Macrophage Fusion Research Articles

Expression of CD68 and CD163 in malignant epithelial cells of oral squamous cell carcinoma: Phenotypic shift or mere cell fusion

Background / purposeThe progression of epithelial to mesenchymal tissue (EMT) is a highly intricate process that facilitates the transformation of cancer cells, allowing them to changeover their characteristic epithelial properties to mesenchymal attributes. This notable change empowers the cells with enhanced mobility and the ability to migrate to distant locations. Furthermore, it is imperative to adopt the idea of macrophage tumor cell fusion to achieve comprehensive considerate of this phenomenon. Our primary objective was to conduct a thorough investigation of macrophage-restricted antigens expression, specifically CD68 and CD163, in malignant epithelial cells of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) to elucidate aforementioned perceptions. Materials and methodsCD68 and CD163 immunohistochemical expression were assessed in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), encompassing both the neoplastic cells and the tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). ResultsBoth CD68 and CD163 antigens were revealed in OSCC malignant epithelial cells in a granular cell pattern, localized in membrane and cytoplasm of tumor cells respectively as well as in the infiltrating TAMs. ConclusionThe macrophage antigens were not limited to the infiltrating tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), but were also observed in a substantial proportion of OSCC malignant epithelial cells within the tumor parenchyma. This particular expression pattern may represent a subset of tumor cells that have undergone an epithelial to a mesenchymal phenotypic transition. In addition, fusion of macrophages with tumor cells cannot be excluded; both might be associated with increased metastatic activity of OSCC.

Hydrogel crosslinking modulates macrophages, fibroblasts, and their communication, during wound healing

Biomaterial wound dressings, such as hydrogels, interact with host cells to regulate tissue repair. This study investigates how crosslinking of gelatin-based hydrogels influences immune and stromal cell behavior and wound healing in female mice. We observe that softer, lightly crosslinked hydrogels promote greater cellular infiltration and result in smaller scars compared to stiffer, heavily crosslinked hydrogels. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we further show that heavily crosslinked hydrogels increase inflammation and lead to the formation of a distinct macrophage subpopulation exhibiting signs of oxidative activity and cell fusion. Conversely, lightly crosslinked hydrogels are more readily taken up by macrophages and integrated within the tissue. The physical properties differentially affect macrophage and fibroblast interactions, with heavily crosslinked hydrogels promoting pro-fibrotic fibroblast activity that drives macrophage fusion through RANKL signaling. These findings suggest that tuning the physical properties of hydrogels can guide cellular responses and improve healing, offering insights for designing better biomaterials for wound treatment.

Upscaling Osteoclast Generation by Enhancing Macrophage Aggregation Using Hollow Microgels.

Osteoclasts, the bone resorbing cells of hematopoietic origin formed by macrophage fusion, are essential in bone health and disease. However, in vitro research on osteoclasts remains challenging due to heterogeneous cultures that only contain a few multinucleated osteoclasts. Indeed, a strategy to generate homogeneous populations of multinucleated osteoclasts in a scalable manner has remained elusive. Here, the investigation focuses on whether microencapsulation of human macrophages in microfluidically generated hollow, sacrificial tyramine-conjugated dextran (Dex-TA) microgels could facilitate macrophage precursor aggregation and formation of multinucleated osteoclasts. Therefore, human mononuclear cells are isolated from buffy coats and differentiated toward macrophages. Macrophages are encapsulated in microgels using flow focus microfluidics and outside-in enzymatic oxidative phenolic crosslinking, and differentiated toward osteoclasts. Morphology, viability, and osteoclast fusion of microencapsulated cells are assessed. Furthermore, microgels are degraded to allow cell sorting of released cells based on osteoclastic marker expression. The successful encapsulation and osteoclast formation of human macrophages in Dex-TA microgels are reported for the first time using high-throughput droplet microfluidics. Intriguingly, osteoclast formation within these 3D microenvironments occurs at a significantly higher level compared to the conventional 2D culture system. Furthermore, the feasibility of establishing a pure osteoclast culture from cell transfer and release from degradable microgels is demonstrated.

Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of Ag85A and truncation of PstS1 fusion protein vaccines against tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) is an important public health problem, and the One Health approach is essential for controlling zoonotic tuberculosis. Therefore, a rationally designed and more effective TB vaccine is urgently needed. To enhance vaccine efficacy, it is important to design vaccine candidates that stimulate both cellular and humoral immunity against TB. In this study, we fused the secreted protein Ag85A as the T cell antigen with truncated forms of the mycobacterial cell wall protein PstS1 with B cell epitopes to generate vaccine candidates, Ag85A-tnPstS1 (AP1, AP2, and AP3), and tested their immunogenicity and protective efficacy in mice. The three vaccine candidates induced a significant increase in the levels of T cell-related cytokines such as IFN-γ and IL-17, and AP1 and AP2 can induce more balanced Th1/Th2 responses than AP3. Strong humoral immune responses were also observed in which the production of IgG antibodies including its subclasses IgG1, IgG2c, and IgG3 was tremendously stimulated. AP1 and AP2 induced early antibody responses and more IgG3 isotype antibodies than AP3. Importantly, the mice immunised with the subunit vaccine candidates, particularly AP1 and AP2, had lower bacterial burdens than the control mice. Moreover, the serum from immunised mice can enhance phagocytosis and phagosome-lysosome fusion in macrophages, which can help to eradicate intracellular bacteria. These results indicate that the subunit vaccines Ag85A-tnPstS1 can be promising vaccine candidates for tuberculosis prevention.

The immune regulatory function of B7-H3 in malignancy: spotlight on the IFN-STAT1 axis and regulation of tumor-associated macrophages.

B7-H3 is a member of the B7 superfamily and a putative inhibitory immune checkpoint molecule. Several early-phase clinical trials have reported promising anti-tumor activity and safety of anti-cancer drugs targeting B7-H3, suggesting that it may be a promising target for a potential next-generation immune checkpoint inhibitor. Despite ongoing clinical studies, most B7-H3-targeted drugs being currently investigated rely on direct cytotoxicity as their mechanisms of action rather than modulating its function as an immune checkpoint, at least in part due to its incompletely understood immune regulatory function. Recent studies have begun to elucidate the role of B7-H3 in regulating the tumor microenvironment (TME). Emerging evidence suggests that B7-H3 may regulate the interferon-STAT1 axis in the TME and promote immune suppression. Similarly, increasing evidence shows B7-H3 may be implicated in promoting M1 to M2 polarization of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). There is also accumulating evidence suggesting that B7-H3 may play a role in the heterotypic fusion of cancer stem cells and macrophages, thereby promoting tumor invasion and metastasis. Here, we review the recent advances in the understanding of B7-H3 cancer immunobiology with a focus on highlighting its potential role in the interferon priming of TAMs and the heterotypic fusion of TAMs with cancer stem cells and suggest future direction in elucidating its immune checkpoint function.

Cellular and microenvironmental cues that promote macrophage fusion and foreign body response.

During the foreign body response (FBR), macrophages fuse to form foreign body giant cells (FBGCs). Modulation of FBGC formation can prevent biomaterial degradation and loss of therapeutic efficacy. However, the microenvironmental cues that dictate FBGC formation are poorly understood with conflicting reports. Here, we identified molecular and cellular factors involved in driving FBGC formation in vitro. Macrophages demonstrated distinct fusion competencies dependent on monocyte differentiation. The transition from a proinflammatory to a reparative microenvironment, characterised by specific cytokine and growth factor programmes, accompanied FBGC formation. Toll-like receptor signalling licensed the formation of FBGCs containing more than 10 nuclei but was not essential for cell-cell fusion to occur. Moreover, the fibroblast-macrophage crosstalk influenced FBGC development, with the fibroblast secretome inducing macrophages to secrete more PDGF, which enhanced large FBGC formation. These findings advance our understanding as to how a specific and timely combination of cellular and microenvironmental factors is required for an effective FBR, with monocyte differentiation and fibroblasts being key players.

