Macrocytic Hypochromic Anemia Research Articles

EHRLICHIOSIS AND DEMODICOSIS IN BALI LOCAL DOG

Ehrlichiosis is a zoonotic disease caused by infection with intracellular bacteria Ehrlichia sp. which can be transmitted by ticks. Demodicosis is a parasitic disease caused by the mite Demodex sp. which has a predilection for the dermis, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. A male local breed dog aged approximately 2 years with a body weight of 8 kg came with complaints of hair loss and high intensity itching with a scale of 8/10. The results of clinical examination showed alopecia, scale, and erythema almost all over the body accompanied by tick infestations found on the back, anemic mucosa, left prescapularis lymph nodes and left popliteus experienced swelling. Hematological examination showed macrocytic hypochromic anemia, leukocytosis, lymphocytosis, granulocytosis, and thrombocytopenia. Blood smear and serology examination showed Ehrlichia sp.. infection while deep skin scrapping examination showed Demodex sp. infection. Based on the anamnesis, physical examination and laboratory examination, the case of the dog suffering from ehrlichiosis accompanied by demodecosis. The therapy given was in the form of doxycycline, ivermectin, diphenydramine, vitamin B complex, and bath therapy with sulfur soap. Observation of therapy on the 14th day provided clinical improvement in terms of reducing itching intensity, Demodex sp. infection intensity, and hematological parameters. On the 28th day of the last treatment, the dog's body condition was getting better, new hair started to grow and the body condition score increased. Dogs should be given food rich in nutrients such as liver, meat and egg yolks, as well as providing nutritional supplements to speed up the dog's recovery.

PNEUMONIA AND DEMODICOSIS IN CROSSBREED POMERANIAN

A Pomeranian breeddog named Beb aged 1,5 years with a body weight of 3,4 kg, experiencing respiratory problems namely coughing and yellowish nasal discharge, as well as skin problems with complaints of nausea. The purpose of this case report article is to determine the cause of the cough and skin disease that occurred in the case dog and the effectiveness of the treatment performed. During physical examination, there was a cough with moderate intensity, at the end of the cough the animal seemed to be trying to expel something from its throat. The skin showed alopecia, scale, crusts and hyperpigmentation. Radiographic examination showed radiopaque spots on the lungs. Nasal swab examination microscopically found neutrophils, skin scraping examination microscopically found Demodex canis mites. Complete blood test results showed that the case dog had hypochromic macrocytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and lymphopenia. Based on history taking, physical examination, and supporting examination, the case dog was diagnosed with pneumonia and demodecosis. The case animal was treated with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (15mg/kg BW; orally; twice daily; for one week and ivermectin (600 µg/kg BW subcutaneously). Symptomatic therapy was given diphenhydramine HCl (1 mg/kg BW; intramuscularly), then continued with diphenhydramine HCl (3mg/kg BW; orally; twice daily). Supportive therapy given was Livron B-Plex® and fish oil orally one tablet per day. Dogs were bathed using soap with sulfur content. The results of the 2-week treatment showed no nasal discharge, no coughing, the animal no longer exhibited nausea, the morning crusts on the ear edges had disappeared, and new hair had started to grow on the neck and back of the case animal. Owners are advised to keep their dogs out of contact with other dogs to speed up the healing process. Owners are advised to improve nutrition, hygiene, grooming, and routine vaccination and deworming.

CHRONIC RHINITIS WITH BRONCHITIS INDICATION IN MALE PERSIAN CAT

Cats are animals that are often used as pets. Cats are prone to disease in their respiratory system. The aim of this study was to examine the case of respiratory tract diseases that often occur in cats are rhinitis and bronchitis, namely inflammation of one or more bronchi. Examination was carried out on a pet at the Veterinary Internal Medicine Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University. The animal examined was a 4 years old male Persian cat with a body weight of 3 kg, with complaints of runny nose and sneezing. The results of clinical examination showed that the cat experienced bradycardia, hypothermia and bradypnea, swelling and redness of the nose. The results of the hematological examination showed the occurrence of hypochromic macrocytic anemia and radiographic examination showed inflammation of the bronchi which was characterized by a bronchial pattern and also pulmonary vein distension which was indicated by a vascular pattern. Case animals were diagnosed with chronic rhinitis with indications of bronchitis and were treated with the antibiotic azithromycin (10 mg/kg BW; q24 hours; PO), the anti-inflammatory drug meloxicam (0.1 mg/kg BW; q24 hours; PO), and bromhexine hydrochloride (1 mg/ kg BW; q24 hours; PO) and change of feed to wet feed. Treatment of case cats for 10 days showed better clinical conditions as indicated by a decrease in the frequency of sneezing and no runny nose was found. To treat rhinitis, the selection of an antibacterial agent should ideally be based on the results of a culture of runny nose and further observation is needed because an indication of bronchitis was found on the radiographic examination results.

