10. The algal extracts also enhanced the phagocytosis activity of macrophages at 50–400 μg/mL for SH and 100–400 μg/mL for UP and SF. In conclusion, we found that these algal extracts could be considered immunomodulators that enhance the functional activity of macrophages.

Nicotinamide mononucleotide as a therapeutic agent to alleviate multi-organ failure in sepsis

BackgroundSepsis-caused multi-organ failure remains the major cause of morbidity and mortality in intensive care units with limited therapeutics. Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), a precursor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), has been recently reported to be protective in sepsis; however, its therapeutic effects remain to be determined. This study sought to investigate the therapeutic effects of NMN in septic organ failure and its underlying mechanisms.MethodsSepsis was induced by feces-injection-in-peritoneum in mice. NMN was given after an hour of sepsis onset. Cultured neutrophils, macrophages and endothelial cells were incubated with various agents.ResultsWe demonstrate that administration of NMN elevated NAD+ levels and reduced serum lactate levels, oxidative stress, inflammation, and caspase-3 activity in multiple organs of septic mice, which correlated with the attenuation of heart dysfunction, pulmonary microvascular permeability, liver injury, and kidney dysfunction, leading to lower mortality. The therapeutic effects of NMN were associated with lower bacterial burden in blood, and less ROS production in septic mice. NMN improved bacterial phagocytosis and bactericidal activity of macrophages and neutrophils while reducing the lipopolysaccharides-induced inflammatory response of macrophages. In cultured endothelial cells, NMN mitigated mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, apoptosis, and barrier dysfunction induced by septic conditions, all of which were offset by SIRT3 inhibition.ConclusionNAD+ repletion with NMN prevents mitochondrial dysfunction and restrains bacterial dissemination while limiting inflammatory damage through SIRT3 signaling in sepsis. Thus, NMN may represent a therapeutic option for sepsis.

Preliminary study of immunomodulatory effects of fermented garlic honey on non-specific immune responses

Introduction: Honey and Garlic is recognized to offer several health advantages due to its numerous constituents, one of which being flavonoids. Flavonoids’ pharmacological activity includes antibacterial, antioxidant, antifungal, antiviral, and immunomodulatory properties. Honey's immunomodulatory action plays a vital role in immune system boosting. The purpose of this study is to determine the immunomodulatory effect of fermented garlic honey, which is considered to have a synergistic effect, using two alternative techniques. Methods: Macrophage phagocytic activity is the first approach, while the delayed type hypersensitivity is the second. Each method used 30 male rats (Rattus norvegicus) divided into 5 groups, where each group consisted of 6 rats. Group I negative (Placebo 0,005 g/kg BW), group II positive (Stimuno 0,005 g/kg BW), group III FGH dose I (1,5 g/kg BW), group IV FGH dose II (3 g/kg BW), group V FGH dose III (4,5 g/kg BW). The dosage form was orally given for 21 days. The Macrophage phagocytic activity method measured %activity of macrophage phagocytosis using a microscope. The rats were injected with an antigen which is Staphylococcus aureus by intraperitoneal route. Results: The Delayed Type Hypersensitivity was measured volume change of the rat’s feet at the 4, 24, and 48 hours using a plethysmometer. Based on the results, fermented garlic honey had an immunomodulatory effect. The dose 2 (3 g/kg BW) has the highest effectiveness as an immunomodulator. Fermented Garlic Honey may be concluded to be efficient as an immunomodulator by enhancing the macrophage phagocytic activity indicator and lowering the edema volume of the rat. Conclusion: Fermented garlic honey can increase the immune system and can be used as an immunostimulant. The most effective dose of fermented garlic honey as immunomodulator is dose 2 was 3 g/kg BW.

