Macrofungal Flora Research Articles

Agaricus griseovariegatus: A new record of genus Agaricus for Indian mycobiota from Jammu and Kashmir, India

AbstractIn the present communication, a species of Agaricus (A. griseovariegatus) belonging to A. sect. Xanthodermatei has been described from North‐western Himalaya of Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India. This species is humicolous and found on dead decaying leaves of walnut. It is characterized by its appressed olive‐gray squamules, broad radial fissures on the pileus, floccose annulus, faintly yellow context, phenolic odor, and bisporic to tetrasporic basidia. This species is reported here as a novel addition to India's macrofungal flora. Its morphology, anatomy, and phylogenetic relationships based on nrITS sequences are all described in detail here.

Luteodorsum huanglongense (Gomphaceae, Gomphales), a New Genus and Species of Gomphoid Fungus from the Loess Plateau, Northwest China.

During an investigation of the macrofungal flora in the Huanglong Mountains of the Loess Plateau, northwest China, a unique gomphoid fungus was discovered and collected. After morphological identification and molecular phylogenetic analyses, a new genus named Luteodorsum and its type species, L. huanglongense, were proposed. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using datasets of nuclear ribosomal DNA 28S large subunit (LSU), mitochondrial (mt) adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) subunit 6 (atp6), and mt small-subunit rDNA (mtSSU). The results confirmed that L. huanglongense forms an independent clade within Gomphales, with full maximum likelihood bootstrap support (MLBS), maximum parsimony bootstrap support (MPBS), and Bayesian posterior probability (BPP). L. huanglongense is characterized by its sandy-brown, orange-brown, or coffee-brown color; clavate to infundibuliform shape; wrinkled and ridged hymenophore; ellipsoid to obovoid warted basidiospores; cylindrical to clavate flexuous pleurocystidia; and crystal basal mycelium. Overall, this study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on the diversity and evolution of Gomphales and provides valuable insights into the unique fungal flora found in the Huanglong Mountains.

Macrofungal diversity of urbanized areas in southern part of Korea

Most macrofungi are cosmopolitan, occurring in both tropical and temperate regions. Studies on diversity and distribution of the mushroom flora in Korea are mainly conducted in major national parks and forest, but there are few studies on species distributed in urbanized areas. As part of the Korea National Arboretum project, we investigated the diversity of mushrooms through examining the distribution of mushrooms in Gyeongsang Province from May to September in 2017. In this province, we surveyed urbanized areas comprising three cultural heritage protection zones (Salix chaenomeloides forest, Tongdo Temple, Placenta Chamber of King Sejong's Princes), two urban parks (Duryu and Amnam parks), and 20 legally protected trees (such as Ginko biloba, Pinus densiflora, Quercus acutissima, Salix hallaisanensis, Zelkova serrata and so on). Consequently, 37 species on legally protected trees, 48 species in urban parks, and 84 species in cultural heritage protection zones were confirmed. A total of 37 families, 90 genera, and 139 species were identified. Of those, three species were confirmed for the first time in Korea. This study provides the basic data for the preparation of protection management protocols for macrofungal flora on legally protected trees and in cultural property protection areas.

Morphotaxonomy and comparative mycochemical study and antioxidant activity of hydromethanol, infusion and decoction extracts from Russula brevipes Peck

Nature has bestowed Jammu and Kashmir with extraordinary climatic conditions, apt for different mushroom varieties. In the view of inventorization of macrofungal flora of the state, a recent expedition was carried out in Kishtwar High Altitude National Park resulting isolation of several wild edible specimens. One of those collected taxa was identified as Russula brevipes Peck based on morpho-taxonomical features that has been described herein. The research was further extended to register its bioactive compounds as well as pharmacological prospect and for that different extraction conditions were used. Comparatively, decoction and infusion presented better radical scavenging and metal ion chelating activity respectively than that of hydro-methanol formulation. The finding could be justified by the presence of phenolics in higher extent suggesting water in high temperature facilitates leaching of therapeutics in superior amount from solid matrices. Overall study highlights consideration of R. brevipes as a natural source of valuable compounds with potency to reduce oxidative stress.

Water Soluble Antioxidative Crude Polysaccharide From Russula senecis Elicits TLR Modulated NF-κB Signaling Pathway and Pro-inflammatory Response in Murine Macrophages.