UNILATERAL RHINITIS AND HEMOBARTONELLA FELIS INFECTION IN DOMESTIC CATS WITH A HISTORY OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

Rhinitis is an inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nasal cavity, which can arise from a number of intranasal or systemic disorders. Hemobartonella felis is a gram-negative intracellular bacterium that attacks cat's erythrocytes. This treatment aims to discuss diagnostic and treatment techniques for rhinitis and Hemobartonellosis infection in cat with kidney failure. The animal is a local cat with a history of kidney failure, female, 6 years old and weighing 2.7 kg. The owner came with complaints of a serous discharge in the right nasal cavity and occasional sneezing. The cat has decreased appetite since 6 months and looks weak. Clinical examination showed swelling of the right mandibular lymph nodes and inspection of the oral cavity found gingivitis, tartar, and halitosis. Routine hematological examination results showed that the cat had macrocytic hypochromic anemia accompanied by thrombocytopenia. Examination of the blood smear preparations found coccoid formations with short chains or rod formations in the cat's erythrocytes which indicated a positive result for Hemobartonella felis. Case animal was diagnosed with unilateral rhinitis and Hemobartonella felis infection. The therapy given consisted of Doxycycline antibiotics at a dose of 10 mg/kg once a day for 14 days, anti-inflammatory Dexamethasone at a dose of 0.5 mg once a day for 5 days and Sangobion as a supportive therapy 1 capsule once a day for 10 days. The therapy given helps to improve the condition of the case animal. General check up of health conditions is required during the maintenance period.

Prevalence of Anemia and Variations of Hematological Parameters among Anemic Hemodialysis Patients in the Tripoli Region

Background: Prolonged decline in the ability of the kidney to regulate acid–base balance, eliminate waste products, and manage water homeostasis and entered chronic phase, toxic metabolic accumulates and erythropoietin secretion by the kidney is decreasing and causes hematological changes including decrease of HCT, MCV, RBCs and platelet counts. Hemodialysis became a practical treatment for kidney failure and is the most common method used to treat advanced and permanent kidney failure. Anemia is one of the most common complications in hemodialysis patients. Objectives: The study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of anemia among hemodialysis patients and investigate the variations of hematological parameters among anemic hemodialysis patients in the Tripoli region. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on 250 renal failure patients, attending Tripoli Center for dialysis and 100 normal healthy subjects. The study Ethical Committee of the medical centers and the Libyan Academy of graduate studies reviewed and approved the study design and patient consent statements were taken from each patient. Information's about the patients were recorded in a questionnaire. A blood sample of 5 ml was drawn by venous puncture from each normal healthy individual and hemodialysis patient. 2.5 ml of the blood sample was collected in K-EDTA tubes for the hematological examinations and another 2.5 ml of the blood sample was collected in a plain tubes for biochemical tests (serum urea, creatinine, and uric acid concentrations). The hematological parameters (RBCs count, Hb, HCT, MCV, MCH, MCHC, WBCs count, differential count of WBCs, and Platelets count) were determined using an automated hematology analyzer Sysmex (K- 4500) machine. The data were compared using GraphPad Prism version.9. The statistical significance of differences between groups was evaluated with the independent t-test. A P-value of <0.05 was considered significant for all statistical tests. Results: The results showed that the prevalence of anemia among hemodialysis patients was 89.8%. The degrees of anemia were 17% severe, 71.66% moderate, and 11.34% mild anemia. The types of anemia were 13.36% microcytic hypochromic, 82.59% normocytic hypochromic, and 4.05% macrocytic hypochromic anemia. RBCs, WBCs & platelets counts, Hct, MCHC, and Lymphocytes % showed a significant (P<0.01) decrease, and MCV was a significant (P<0.01) increase in the anemic hemodialysis patients compared with the healthy individuals. But, a significant (P<0.05) decrease in MCH was observed in the anemic hemodialysis patients when compared with the healthy individuals. A significant correlation was observed between RBCs and their indices with most of the hematological parameters. A significant (P<0.01) negative correlation was observed between serum urea with Hb, and RBCs count and Hct. While, a significant (P<0.01) positive correlation was recorded between uric acid with platelets count. A significant (P<0.05) positive correlation was observed between gender with platelets count, while, a significant negative correlation was recorded between gender with serum urea (P<0.01), creatinine, and uric acid, and Hb (P<0.05). A significant (P<0.01) negative correlation was observed between blood groups with serum uric acid. A significant (P<0.01) positive correlation was observed between durations of hemodialysis with RBCs count and Hb, while, a significant (P<0.05) negative correlation was recorded between durations of hemodialysis with body weight, and MCHC. Conclusion: It can be concluded that a higher prevalence of moderate, normocytic hypochromic anemia among hemodialysis patients. Also, results showed a significant variation in hematological parameters among the anemic hemodialysis patients. So, hemodialysis patients advice to examine the hematological parameters and treated from anemia if detected.