The Implant-Induced Foreign Body Response Is Limited by CD13-Dependent Regulation of Ubiquitination of Fusogenic Proteins.

Implanted medical devices, from artificial heart valves and arthroscopic joints to implantable sensors, often induce a foreign body response (FBR), a form of chronic inflammation resulting from the inflammatory reaction to a persistent foreign stimulus. The FBR is characterized by a subset of multinucleated giant cells (MGCs) formed by macrophage fusion, the foreign body giant cells (FBGCs), accompanied by inflammatory cytokines, matrix deposition, and eventually deleterious fibrotic implant encapsulation. Despite efforts to improve biocompatibility, implant-induced FBR persists, compromising the utility of devices and making efforts to control the FBR imperative for long-term function. Controlling macrophage fusion in FBGC formation presents a logical target to prevent implant failure, but the actual contribution of FBGCs to FBR-induced damage is controversial. CD13 is a molecular scaffold, and invitro induction of CD13KO bone marrow progenitors generates many more MGCs than the wild type, suggesting that CD13 regulates macrophage fusion. In the mesh implant model of FBR, CD13KO mice produced significantly more peri-implant FBGCs with enhanced TGF-β expression and increased collagen deposition versus the wild type. Prior to fusion, increased protrusion and microprotrusion formation accompanies hyperfusion in the absence of CD13. Expression of fusogenic proteins driving cell-cell fusion was aberrantly sustained at high levels in CD13KO MGCs, which we show is due to a novel CD13 function, to our knowledge, regulating ubiquitin/proteasomal protein degradation. We propose CD13 as a physiologic brake limiting aberrant macrophage fusion and the FBR, and it may be a novel therapeutic target to improve the success of implanted medical devices. Furthermore, our data directly implicate FBGCs in the detrimental fibrosis that characterizes the FBR.

Guided bone regeneration in long-bone defect with a bilayer mineralized collagen membrane

Bone regeneration for large, critical-sized bone defects remains a clinical challenge nowadays. Guided bone regeneration (GBR) is a promising technique for the repair of multiple bone defects, which is widely used in oral and maxillofacial bone defects but is still unsatisfied in the treatment of long bone defects. Here, we successfully fabricated a bilayer mineralized collagen/collagen (MC/Col)-GBR membrane with excellent osteoinductive and barrier function by coating the MC particles prepared via in situ biomimetic mineralization process on one side of a sheet-like pure collagen layer. The aim of the present study was to investigate the physicochemical properties and biological functions of the MC/Col film, and to further evaluate its bone regeneration efficiency in large bone defect repair. Fourier-transform infrared spectra and X-ray diffraction patterns confirmed the presence of both hydroxyapatite and collagen phase in the MC/Col film, as well as the chemical interaction between them. stereo microscope, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscope showed the uniform distribution of MC particles in the MC/Col film, resulting in a rougher surface compared to the pure Col film. The quantitative analysis of surface contact angle, light transmittance and tensile strength demonstrated that the MC/Col film have better hydrophilicity, mechanical properties, light-barrier properties, respectively. In vitro macrophage co-culture experiments showed that the MC/Col film can effectively inhibit macrophage proliferation and fusion, reducing fibrous capsule formation. In vivo bone repair assessment of a rabbit critical segmental radial defect proved that the MC/Col film performed better than other groups in promoting bone repair and regeneration due to their unique dual osteoinductive/barrier function. These findings provided evidence that MC/Col film has a great clinical potential for effective bone defect repair.Graphic abstract