The Effect of Combined Administration of Sea Urchin Gonad and Aloe Vera Suspension on the Enhancement of Macrophage Phagocytosis Activity in Male White Rats Induced by Salmonella Typhimurium

This research determined the influence of the administration of combined gonadal sea urchin suspension and aloe vera to improve the macrophage phagocyte activities of male mice (Rattus norvergicus). This experimental laboratory research used a posttest-only control group design with white mice (Rattus norvegicus). The researcher grouped the mice into three groups: the negative control group with CMC-Na (0,5% /kg Weight); the positive group with Levamisole 0,9 mg/ 200 weight; and the intervention group with combined gonadal sea urchin suspension, Tripeneustes gratila, with a dose of 2,2700g/kg Weight, and the extracted aloe vera for 15ml. The researcher provided the treatment for 12 days, orally, twice a day with the induction of Salmonella typhimurium of 104 CFU 0,1 ml on the fifth day. The outcome of the macrophage phagocyte capability on the thirteenth day was calculated with the phagocytes index. The One-Way Anova test of gonadal sea urchin suspension, Tripneustes gratila with a dose of 2.2700 g/kg Weight with the extracted aloe vera indicated the highest phagocytes index, 2.28 (p<0.05) than the control group. The combined gonadal sea urchin suspension, Tripneustes gratilla, with the extracted aloe vera could improve the macrophage phagocyte activities.

Regulatory mechanism of miR-722 on C5aR1 and its functions against bacterial inflammation in half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs involved in various biological processes, including immunity. Previously, we investigated the miRNAs of half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) and found that miR-722 (designated Cse-miR-722) was significantly differentially expressed after infection with Vibrio anguillarum, reflecting its importance in immune response. Our preliminary bioinformatic analysis suggested that Cse-miR-722 could target C5aR1 (designated CsC5aR1), which was known to play crucial roles in complement activation and inflammatory response, as a receptor of C5a. However, the underlying mechanisms of their interactions and specific functions in inflammatory and immune response are still enigmas. In this study, we successfully cloned the precursor sequence of Cse-miR-722 (94 bp) and the full length of CsC5aR1 (1541 bp, protein molecular weight 39 kDa). The target gene of Cse-miR-722 was verified as CsC5aR1 by a dual luciferase reporter assay, and Cse-miR-722 was confirmed to regulate CsC5aR1 at the protein level using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting. The expression of CsC5aR1 and Cse-miR-722 in liver cells and four immune tissues of half-smooth tongue sole changed significantly after LPS stimulation and infection with V. anguillarum. To explore the functional role of Cse-miR-722 in half-smooth tongue sole, we performed both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Cse-miR-722 was observed to affect phagocytosis and respiratory burst activity of macrophages by regulating CsC5aR1 in half-smooth tongue sole. Furthermore, we found that Cse-miR-722 regulated the expression of CsC5aR1, CsC5a, and the inflammatory factors CsIL1-β, CsIL6, CsIL8, and CsTNF-α both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, Cse-miR-722 reduced mortality and pathological damage. This study clarified the regulatory mechanism of Cse-miR-722 on CsC5aR1 and provided insight into the regulatory roles of Cse-miR-722 in immune responses, laying a theoretical foundation for the feasibility of using miR-722 to prevent and control bacterial diseases in teleost.

Nanomedicine integrating the lipidic derivative of 5-fluorouracil, miriplatin and PD-L1 siRNA for enhancing tumor therapy