Russula senecis has recently been reported as a new addition to macrofungal flora of West Bengal. Besides, it also emerged as a seasonal health promoting nutrient to local ethnic people and enlisted for the first time as tribal food in our previous publication. In this context, the present work was designed to establish such usefulness scientifically and to meet the aim, crude polysaccharide, Rusenan, was prepared using conventional heated water reflux. Initially, the polymers were characterized to determine chemical composition and for that spectrophotometry along with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were performed. Analysis indicated that Rusenan was consisted mainly of carbohydrate conjugated with trace amount of protein. Furthermore, glucose was detected as the major monosaccharide (mainly in β-type glycosidic linkage) while other monomers were presented in the order of galactose > mannose > xylose > rhamnose. Conversely, antioxidant potential was determined following eight in vitro systems where the fraction evidenced strong superoxide, hydroxyl, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, high affinity to Fe2+ as well as instant ability to donate electron with EC50 values ranging from 80 to 3885 μg/ml concentration. In addition, effect on murine macrophages was also investigated where the polysaccharide treatment increased cell proliferation, phagocytic activity, filopodia or lamellipodia formation, nitric oxide (NO) production and reactive oxygen species (ROS) synthesis. Thereafter, through reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis, significant increase in the expression of Toll like receptor (TLR)-4, TLR-2 and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) was observed; as a result alleviated level of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IκB-α, and interferon (IFN)-γ were also noticed explaining definite immune-stimulatory activity of the fraction. Thus, overall finding suggests that R. senecis can be considered as a functional food and may be used in preparation of dietary supplement to enhance general health.

Short Communication: Macrofungal diversity in Mt. Makiling Forest Reserve, Laguna, Philippines: with floristic update on roadside samples in Makiling Botanic Gardens (MBG)

Nacua AE, Pacis HJM, Manalo JR, Soriano CJM, Tosoc NRN, Padirogao R, Clemente KJE, Deocaris CC. 2018. Macrofungal diversity in Mt. Makiling Forest Reserve, Laguna, Philippines: with floristic update on roadside samples in Makiling Botanic Gardens (MBG). Biodiversitas 19: 1579-1585. The Mt. Makiling Forest Reserve (MMFR) stands as a highly biodiverse habitat and the only intact natural forest near Metro Manila, the Philippines. It is one of the 18 key centers of plant biodiversity and 32 key ecotourism sites in the Philippines. In monitoring the implementation plans for protecting MMFR, the information pertaining to the mushroom biodiversity across decades is important. Therefore, we aim to study mushroom as an indicator for biodiversity since there has been studies in the past 30 years on the macrofungi of MMFR which we summarized here along with ours. Sampling was done in August 2017 based on the transect line of 1000 m along roadsides of Makiling Botanic Gardens (MBG). The distribution of the sampling units was carried-out using random and stratified sampling. Our study describes 21 macrofungal taxa collected from MMFR. Of these, 20 taxa belong to Basidiomycota and only one belongs to Ascomycota. Polyporaceae was found as the most dominant macrofungi family (24%). There were six (6) species that are medicinal, and no poisonous species noted. There are eleven (11) species in this study which are unique records compared with previous studies done in the macrofungi of MMFR. This is the first study done comparing mushroom across 30 years on a reserved area. Information on these macrofungal flora across time serves as a reference for the currently existing conservation efforts and implementation of biodiversity-related policies in MMFR.