The purinergic receptor P2X7 and the NLRP3 inflammasome are druggable host factors required for SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Purinergic receptors and NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome regulate inflammation and viral infection, but their effects on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection remain poorly understood. Here, we report that the purinergic receptor P2X7 and NLRP3 inflammasome are cellular host factors required for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Lung autopsies from patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) reveal that NLRP3 expression is increased in host cellular targets of SARS-CoV-2 including alveolar macrophages, type II pneumocytes and syncytia arising from the fusion of infected macrophages, thus suggesting a potential role of NLRP3 and associated signaling pathways to both inflammation and viral replication. In vitro studies demonstrate that NLRP3-dependent inflammasome activation is detected upon macrophage abortive infection. More importantly, a weak activation of NLRP3 inflammasome is also detected during the early steps of SARS-CoV-2 infection of epithelial cells and promotes the viral replication in these cells. Interestingly, the purinergic receptor P2X7, which is known to control NLRP3 inflammasome activation, also favors the replication of D614G and alpha SARS-CoV-2 variants. Altogether, our results reveal an unexpected relationship between the purinergic receptor P2X7, the NLRP3 inflammasome and the permissiveness to SARS-CoV-2 infection that offers novel opportunities for COVID-19 treatment.

Macrophage fusion event as one prerequisite for inorganic nanoparticle-induced antitumor response.

While most nanomaterials are designed to assist tumor therapy, some inorganic nanoparticles have been reported to impede cancer development. We assume that the immune response elicited by these foreign nanoparticles might be associated with the remodeling of immune landscape in the tumor microenvironment (TME). We studied representative inorganic nanoparticles widely used in the biomedical field and first demonstrated that needle-shaped hydroxyapatite (n-nHA), granule-shaped hydroxyapatite, and silicon dioxide can effectively impair tumor progression in vivo. Substantial multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs) were formed around these antitumor nanoparticles, while the ratio of monocytes and macrophages was decreased in the TME. We found that high expression of the STXBP6 protein induced by n-nHA-treated macrophages triggers autophagy, which markedly promotes macrophage fusion into MNGCs. In this way, extensive depletion of tumor-associated macrophages in the TME was achieved, which suppressed tumor growth and metastasis. This intrinsic antitumor immunity of inorganic nanoparticles should not be neglected when designing future nanomedicines to treat cancer.

Sequential monitoring of tumor macrophage fusion cells in the circulation of metastatic breast cancer and their prognostic value.

3054 Background: Tumor Macrophage Fusion Cells (TMFCs) are hybrids fusions of tumor cells and macrophage/immune cells that have recently been documented in advanced solid tumors, such as metastatic Breast Cancer (mBC). Further, TMFCs are found in the blood of patients (pts) as a CD45+/CD14+ binucleated subtype of standard circulating tumor cells (CTCs), which are Cytokeratin+ (CK+) & CD45 negative, but distinct from highly hyperploidy cells known as cancer associated macrophage-like cells. However, no study has explored the clinical meaning of TMFCs in blood. To better elucidate the clinical meaning of TMFCs, we prospectively pooled 137 mBC pt samples prior to induction of new therapy, ie baseline (BL), and after therapy induction (FU). Both TMFCs or standard CTCs were identified and enumerated to analyze their prognostic value for progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Methods: In this prospective study, we collected 7.5 mL blood samples from n=137 mBC pts enrolled in prospective trials from multiple institutions before starting new treatment lines for newly progressive mBC. If possible, an optional FU sample was collected (n=73) after BL (median=4.9 weeks). TMFCs & CTCs were isolated using a CellSieve microfilter and differentiated by staining for CK, CD45, CD14, and DAPI. Cox proportional regression hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) for PFS & OS by univariate & multivariate analyses were based on RECIST v1.1, determined by local institutional pathologist over 24 months (M). Results: TMFCs were detected in 26.3% (n=36/137) at BL and associated with significantly worse PFS (HR=3.3, CI 1.9-5.7, p<0.001) & OS (HR=2.7, CI 1.4-5.1, p=0.005). TMFCs were also detected in 27.4% (n=20/73) at FU (n=73) and prognostic for PFS (HR=5.2, CI 2.3-11.9, p<0.001) & OS (HR=5.1, 1.8-14.2, p=0.004). Further, pts with increases in TMFCs between BL and FU had worse PFS (HR=4.3, CI 1.9-10.1, p=0.001) & OS (HR=4.5, CI 1.6-12.7, p=0.011). In contrast, pts with CTCs were found in 39.4% (n=54/137) at BL, which were prognostic for worse PFS (HR=2.0, CI 1.3-3.2, p=0.005) and not prognostic for OS (HR=1.7, CI 0.9-3.0, p=0.103). At FU, pts with CTCs were found in 38.4% (n=28/73), which were prognostic for worse PFS (HR=3.6, CI 1.8-7.3, p=0.001) & OS (HR=3.2, CI 1.3-8.0, p=0.021). Overall at BL, pts without CTCs or TMFCs had a 5.7 M mPFS & >24M mOS, CTCs alone had a 5.0 M mPFS & 20.3 M mOS, TMFCs had 2.0 M mPFS & 5.8 M mOS. At FU, pts without CTCs or TMFCs had a 5.8 M mPFS & 14.5 M mOS, CTCs alone had a 3.3 M mPFS & 14.6 M mOS, while TMFCs pts had a 1.7 M mPFS & 4.8 M mOS. Conclusions: TMFCs appear to represent a CTC subgroup with additional prognostic value to standard CTCs, that may correlate with significantly faster PFS and OS versus pts with CTCs alone, or without CTCs. Subtyping treatment regimens is ongoing to determine if the TMFC populations are responsive to specific therapy types in these mBC pts.