Immunosuppressive microenvironments present critical problems in clinical chemotherapy. To regulate the tumor immune microenvironment for enhancing antitumor effect, a combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) with chemotherapeutics has been applied clinically. In this study, miriplatin (MiPt), the lipidic derivative of 5-fluorouracil (Fu-OA), as well as the programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) target siRNA (siPD-L1) were integrated into Lip-Pt/Fu@siPD-L1 nanoparticles (NPs) for chemo-immunotherapy. In vitro results showed that Lip-Pt/Fu@siPD-L1 NPs could exhibit effective siRNA gene silencing and promote the phagocytosis of tumor cells by macrophages. Furthermore, in vivo results revealed that Lip-Pt/Fu@siPD-L1 NPs showed significantly higher anti-tumor efficiency than that of the physical mixing of MiPt, 5-fluorouracil, and Lip@siPD-L1 NPs (delivery of siPD-L1 by liposomes). The best anti-tumor efficiency of Lip-Pt/Fu@siPD-L1 NPs resulted from the synergistic immunotherapeutic effects of MiPt and siPD-L1 based on the inhibition of CD47 expression and the downregulation of PD-L1 in tumor cells, which elicited a robust anti-tumor immune response through the activation of macrophage phagocytosis and immune checkpoint inhibition. The Lip-Pt/Fu@siPD-L1 NPs provide a potential strategy for tumor chemo-immunotherapy.

CpG ODN 1668 as TLR9 agonist mediates humpback grouper (Cromileptes altivelis) antibacterial immune responses.

Cromileptes altivelis (humpback grouper) is the main farmed species in the southern coastal area of China owing to its important economic value. Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) belongs to the toll-like receptor (TLR) family and functions as a pattern recognition receptor, recognising unmethylated oligodeoxynucleotides containing the CpG motif (CpG ODNs) in bacterial and viral genomes, thereby activating host immune response. In this study, the C. altivelis TLR9 (CaTLR9) ligand CpG ODN 1668 was screened and found to significantly enhance the antibacterial immunity of humpback grouper in vivo and head kidney lymphocytes (HKLs) in vitro. In addition, CpG ODN 1668 also promoted the cell proliferation and immune gene expression of HKLs and strengthened the phagocytosis activity of head kidney macrophages. However, when the CaTLR9 expression was knocked down in the humpback group, the expression levels of TLR9, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (Myd88), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and IL-8 were significantly reduced, and the antibacterial immune effects induced by CpG ODN 1668 were mostly abolished. Therefore, CpG ODN 1668 induced antibacterial immune responses in a CaTLR9-dependent pathway. These results enhance the knowledge of the antibacterial immunity of fish TLR signalling pathways and have important implications for exploring natural antibacterial molecules in fish.

Abstract 5165: In vivo therapeutic validation of NRT-YHD_001, a novel macrophage checkpoint inhibitor, in liver cancer

Abstract Previously, we demonstrated that recovery of Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) elicited let-7i-5p suppression to de-repress the thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) expression, and thereby it occupied CD47 receptor to block CD47-SIRPα mediated anti-phagocytosis of macrophage in liver cancer. NRT-YHD_001 is a modified antisense miRNA of let-7i-5p for liver cancer treatment. NRT-YHD_001 was substituted with O-methoxyethyl and phosphothioate for stability, and N-acetylgalactosamine was attached for specific delivery to the liver. In in vitro phagocytosis assay, NRT-YHD_001 showed macrophage phagocytosis activity with similar or better results compared to non-modified antisense let-7i-5p (AS_let-7i-5p). In addition, it was confirmed that NRT-YHD_001 inhibited endogenous let-7i-5p of liver cancer cells and activated macrophage phagocytosis at 4°C or 25°C for up to 2 weeks. When NRT-YHD_001 activity was investigated in vivo after 1 week, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks after administration of single dose NRT-YHD_001 to the tail vein of a mouse, NRT-YHD_001 was not degraded, and let-7i-5p was inhibited while maintaining activity in liver tissue for 2 weeks after injection. To investigate the in vivo therapeutic effect, a mouse spontaneous (Ras-transgenic) liver cancer model was used and compared with the sorafenib-administered group. After administration of NRT-YHD_001 and sorafenib each week at the time when liver mass was detected, the tumor size and growth rate were compared. As a result, the NRT-YHD_001 administration group showed significant therapeutic effect compared to sorafenib. These results showed that NRT-YHD_001 had a strong anticancer effect by converting the macrophage of don't eat me into eat me signal in the tumor microenvironment of liver cancer, thereby removing or inhibiting liver cancer cells. Keywords: let-7i-5p, macrophage, phagocytosis, liver cancer, NRT-YHD_001 Citation Format: Suk Woo Nam, Sangyean Kim, Min Jeong Na, Eunbi Shin, Jin Woong Ha, Soyoung Jeon, Jeong Hwan Yoon. In vivo therapeutic validation of NRT-YHD_001, a novel macrophage checkpoint inhibitor, in liver cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 5165.