地域児童とともに進める、真鶴半島の大型菌類相調査と 外生菌根菌に着目したクロマツ生育状況評価

地域児童とともに進める、真鶴半島の大型菌類相調査と 外生菌根菌に着目したクロマツ生育状況評価

安徽琅琊山大型真菌区系多样性

To understand the macrofungal diversity in Langyashan Nature Reserve,Anhui Province,China,the macrofungal flora was preliminarily analyzed based on relevant fungal taxonomic literature and the expertise of a respected author of forest surveys of macrofungal resources.A total of 107 species,belonging to 56 genera in 25 macrofungal families and 107 divisions(Ascomycota and Basidiomycota),were identified.The dominant families were Polyporaceae(20 species,18.69%),Tricholomataceae(14 species,13.08%),Cortinariaceae(11 species,10.28%),and Russulaceae(10 species,9.35%).These four families accounted for 16% of the 25 families but 51.04% of all species in the Langyashan Nature Reserve.Thirteen families(Amanitaceae,Auricullariaceae,Bolbitiaceae,Boletaceae,Cantharellaceae,Hygrophoraceae,Lycopereaceae,Pleuteaceae,Polyporaceae,Russulaceae,Coprinaceae,Cortinariaceae,Ganodermataceae,Agaricaceae,Stereaceae,Tricholomataceae,and Pleurotaceae) contained 2—9 species each,together accounting for 52% of all families and 41.12% of all species(these 13 families together contained 44 species).There were eight families(Clathraceae,Clavicipitaceae,Hypocreaceae,Phallaceae,Entolomataceae,Geastraceae,Sphaeriaceae,and Strophariaceae) that each contained only one species,which accounted for 32% of all families and the eight species were 7.48% of all species in the study area.Geographically,the families were divided into three types: a cosmopolitan element(76% of all families);the tropical or subtropical families(Ganodermataceae,Clavicipitaceae,Clathraceae,and Entolomataceae),which accounted for 16% of families;and a north temperate element(Cortinariaceae and Hygrophoraceae),which accounted for 8%.No family was unique to Langyashan Nature Reserve.The dominant genera were all basidiomycetes: Amanita(8 species,7.48%),Trametes(7 species,6.54%),Lactarius(5 species,4.67%),Marasmius(5 species,4.67%),and Russula(5 species,4.67%).These five genera totaled 30 species,which accounted for 28.04% of the species in the study area.Four of the five dominant genera(80%) were of the cosmopolitan type,and the fifth dominant genus was a north temperate group.Geographically,the genera were divided into four types: a cosmopolitan element(37 genera,66.07%),a pantropical element(11 genera,19.64%),a north temperate element(6 genera,10.71%),and an Eastern Asian element(1 genus,1.79%).The majority of genera were cosmopolitan,while most others were pantropical or temperate.The cosmopolitan and north temperate elements together had 43 genera,which accounted for 76.79% of the total genera in Langyashan Nature Reserve.The cosmopolitan and pantropical elements together had 48 genera,which accounted for 85.71% of the total genera in study area.These geographic patterns appeared to be closely related to the climate,geography,and vegetation in the area.The species could also be grouped into four geographical elements: cosmopolitan species(75 species,70.09%),temperate zone species(16 species,14.95%),tropical or subtropical species(15 species,14.02%),and Sino-Japanese species(1 species,0.93%).Thus,the species of macrofungi in Langyashan Nature Reserve were largely cosmopolitan,with moderate representation of species with tropical or subtropical and temperate distributions.In addition to the important ecological functions performed by macrofungi,the macrofungi in Langyashan Nature Reserve hold great potential for food,medicine,and forestation.To preserve their populations over the long term,these macrofungal resources should be exploited reasonably.

Macrofungi of Seydişehir District (Konya)

Macrofungus specimens were collected during field trips carried out in the Seydişehir district of Konya. In total, 64 species belonging to 20 families were identified and added to the Turkish macrofungal flora.

Contributions to The Macrofungal Flora of Diyarbakır

Contributions to The Macrofungal Flora of Diyarbakır

The Macrofungi of the Soma (Manisa) and Savastepe (Balikesir) Districts

This study was conducted on specimens of macrofungi collected from Soma District in the Province of Manisa and Savastepe District in Balikesir Province in 1994 and 1995. As a result of field and laboratory studies, 52 species belonging to 18 families were identified. 15 of these species are new records for Turkey. These new records have now been added to the Turkish Macrofungal Flora. All the identified species of macrofungus are listed here and the new records among them are described.

New Records of Turkish Mycoflora from Beyşehir, in the Konya Province

Some macrofungal specimens were collected from fields around Beyşehir , in the Konya district. After field and laboratory studies, ten species belonging to five families were identified. These species are Clitocybe phyllophila (Fr.) Kumm., Melanoleuca brevipes (Bull.:Fr) Pat, M. pgraminicola (Vel.) Küh & Mre., Volvariella surrecta (Knapp) Sing., Agaricus essetei Bon, A. litoralis (Wakef.: Pers.) Konr & Maubl., Pholiota flavida (Schff.: Fr.) Sing., P. lucifera (Lasch) Quel., Inocybe lanuginella (Schroet.) Konr. & Maubl. ve I. whitei (B. & Br.) Sacc. f. Whitei. olup, These macrofungi are recorded for Turkish macrofungal flora for the first time in Turkey.

New Records of Turkish Macrofungi in Derbent County, Konya Province

Several macrofungi specimens were collected from fields in Derbent County in Konya Province. After field and laboratory studies, five species belonging to four families were identified. These species represent new recordings of Turkish macrofungal flora: Entoloma hirtipes (Schum. : Fr.) Moser, Psathyrella frustulenta (Fr.) A.H. Smith, P. microrhiza (Lasch) Sing., Agrocybe vervacti (Fr.) Sing. and Cortinarius duracinus Fr.