Cd13 controls myeloid cell-cell fusion

Abstract Macrophages have the ability to undergo phenotypic and functional changes in response to microenvironmental cues. One such change is the formation of multinucleated giant cells (MGCs) via intercellular fusion triggered by certain bacterial or parasitic infections or implantation of medical devices that induces deleterious MGC formation in response to the foreign body. Despite advances in biomaterials, implants ultimately corrode to produce particles that initiate a foreign body response characterized by macrophage fusion into pro-inflammatory, Foreign Body Giant Cells that directly define the pathology of loosening of medical implants. We have shown that the transmembrane protein CD13 is a multifunctional molecule that regulates diverse processes such as cell-cell adhesion, receptor endocytosis and recycling and organization of the actin cytoskeleton, all of which are critical in cell-cell fusion. We demonstrate that subcutaneous foreign implants in CD13 KOmice produce significantly more MGCs with increased levels of plasma pro-inflammatory cytokines. In vitro induction of fusion in CD13-deficient myeloid progenitors generated from bone marrow resulted in hyperfusion to generate MGCs that were considerably larger in size and contained many more nuclei than those from wild type progenitors, suggesting that CD13 regulates MGC formation at the stage of fusion. While expression of the key fusion proteins are typically downregulated in mature cells post-fusion, expression of these proteins is sustained at high levels in multinucleated cells lacking CD13. Thus, CD13 acts as a brake to prevent aberrant myeloid cell-cell fusion and may be a novel therapeutic target in pathological conditions mediated by abnormal cell fusion. Supported by grants from NIH (1R21 AI15 )

Abstract 2310: Tumor macrophage fusion cells detected in the circulation of metastatic breast cancer patients is prognostic for rapid progression and death