Intelectin enhances the phagocytosis of macrophages via CDC42-WASF2-ARPC2 signaling axis in Megalobrama amblycephala

Intelectin has been identified in various vertebrates and plays an important role in the host immune system. In our previous studies, recombinant Megalobrama amblycephala intelectin (rMaINTL) protein with excellent bacterial binding and agglutination activities enhances the phagocytic and killing activities of macrophages in M. amblycephala; however, the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. The present study showed that treatment with Aeromonas hydrophila and LPS induced the expression of rMaINTL in macrophages, and its level and distribution in macrophages or kidney tissue markedly increased after incubation or injection with rMaINTL. The cellular structure of macrophages was significantly affected after incubation with rMaINTL, resulting in an increased surface area and pseudopodia extension, which might contribute to enhancing the phagocytic ability of macrophages. Then, digital gene expression profiling analysis of the kidneys from rMaINTL-treated juvenile M. amblycephala identified some phagocytosis-related signaling factors that were enriched in pathways involved in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. In addition, qRT-PCR and western blotting verified that rMaINTL upregulated the expression of CDC42, WASF2, and ARPC2 in vitro and in vivo; however, the expression of these proteins was inhibited by a CDC42 inhibitor in macrophages. Moreover, CDC42 mediated the promotion of rMaINTL on actin polymerization by increasing the F-actin/G-actin ratio, which led to the extension of pseudopodia and remodeling of the macrophage cytoskeleton. Furthermore, the enhancement of macrophage phagocytosis by rMaINTL was blocked by the CDC42 inhibitor. These results suggested that rMaINTL induced the expression of CDC42 as well as the downstream signaling molecules WASF2 and ARPC2, thereby facilitating actin polymerization to promote cytoskeletal remodeling and phagocytosis. Overall, MaINTL enhanced the phagocytosis activity of macrophages in M. amblycephala via activation of the CDC42-WASF2-ARPC2 signaling axis.

A nanodrug combining CD47 and sonodynamic therapy efficiently inhibits osteosarcoma deterioration.

Treatments for osteosarcoma (OS) with pulmonary metastases reach a bottleneck with a survival rate of 10-20%. The suppressive tumor associated macrophages(TAMs) and CD47 over-expression greatly lead to the treatment failure. Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) can generate ROS with deep tumor penetration to induce tumor cell apoptosis, which is reported to further induce M1 macrophage polarization. CD47 inhibition combined with SDT to synergistically modulate TAMs may induce superior effects for OS treatment. In this work, for the first time, a biomimetic nanodrug named MPIRx was deveploped by loading IR780 (a sonosensitizer) and RRx-001 (a CD47 inhibitor) in PEG-PCL nanomicelles and then coating with OS cell membranes. After ultrasound activation, the nanodrug significantly inhibited OS proliferation and migration, induced apoptosis and immunogenic cell death in OS cells. Furthermore, MPIRx could guide macrophage migrating towards tumor cells and promote M1-type polarization while increasing the phagocytosis activity of macrophages on OS cells. Ultimately, MPIRx showed good tumor accumulation in vivo and successfully inhibited subcutaneous OS and orthotopic tumor with deterioration of pulmonary metastasis. Overall, by creating a local oxidative microenvironment and modulating the TAMs/CD47 in tumor tissue, the MPIRx nanodrug presents a novel strategy for macrophage-related immunotherapy to successfully eliminate OS and inhibit the intractable pulmonary metastasis.