POTENTIAL PERFECTION EFFECTS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES AGAINST CISPLATIN SIDE EFFECTS IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA INDUCED IN SPRAGUE DAWLEY ALBINO RATS: HEMATOLOGICAL, BIOCHEMICAL, HISTOPATHOLOGICAL, AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL ALTERATIONS

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have various applications such as their use in the medical field. As they have been reported to show antimicrobial and anti-tumor effects. The main purpose of the current study was to explore the anti-cancer effects of AgNPs administration alone or in a combination with cisplatin (CP) against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in rats. Seventy-five rats (Sprague Dawley albino rats) were used in the present study. Rats were assigned to 5 groups. Group 1 served as normal control. Group 2 was injected intraperitoneally (IP) with a single dose (200 ml/kg) of diethylnitrosamine (DEN), then one week later carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) was injected IP (0.2 ml/kg) two times weekly for 14 successive weeks for the induction of HCC. Group 3 was treated with AgNPs (4 mg/kg) daily. Group 4 was treated with CP (6 mg/kg) once a week. Group 5 was treated with a combination of AgNPs (4 mg/kg/daily) and CP (2.5 mg/kg/weekly). Groups 3, 4, and 5 were treated for 3 successive weeks after induction of HCC. Hematological, biochemical, antioxidant activities, proinflammatory cytokines, and apoptotic genes were evaluated in the current study. Hematological results denoted normocytic normochromic anemia in all examined groups except group 2 which showed macrocytic hypochromic anemia, with thrombocytopenia and leukocytosis in all groups. Significant hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, and hypoglobulinemia were detected in all groups, with no significant changes (P < 0.05) in globulin in group 5. Significantly decreases in GSH and SOD were recorded in all groups. While the serum AST, ALT activities, and levels of total bilirubin, urea, creatinine, IL-6, TNF-α, AFP, VEGF, BAX, and caspase-3 were markedly elevated. The results revealed a remarkable improvement in group 4 than groups 3, and 5. The obtained results were supported by immunohistochemical and histopathological investigations of the liver tissue.

Curcumin and cinnamon mitigates lead acetate-induced oxidative damage in the spleen of rats.