Abstract Background: Recently, it was described that macrophages and tumor cells can fuse to form tumor macrophage fusion cells (TMFs) which are detectable within primary tumors and patient’s (pts) circulation. However, there are multiple pathways and subsequent subtypes of TMFs, with limited data on the various TMF types, commonality in blood, and clinical relevance. Here we evaluated n=120 metastatic breast cancer (mBC) blood samples for CTCs & TMFs. We describe numerous types of TMFs with vastly different fusion phenotypes, including partial (i.e. some membrane interaction & both cells retaining their original phenotypes), homodimeric (i.e. both cells with fused membranes & sharing cytoplasm), cannibalistic (i.e. CTC within a CD14+ macrophage & cells retaining their individual phenotypes), binucleated (i.e. both cells completely merge & becoming one cell with dual expression phenotypes), and hyperploidy (i.e. multiple cells merge to form a large polyploid cell). As CTCs & TMFs are isolated in conjunction from a single blood sample, we evaluated both CTCs & all TMF subtypes to determine their prognostic and predictive values for aggressiveness of disease. Methods: We categorized and enumerated the 5 forms of TMFs from a prospective pilot study using n=120 mBC pts that were starting new lines of treatment. Whole peripheral blood (7.5mL) was procured, filtered and stained using cytokeratin & CD45/CD14 to identify CTCs & TMFs. We compared the presence of the various types of TMFs & CTCs to pt’s progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) hazard ratios (HRs), analyzed by censored univariate analysis based on RECIST v1.1 over 24 months. Results: CTCs were found in 39% (n=47/120), with partial fusion TMFs in 26% (n=31/120), homodimeric 2% (n=2/120), cannibalistic 0% (n=0/120), binucleated 2% (n=2/120), hyperploidy 93% (n=113/120). Presence of CTCs alone, binucleated, or hyperploidy TMFs were not prognostic for PFS (p=0.0988, p=0.4120, & p=0.7615 respectively), or OS (p=0.2015, p=0.0845, p=0.1121 respectively). However, TMFs with partial or homodimeric fusion were prognostic for worse PFS (HR=2.2, p=0.0063 and HR=6.0, p=0.0305, respectively) and for worse OS (HR=2.8, p=0.0037 and HR=8.8, p=0.0271, respectively). Furthermore, combining pts with any TMFs into one group, minus hyperploidy, was highly significant for worse PFS (HR=2.9, 95%CI 1.7-5.0, p=0.0002) and worse OS (HR=3.8, 95%CI 2.0-7.5, p=0.0002), though certain subtypes of hyperploidy were also indicative of worse outcomes. Conclusion: The study of TMFs is relativity limited and their existence is new in oncology. Here we detected and described TMFs in the blood of mBC pts while demonstrating an association with poor clinical outcomes. These data suggest TMF involvement in the pathogenic cascade of cancer and further understanding of their biology may be important in the study of tumorigenesis. Citation Format: Daniel L. Adams, R. Katherine Alpaugh, Rena G. Lapidus, Saranya Chumsri, Carolina Reduzzi, Kirby P. Gardner, Cha-Mei Tang, Giuseppe Del Priore, William V. Williams, Massimo Cristofanilli. Tumor macrophage fusion cells detected in the circulation of metastatic breast cancer patients is prognostic for rapid progression and death [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 2310.

Mechanisms of Foreign Body Giant Cell Formation in Response to Implantable Biomaterials

Long term function of implantable biomaterials are determined by their integration with the host's body. Immune reactions against these implants could impair the function and integration of the implants. Some biomaterial-based implants lead to macrophage fusion and the formation of multinucleated giant cells, also known as foreign body giant cells (FBGCs). FBGCs may compromise the biomaterial performance and may lead to implant rejection and adverse events in some cases. Despite their critical role in response to implants, there is a limited understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in forming FBGCs. Here, we focused on better understanding the steps and mechanisms triggering macrophage fusion and FBGCs formation, specifically in response to biomaterials. These steps included macrophage adhesion to the biomaterial surface, fusion competency, mechanosensing and mechanotransduction-mediated migration, and the final fusion. We also described some of the key biomarkers and biomolecules involved in these steps. Understanding these steps on a molecular level would lead to enhance biomaterials design and improve their function in the context of cell transplantation, tissue engineering, and drug delivery.