Analysis of network pharmacology and experimental verification to explore the mechanism of Modified Guilu Erxian Glue in the treatment of low immune function

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of modified Guilu Erxian Gum (MGEG) on cyclophosphamide (Cy) induced immunosuppression in mice. Based on network pharmacology, the comprehensive mechanism of immune hypofunction was preliminarily discussed. MethodsCyimmunosuppression model was established to observe the effect of MGEG compound on immune injury in mice. The best compound was screened for network pharmacological analysis, and the "drug component" and "disease drug target" networks were established by network pharmacological methods. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis were conducted according to the common target between Chinese herbal medicine and low immunity to determine the biological process and signal pathway. The core components and targets obtained by network pharmacology were verified by Western blot analysis (WB). ResultsIn vivo experiments showed that the weight, thymus index, organ index, carbon particle clearance index, phagocytosis index, foot thickening level, macrophage phagocytosis and natural killer cell killing activity of immunosuppressed mice induced by Cy were significantly increased by Codonopsis pilosula, Guilu Erxian Jiaowei Wuxing Powder (CGW) (p<0.05 or p<0.01). In addition, CGW significantly increased the humoral and cellular immunity of immunosuppressed mice (p<0.05 or p<0.01). Based on the network pharmacological analysis, it is predicted that CGW contains 125 potential bioactive components, involving 489 action targets, and 125 common targets that may be related to immunosuppressive diseases. Based on the establishment of protein protein interaction network, five central nodes were identified as active factors involved in major biological functions. David, ClueGO and Metascape enrichment analysis all proved that CGW plays an important role in the regulation of immune function. By KEGG analysis, TNF signaling pathway is considered to be one of the main signaling pathways of CGW in the treatment of immunosuppression, including a wide range of intracellular signaling pathways. NF-κB signaling pathway regulates inflammation and immunity in TNF signaling pathway. WB showed that CGW significantly promoted NF-κB The expression of signal pathway further confirms that Chinese herbal compound can enhance the body's immunity and NF-κB signal path activation. ConclusionBased on network pharmacology and experimental verification, the potential targets and pathways of CGW to improve Cy induced immunosuppression and its potential therapeutic mechanism were revealed, providing a theoretical basis for development of traditional Chinese medicine. Guilu Erxian Gum (龟鹿二仙胶, GEG) is a traditional Chinese medicine prescription, which is widely used to treat low immunity and immune function impairment caused by chemotherapy. However, its potential pharmacological mechanism remains largely unknown.

In Vitro Immunomodulatory Activity of Fig Fruit Ethanol Extract (Ficus carica Linn) against Phagocytosis Macrophages and Lymphocyte Proliferation

Fig (Ficus carica L.) is a natural product that potentially can improve the immune system because it has flavonoids that have the potential as immunostimulants. The research aims to determine the possibility of fig fruit ethanol extract as an immunomodulator. Immunomodulatory activity is determined by knowing the activity of macrophage phagocytosis and lymphocyte proliferation in vitro and the levels of flavonoids in the extract. The research began with extraction, and then the sample was tested with TLC and colorimetry methods. Furthermore, the sample in the immunomodulatory activity test in vitro was measured through the activity of macrophage phagocytosis and lymphocyte proliferation. In the phagocytosis activity test, macrophage cells were given samples in various concentrations and latex beads. The number of activated macrophages and the number of latex phagocyted by the macrophage is then calculated. For tests of lymphocyte proliferation activity, lymphocyte cells were sampled with different concentrations and induced hepatitis B vaccine. Then the cell absorbance was read with an Elisa reader at 550nm wavelength. The study results found that the samples contained flavonoid compounds, and the total flavonoid levels obtained were 0.74±0.01 mgEQ/g samples. The immunomodulatory activity showed that the sample increased phagocytosis activity of macrophages compared to cell control. The lymphocyte proliferation test produced stimulation index&lt;2 values, showing no effect on the proliferation of lymphocytes. This study indicated that fig fruit ethanol extract could increase the phagocytosis activity of macrophage cells but did not affect the proliferation of lymphocyte cells in vitro.