Lead toxicity is a common occupational and environmental health hazard that exerts many toxic effects on animals and humans, including immunotoxicity. Curcumin (CUR) and cinnamon (CIN) are common medicinal herbs with immunostimulatory and antioxidant properties. Therefore, this study investigated the protective effect of curcumin and cinnamon against lead acetate (LA)-induced splenotoxicity in rats via hemato-biochemical, immunological, oxidative stress marker, CYP-2E1 expression, histological, and immunohistological evaluations. Four groups of seven rats each were used: the control group received corn oil as a vehicle; the lead acetate group received (100mg/kg), the CUR + LA group received curcumin (400mg/kg) plus lead acetate, and the CIN + LA group received cinnamon (200mg/kg) plus lead acetate orally for 1 month. LA exposure induced macrocytic hypochromic anemia, leukocytosis, neutrophilia, monocytosis, and lymphopenia. Additionally, significant elevations in serum iron, ferritin levels, and transferrin saturation percentage with significant decline of total and unsaturated iron binding capacities (TIBC and UIBC), transferrin, and immunoglobulin G and M levels were recorded. In addition, lead acetate significantly upregulated splenic CYP-2E1 expression, that was evident by significant depletion of reduced glutathione (GSH) activity and elevation of malondihyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and protein carbonyl (PC) concentrations in the spleen. Histologically, hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles, hemosiderin deposition, and disturbance of CD3 and CD68 immuno-expressions were evident in the spleen from the lead acetate group. However, curcumin and cinnamon administration restored the hemato-biochemical, immunological, and oxidative stress parameters as well as histological and immunohistological pictures toward normalcy. In conclusion, curcumin and cinnamon can partially ameliorate LA-induced oxidative damage in the spleen, possibly through their antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and gene-regulating activities.

Prevalence of peste des petits ruminants and concurrent hematological, liver and kidney function test of Black Bengal goats reared in Jaintapur, Sylhet district in Bangladesh

Hemato-biochemical parameters aid in the formulation of effective treatment and supportive therapy for infectious diseases of animals such as peste des petits ruminants (PPR). The present study investigated the prevalence of PPR in Black Bengal goats reared in Jaintapur, Sylhet and concurrent hematology, liver and kidney function tests of PPR infected goats. Information of PPR infected goats was recorded according to age and sex by asking questions to the owner or farmers. Blood samples from 10 PPR-infected Black Bengal goats and 10 normal healthy goats were collected and analyzed using routine blood and biochemical tests. PPR positive cases were found in 60 of 125 goats examined based on clinical signs. The highest prevalence (50%) was recorded in young goats (below 12 months) followed by goats of 12-24 months of age and older goats (above 25 months). Older goats were less susceptible to PPR infection. Male goats were less susceptible to PPR infection (31.66%) compared to female goats (68.33%). PPR is more likely in goats with lower body condition score (BCS). PPR-infected goats had macrocytic hypochromic anemia, as evidenced by significantly lower TEC, Hb, and PCV levels and higher MCV and MCH levels. The total leucocyte count (TLC) was significantly (P<0.05) decreased, neutrophils numbers were significantly increased but lymphocyte numbers were decreased in PPR infected goats. ALT, AST and creatinine reflect the liver and kidney functions. PPR-infected goats had significantly higher (P<0.05) AST, ALT and creatinine values than normal healthy goats. A high level of AST and ALT in PPR-infected goats might be due to liver damage. The high creatinine level indicates functional damage to the kidney. In conclusion, Prevalence of PPR in higher in Black Bengal goats reared in Jaintapur, Sylhet and PPR virus altered the hematological parameters and liver and kidney function test of the PPR infected goats. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 2022, 8 (4), 270-276

TRANSMISSIBLE VENEREAL TUMOR SURGERY AND CHEMOTHERAPY IN A FEMALE LOCAL DOG WITH A HISTORY OF MACROCYTIC-HYPOCHROMIC ANEMIA

Canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT) is a malignant tumor of the genital organs that is transmitted to dogs through implantation of tumor cells in the mucous membranes during mating, licking, biting, fighting, or various forms of direct contact. The case animal is a 1.5 years old female local dog with a body weight of 10.45 kg with a complaint of a lump in the vaginal area for the last 2 months and blood dripping from her vagina. Based on anamnesis, physical examination, and supporting examinations including hematological examination, it was found that the case dog had hypochromic macrocytic anemia, on cytology examination found the presence of intranuclear and intracytoplasmic CTVT vacuoles, and histopathological examination revealed homogeneous lymphoblasts and lymphocytes, mitotic cells, and connective tissue stroma, so the case dog was diagnosed with Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor. Treatment for CTVT is done through surgery and chemotherapy. Preoperatively given atropine sulfate premedication at a dose of 0.02 mg/kg BW subcutaneously, and anesthetized using a combination of ketamine-xylazine at a dose of 2 mg/kg BW and 12 mg/kg BW intravenously, respectively. Surgery is performed by excision of the tumor mass in the vaginal area. Postoperatively, cefotaxime at a dose of 25 mg/kg BW was administered intravenously twice a day and the analgesic tolfenamic acid at a dose of 4 mg/kg BW was administered intramuscularly once a day. Followed on the second day by administering the drug orally, namely the antibiotic cefixime at a dose of 5 mg/kg BW given twice a day for five days, meloxicam at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg BW given once a day for five days. Sangobion capsules are given once a day for five days. Dogs were given chemotherapy drug vincristin sulfate at a dose of 0.025 mg/kg BW intravenously on the 4th and 11th postoperative days. On the fourth postoperative day, the vulva did not experience swelling, the dog was actively playing, normal urination, eating and drinking well, no disturbances occurred, so the case dog was declared to have developed well after surgery.