Abstract P2-26-06: Association between CK+/CD45+ circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) alterations in advanced breast cancer patients

Abstract Background: Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in breast cancer (BC) are commonly defined as epithelial cells (EPCAM and cytokeratin (CK) positive), lacking the universal blood cell marker CD45. Nonetheless, CTCs expressing both CK and CD45 (= dual-positive, DP cells) can be observed in the blood of cancer patients. Early evidence suggests that DP cells might derive from the fusion of tumor cells and macrophages, and we have previously demonstrated that they present aberrant genomes and are associated with worse prognosis in BC [1,2]. Here, to further investigate the mechanisms/pathways underlying their presence, we analyzed the association between DP cells and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) alterations. Methods: Blood samples were collected from patients with advanced BC (aBC), before starting a new line of therapy. All patients were enrolled in a prospective clinical trial. For CTC and DP cells analysis, 7.5 ml of blood collected in CellSave® tubes was processed with the FDA-approved CellSearch® platform (positivity cutoffs were ≥1 cell for DPcells and ≥5 cells for CTCs). For ctDNA analysis, plasma was collected from Streck stabilizing tubes and analyzed with the Guardant360™ NGS platform for the detection of somatic single nucleotide variants (SNVs), insertions/deletions (indels), gene fusions/rearrangements and copy number variations (CNVs), which were then classified into pathways based on previously defined profiles generated on the Cancer Genome Atlas database (RTK, RAS, RAF, MEK, NRF2, ER, WNT, MYC, P53, cell cycle, notch, PI3K). Associations between ctDNA-detected gene alterations and circulating cell types were analyzed through chi square test, while mutant allele frequency (MAF) and number of detected alterations (NDA) were tested by Mann Whitney test. Results: We analyzed blood samples from 169 patients with luminal-like (n=80), HER2+ (n=34) and triple-negative (n=52) aBC. DPcells were detected in 85 patients (50.3 %, range 0-53), of which 40 (47 %) were CTC-positive and 45 (53%) CTC-negative. Somatic ctDNA alterations were detected in all analyzed samples. In the overall population, the presence of ≥1 DPcell was associated with SNVs in the cell cycle pathway (p = 0.043), a numerically higher incidence was also observed for CNVs in this pathway. SNVs and CNVs in the cell cycle pathway were associated with CTCs ≥ 5 as well (p = 0.005 and p = 0.003, respectively). Moreover, associations with CTCs ≥ 5 were observed for RTK SNVs and CNVs (p = 0.041 and p = 0.046, respectively), PI3K SNVs and CNVs (p = 0.006 and p = 0.007, respectively), MYC SNVs and CNVs (p = 0.042). No associations were observed in terms of MAF and NDA. In the luminal-like subgroup an association was highlighted for CNVs in the cell cycle pathway, p = 0.038. CTCs ≥ 5 were associated with PI3K SNVs (p = 0.031). In the triple-negative subgroup DPcells were associated with SNVs in the RAF pathway (p = 0.041), whereas CTCs ≥ 5 were associated with PI3K SNVs and CNVs (p = 0.044 and p = 0.024, respectively) and RTK SNVs (p = 0.008). In the HER2 positive subgroup, a higher MAF and number of detected SNVs was observed for samples with ≥1 DPcell (p = 0.0286 and p = 0.0099, respectively). Conclusions: The study analyzed ctDNA features associated with canonical and CK+/CD45+ CTCs, showing differential gene alteration profiles. Cell cycle pathway SNVs were common in both CTC populations, while other pathways (RTK, PI3K, MYC and RAF) were significantly altered in a mutually exclusive pattern. These results suggest that DPcells might have a different biological meaning compared to canonical CTCs. More studies need to be conducted to better characterize this understudied CTC subpopulation and understand their specific contribution to cancer progression.

The CIS association of CD47 with integrin Mac-1 regulates macrophage responses by stabilizing the extended integrin conformation