Bacterial Metabolite Reuterin Attenuated LPS-Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Response in HD11 Macrophages.

Reuterin is well-known for its broad-spectrum antimicrobial ability, while the other potential bioactivity is not yet clear. The present study aims to investigate the immunomodulatory activity of reuterin on chicken macrophage HD11 cells for the first time and evaluate whether reuterin is able to regulate the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated inflammatory response. The results showed that the safe medication range of reuterin was less than 250 μM. Reuterin treatment for 6 h decreased the transcriptional of CD86, IL-1β and iNOS and increased the expression of CD206 in a dose-dependent way, but reuterin treatment for 12 h contrary increased the expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10. However, it was noticed that reuterin treatment for 12 h significantly decreased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and suppressed the phagocytosis activity of HD11 macrophages against bacteria. Further, the results showed that preincubation or coincubation with reuterin significantly attenuated the promotive effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on transcription of proinflammatory cytokines (including IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) and obviously inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production as well as the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Meanwhile, Mechanism studies implied that reuterin might exert an anti-inflammatory effect on LPS-stimulated cells by downregulating the expression of TLR4/MyD88/TRAF6 and blocking the activation of NF-κB as well as MAPKs signaling pathways. Additionally, it was found that both pretreatment and cotreatment with reuterin remarkably inhibited the oxidative stress induced by LPS stimulation by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway and enhancing the activities of antioxidative enzymes. These findings suggested the immunoregulatory function of reuterin and indicated this bacterial metabolite was able to inhibit the inflammation and oxidative stress of HD11 macrophages once exposed to LPS stimulation.

Low-dose mycophenolate mofetil improves survival in a murine model of Staphylococcus aureus sepsis by increasing bacterial clearance and phagocyte function.

Regulators of TLRs signaling pathways play an important role in the control of the pro-inflammatory response that contributes to sepsis-induced tissue injury. Mycophenolate mofetil, an immunosuppressive drug inhibiting lymphocyte proliferation, has been reported to be a regulator of TLRs signaling pathways. Whether MMF used at infra-immunosuppressive doses has an impact on survival and on innate immune response in sepsis is unknown.C57BL/6J mice were infected intraperitoneally with 108 CFU Staphylococcus aureus, and treated or not with low-dose of MMF (20mg/kg/day during 4 days). Survival rate and bacterial clearance were compared. Cytokine levels, quantitative and qualitative cellular responses were assessed. S. aureus – infected mice treated with MMF exhibited improved survival compared to non-treated ones (48% vs 10%, p<0.001). With the dose used for all experiments, MMF did not show any effect on lymphocyte proliferation. MMF treatment also improved local and systemic bacterial clearance, improved phagocytosis activity of peritoneal macrophages resulting in decreased inflammatory cytokines secretion. MMF-treated mice showed enhanced activation of NF-κB seemed with a suspected TLR4-dependent mechanism. These results suggest that infra-immunosuppressive doses of MMF improve host defense during S. aureus sepsis and protects infected mice from fatal outcome by regulating innate immune responses. The signaling pathways involved could be TLR4-dependent. This work brings new perspectives in pathogenesis and therapeutic approaches of severe infections.

Functional Phenotypes of Peritoneal Macrophages Upon AMD3100 Treatment During Colitis-Associated Tumorigenesis.

CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 are independent prognostic factors in colorectal cancer. AMD3100 is the most frequently used FDA-approved antagonist that targets the CXCL12-CXCR4 axis in clinical trials. We aimed to explore the role of AMD3100 and its effect on peritoneal macrophages' functional phenotypes during colitis-associated tumorigenesis. We treated AMD3100 in a colitis-associated colon cancer mouse model and evaluated its effect on tumorigenesis. The phagocytosis activities of peritoneal macrophages were measured by flow cytometry. The proportions of macrophages and M1/M2 subpopulations were investigated by flow cytometry, ELISA, and immunochemistry. Serum levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines were measured by LEGENDplex™ kits. Transwell assay and qRT-PCR were performed to investigate the direct effect of CXCL12 on macrophages in vitro. We demonstrated that AMD3100 treatment reduced the inflammatory damages in the colonic mucosal and ameliorated tumor development in experimental mice. We found that the phagocytosis activities of peritoneal macrophages fluctuated during colitis-associated tumorigenesis. The proportions of peritoneal macrophages and M1/M2 subpopulations, together with their metabolite and cytokines, changed dynamically in the process. Moreover, AMD3100 regulated the functional phenotypes of macrophages, including reducing the recruiting activity, promoting polarization to the M1 subpopulation, and reducing IL-12 and IL-23 levels in serum. Our study contributes to understanding dynamic changes of peritoneal macrophages upon AMD3100 treatment during tumorigenesis and sheds light on the potential therapeutic target of AMD3100 and peritoneal macrophages against colitis-associated colon cancer.

The Activities of Pegagan Embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) on TNF-α, Macrophages and Leukocytes Male White Mice Exposed by H5N1 Virus Antigens

Introduction: Pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) has been known to have immunostimulatory activity, it can increase the activity and capacity of mice macrophage phagocytosis at optimum dose of 200 mg/kgbw. Aim: This study aims to determine the activity of the ethanol extract of pegagan embun on TNF-α levels, total macrophages, total leukocytes, and percentage of leukocytes types. Methods: Mice were divided into four groups, one group as control was given 0.5% Na CMC suspension, three groups were given pegagan embun extract at a dose of 10 mg/kgbw, 50 mg/kgbw and 200 mg/kgbw orally for 7 days. On the 8th day, all mice were induced with 0.3 mL H5N1 vaccine subcutaneously, then left for 24 hours. After 24 hours, the mice were sacrificed and then TNF-α levels, total macrophages, total leukocytes, and percentage of leukocytes types were determined. The research data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA (significance was taken at p<0.05) and continued with the Duncan test. Results: The results showed that pegagan embun extract significantly reduce TNF-α levels and total macrophages, also significantly increase total leukocytes and percentage of leukocyte types in mice (p<0.05). Significant increases and decreases occurred on average at doses of 50 mg/kgbw and 200 mg/kgbw. Conclusion: Based on these results, it can be concluded that pegagan embun extract have immunomodulatory activity.

Identification and characterization of immunomodulatory peptides from pepsin\u2013soy protein hydrolysates

To obtain immunomodulatory peptides from isolated soy protein (ISP), pepsin was selected to prepare hydrolysates and 4-h treatment (Pepsin-ISPH4h) showed the highest yield and immunomodulatory activities. The Pepsin-ISPH4h was sequentially fractionated by 30, 10 and 1-kDa molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) membranes, in which 1-kDa MWCO permeate (1P) exhibited the most significant enhancement of phagocytosis activity without causing excessive inflammation as compared with Pepsin-ISPH4h. To further purify and enhance the immunomodulatory activity, 1P was distinct by high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with a reverse-phase column and in vivo immunomodulatory activity of fractions was examined in mice. Fraction 1 (F1) significantly elevated phagocytosis activity of mice spleen macrophages and neutrophils. However, increase of phagocytosis activity did not result from the induction of macrophages M1 or M2 polarization. The immunomodulatory peptide sequence, EKPQQQSSRRGS, from F1 was identified by LC–MS/MS. Phagocytosis activity and macrophage M1 polarization were elevated by synthetic peptide treatment. Hence, our results indicated that isolated soy protein hydrolysates prepared by pepsin could provide a source of peptides with immunomodulatory effects.Graphical