Prevalence of haemoparasites and effects on blood parameters of horses in the Ashanti Region of Ghana.

A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the prevalence of haemoparasites in horses and their effects on the blood parameters of horses in the Ashanti Region of Ghana from June to July 2021. A total of 26 horses were sampled. Three millilitres (3mls) of blood samples were collected from each horse from the jugular vein which was examined using a thin blood film and autoanalyzer. Data obtained was analysed descriptively using SPSS Version 21. A Chi-square test was performed, and the significance level was tested at a 5% significance level (P-value ≤ 0.05). Results showed 20 (76.9%) positive cases for blood parasites; of which 13 (65%) had Babesia caballi only, 1 (5%) with Theileria equi only, 5 (25%) with both Babesia caballi and Theileria equi, and 1 (5%) with both Babesia caballi and Trypanosoma equiperdum. Prevalence was observed to be high in the young horses (3-7 years) as well as in the local breed of horses and the male horses. There were marked effects on haematological parameters in infected horses. Concerning infected horses, haematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were low whilst the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) was high indicating macrocytic hypochromic anaemia. The difference in the effects on haematological parameters between infected and non-infected horses was not statistically significant (p>0.05). This study has established the presence of haemoparasites with Babesia caballi being the most prevalent parasite in the horses sampled in the Ashanti Region of Ghana with marked effects on haematological parameters indicating the presence of macrocytic, hypochromic anaemia.

Successful treatment of pyruvate kinase deficiency and inflammatory bowel disease comorbid with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and hypocobalaminaemia in a cat

AbstractA 3‐year‐old Abyssinian cat presented with chronic diarrhoea and weight loss. Blood examination and abdominal ultrasound examination identified severe macrocytic hypochromic anaemia and thickened intestinal walls. Pyruvate kinase deficiency and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) were diagnosed based on gene analysis and intestinal biopsy findings, respectively. Additional blood evaluation identified exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) and hypocobalaminaemia. To eliminate the primary cause of haemolysis, we performed splenectomy, which stabilised the progression of anaemia for approximately 37 days. However, anaemia progressed on day 43 after splenectomy; therefore, 1 mg/kg prednisolone (PO q24h) was administered for stabilising erythrocytes and management of IBD. Significant improvements in the severity of anaemia, echinocyte counts and gastrointestinal clinical signs caused by IBD and EPI were observed with gastrointestinal diet, cobalamin and pancreatic enzymes supplementation. Prednisolone dose was then tapered to 0.5 mg/kg PO every 72 hours. There was no relapse of severe anaemia or signs of IBD or EPI.

Phylogenetic exploration and haemato-biochemical significance of Anaplasma marginale infection in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

During 2017-2020, a total of 8352 buffalo blood samples were screened microscopically for Anaplsma species and 104 positive samples were found. Later on same samples were confirmed positive using genomic DNA PCR technique. For efficiency of PCR technique, a total of 335 blood samples were randomly chosen. Microscopy revealed Anaplasma species in erythrocytes of 1.19% (4 samples) of the total blood samples (n=335). Initially PCR assay was standardized targeting 16S rRNA for detection of genus Anaplasma with expected amplicon size 781 bp. Thereafter, msp1 β gene was targeted for species level identification of Anaplasma (Anaplasma marginale) with expected amplicon size 407 bp. A total of fourteen samples out of 335 samples (4.17%) found positive by PCR. Randomly, two confirmed positive samples were sent for bidirectional sequencing. The sequencing results, submitted in GenBank(MW269530, MW269531), further confirm the Anaplasma marginale infection in buffalo. The study show higher specificity and sensitivity of PCR test above blood smear examination. Erythron of infected animals showed significantly low level of mean Hb, PCV, RBC count, MCH, MCHC and high level of mean MCV, indicating regenerative hypochromic macrocytic anaemia. Infected animals had a significantly low mean level of total protein, albumin and globulin and significantly high level of phosphorus, total bilirubin, direct and indirect bilirubin. The current study provides indication of the association between A. marginale infection and probable liver damage or hepatic fatty degeneration. Nevertheless advanced studies are warranted to explain the precise pathophysiological mechanism of this association.