CD47 is a ubiquitously expressed cell surface integrin-associated protein. Recently, we have demonstrated that integrin Mac-1 (αMβ2, CD11b/CD18, CR3), the major adhesion receptor on the surface of myeloid cells, can be coprecipitated with CD47. However, the molecular basis for the CD47-Mac-1 interaction and its functional consequences remain unclear. Here, we demonstrated that CD47 regulates macrophage functions directly interacting with Mac-1. In particular, adhesion, spreading, migration, phagocytosis, and fusion of CD47-deficient macrophages were significantly decreased. We validated the functional link between CD47 and Mac-1 by co-immunoprecipitation analysis using various Mac-1-expressing cells. In HEK293 cells expressing individual αM and β2 integrin subunits, CD47 was found to bind both subunits. Interestingly, a higher amount of CD47 was recovered with the free β2 subunit than in the complex with the whole integrin. Furthermore, activating Mac-1-expressing HEK293 cells with PMA, Mn2+, and activating antibody MEM48 increased the amount of CD47 in complex with Mac-1, suggesting CD47 has a greater affinity for the extended integrin conformation. Notably, on the surface of cells lacking CD47, fewer Mac-1 molecules could convert into an extended conformation in response to activation. Additionally, we identified the binding site in CD47 for Mac-1 in its constituent IgV domain. The complementary binding sites for CD47 in Mac-1 were localized in integrin epidermal growth factor-like domains 3 and 4 of the β2 and calf-1 and calf-2 domains of the α subunits. These results indicate that Mac-1 forms a lateral complex with CD47, which regulates essential macrophage functions by stabilizing the extended integrin conformation.

SPTing across condensates: SEC-mediated translocation of SPT complex from pausing condensates to elongation condensates.

Several independent studies in the last few years have suggested that phase separation and biomolecular condensation play a critical role in regulating different transcription steps from initiation to pausing and elongation. However, how components of the transcription machinery translocate among different types of condensates during transcription remains poorly understood. Guo etal have now identified a potential mechanism underlying translocation of the DSIF complex from pausing to elongation condensates during promoter pause release, as reported in this issue of EMBO reports.

Skeletal Muscle Regeneration in Cardiotoxin-Induced Muscle Injury Models.

Skeletal muscle injuries occur frequently in daily life and exercise. Understanding the mechanisms of regeneration is critical for accelerating the repair and regeneration of muscle. Therefore, this article reviews knowledge on the mechanisms of skeletal muscle regeneration after cardiotoxin-induced injury. The process of regeneration is similar in different mouse strains and is inhibited by aging, obesity, and diabetes. Exercise, microcurrent electrical neuromuscular stimulation, and mechanical loading improve regeneration. The mechanisms of regeneration are complex and strain-dependent, and changes in functional proteins involved in the processes of necrotic fiber debris clearance, M1 to M2 macrophage conversion, SC activation, myoblast proliferation, differentiation and fusion, and fibrosis and calcification influence the final outcome of the regenerative activity.

What's New in Musculoskeletal Basic Science.

What's New in Musculoskeletal Basic Science.

CD169-mediated restrictive SARS-CoV-2 infection of macrophages induces pro-inflammatory responses.

Exacerbated and persistent innate immune response marked by pro-inflammatory cytokine expression is thought to be a major driver of chronic COVID-19 pathology. Although macrophages are not the primary target cells of SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans, viral RNA and antigens in activated monocytes and macrophages have been detected in post-mortem samples, and dysfunctional monocytes and macrophages have been hypothesized to contribute to a protracted hyper-inflammatory state in COVID-19 patients. In this study, we demonstrate that CD169, a myeloid cell specific I-type lectin, facilitated ACE2-independent SARS-CoV-2 fusion and entry in macrophages. CD169-mediated SARS-CoV-2 entry in macrophages resulted in expression of viral genomic and subgenomic RNAs with minimal viral protein expression and no infectious viral particle release, suggesting a post-entry restriction of the SARS-CoV-2 replication cycle. Intriguingly this post-entry replication block was alleviated by exogenous ACE2 expression in macrophages. Restricted expression of viral genomic and subgenomic RNA in CD169+ macrophages elicited a pro-inflammatory cytokine expression (TNFα, IL-6 and IL-1β) in a RIG-I, MDA-5 and MAVS-dependent manner, which was suppressed by remdesivir treatment. These findings suggest that de novo expression of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in macrophages contributes to the pro-inflammatory cytokine signature and that blocking CD169-mediated ACE2 independent infection and subsequent activation of macrophages by viral RNA might alleviate COVID-19-associated hyperinflammatory response.