Species diversity and resource relationships of South Georgian fungi

The occurrence and distribution of the South Georgia fungal flora, particularly Ascomycotina and Basidiomycotina, is assessed in terms of habitat and substrate preference. The 113 taxa reported comprise 37 basidiomycetes, 49 ascomycetes, six myxomycetes and at least 21 lower fungi. Peat and litter substrata associated with tall tussock grassland have a rich macro-fungal flora, and numerous species occur in bog and mire communities, some in abundance from mid to late summer. Many micro-fungi and ascomycetes colonize dying leaves and inflorescences of specific vascular plants, and a few colonize bryophytes and lichens. At least a dozen species, probably non-indigenous, are associated with rotting timber and other imported materials at former whaling stations. An intensive survey of the South Georgia mycoflora is necessary to gain better understanding of their role in decomposition and nutrient cycling processes in the principal plant communities.

ON THE PRESENCE OF Amanita citrina & A. muscaria IN BELGRAD FOREST, ISTANBUL

The identification of the material collected from Belgrad Forest, Istanbul in November 1992, has revealed that the macrofungal flora of this area contains two more amanita species. Brief descriptions of the species, notes on their localities and photos of fructifications and basidiospores are given in the text. Key words: Amanita citrina, A. muscaria, Belgrad Forest, Istanbul.

Soil factors influencing the distribution of macrofungi in oak forests of southern Sweden

The macrofungal flora (species producing fruitbodies) of oak forest in Scania and N.E. Småland, south Sweden, is compared on the basis of soil chemical and stand structural properties and general differences in the deposition of acid and acidifying pollutants between these two regions. Deposition in Scania is, on average, twice as high and the mean base saturation of the oak forest humus only half of that in Småland. Species characteristic of soils with high base saturation/pH values (e.g. Cortinarius nemorensis, Entoloma nidorosum, Camarophyllus spp., Marasmius epiphyllus) were usually more common in Småland, whereas the opposite was true for most species characteristic of highly acidic soils (e.g. Entoloma cetratum, Lactarius camphoratus, L. theiogalus, Mycena sanguinolenta). Known changes of soil acidity and base saturation in south Sweden during recent decades and information from this and related studies suggest that the species composition of the macrofungal flora in deciduous forest of south Sweden is gradually changing as a result of changing soil chemistry.

The macro-fungal flora at Dungeness

The macro-fungal flora at Dungeness

Frequency and diversity of ectomycorrhizal and saprophytic macrofungi in the Laurentide Mountains of Quebec

Total macro fungus frequency in closed forest associations of the Laurentide Mountains varied little (147 – 185 %) from one to another. The macrofungal flora of the deciduous forest was composed mainly of many infrequent species, whereas coniferous forests had few, but very frequent, macrofungi. Total frequency was significantly lower (15%) in open stands of the spruce–cladina association. Species richness decreased gradually (from 125 to 34 species) towards the north and with increasing altitude. Both the Simpson and the Shannon–Wiener diversity indices were significantly lower in the coniferous forest when compared with the deciduous forest. This decrease in diversity was due to the scarcity of saprophytic fungi in mor humus, whereas the number of ectomycorrhizal species remained constant. The diversity of saprophytic fungi was related significantly to that of vascular plants, whereas the diversity of ectomycorrhizal macrofungi was related mainly to the percent cover of ectomycorrhizal hosts. A total of 195 species of macrofungi were recorded for the study sites. In the maple – yellow birch forest, most of the macrofungi were saprophytic members of the Tricholomataceae, Hygrophoraceae, Strophariaceae, and Clavariaceae, many being exclusive in this association. However, each biological group had approximately equal frequency (44–54%) and richness (37–45 taxa). Species composition of the coniferous forest differed from the former in the clear dominance of ectomycorrhizal macrofungi from the Cortinariaceae, Russulaceae, and the Boletaceae. In the black spruce – cladina association, saprophytic fungi were scarce and ectomycorrhizal species were also relatively infrequent. In all the sites, the equitability of macrofungal frequency was high, as seen by the high proportion of rare species. The decline in species richness observed in this study, when moving from deciduous to coniferous forests, corresponds well with the increase in environmental rigor and instability, as well as the decrease in the diversity of organic substrate and species of vascular plants.

Macrofungal flora of Swedish beech forest related to soil organic matter and acidity characteristics

The composition and edaphical differentiation of the beech forest mycoflora in Scania, south Sweden, was studied during 5 years, using 300 permanent sporophore observation plots. Considerable dissimilarities in species composition were found between topsoils of different acidity and organic matter properties. Less acid mull soils were particularly characterized by decomposer fungi. The frequency of mycorrhiza species increased sharply towards the most acid soils with more or less well-developed mor properties. The contribution of ‘exclusive’ beech forest species was usually a little below 20% of the frequency sum of all species. A conifer forest element became equally important in the most acid soils, in spite of a total lack of conifers in the stands. Most species attaining frequencies high enough for consideration exhibited a more or less distinct edaphical preference. The use of macrofungi as indicator organisms in environmental studies of soil acidification deserves future consideration.