Fish Hematopathology Profile is Influenced by the Pollutants in a Lake Water

The present investigation assessed the toxic effects of aquatic pollution on fish collected from the contaminated station of Chakkamkandam lake. Both, water and fish (Mugil cephalus) samples were collected from lake water of Chakkamkandam lake at Guruvayur (Kerala, India). Fish are the most affected organisms by toxicants present in water bodies among all aquatic creatures because they are the dominant species in this ecosystem. When fish consume contaminated food, pollutants/toxicants enter the fish's digestive system. It can also enter through the fish's gills and skin. After absorption, they are finally transported by the bloodstream to the organs and tissues where they accumulate.Water quality parameters were assessed and various blood parameters of the fish were analyzed. The changes in haemoglobin concentration, red blood cells, and white blood cell count were studied. The secondary blood indices were also calculated. Compared to the reference site, the fish from the lake water showed decreased numbers of RBC, Haemoglobin (Hb), and hematocrit (Hct). However, the values of WBC count, and Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) increased significantly. The changes in hematological parameters of fish from the polluted station revealed that the health of fish is disturbed. Additionally, the results suggested that blood parameters are useful, tools in monitoring of aquatic pollution. These biomarkers show that fish have macrocytic hypochromic anemia. Leucocytosis showed a general defence response against pollution-induced toxicity. In conclusion, the results of the current study showed that the water quality impacted hematological profile of the fish Mugil cephalus collected from lake water.

Antimicrobial, immunological and biochemical effects of florfenicol and garlic (Allium sativum) on rabbits infected with Escherichia coli serotype O55: H7.

Florfenicol (FFC) is a synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotic and garlic has a bactericidal action against coliforms. This study was carried out to compare the antimicrobial, immunological and biochemical effects of florfenicol and garlic, for their ability to treat enteropathogenic Escherichia coli serotype O55: H7 infection in rabbits. Four groups (G1-G4) were included. G1 group was the negative control; G2 group was the infected with a field-isolated strain of E. coli and untreated; G3 group was the infected+treated with FFC for 5 days; and G4 group was the infected+treated with garlic tablets for 14 days. The rabbits were observed for clinical signs, growth performance and mortality rates. Garlic-infused disks had a larger clear zone of inhibition than other antibiotic disks. Garlic treatment improved growth performance, biochemical parameters, and immunological response and reduced the fecal shedding and histopathological lesions in E. coli O55: H7 infected rabbits compared to the other groups. Colonization of E. coli more rapidly declined in G3 & G4 than in G2. Hepatic and intestinal gene expressions; tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were significantly elevated in G2 compared to the other groups, and their levels were elevated more in G3 than in G4. Serum interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and phagocytic activity were significantly elevated in G4 compared to G3. G3 revealed macrocytic hypochromic anaemia that was confirmed histopathologically by moderate haematopoiesis of the bone marrow. In conclusion, garlic powder can reduce rabbit colibacillosis, like FFC, and can enhance the immune status of rabbits.

Effect of exogenous melatonin on endocrinological profiles, biochemical and antioxidant and oxidative stress profiles in post-partum anestrus Andaman local buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in tropical island ecosystem

Andaman local buffalo (ALB) is distributed in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. ALB is non-descriptive and represents admixture of different Indian breeds of buffaloes. ALB is suffering infertility due to anestrus in dry (summer) season. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the effect of slow release subcutaneous exogenous melatonin (MT) implant on hematological profiles, endocrinological profiles (cortisol and prolactin), biochemical profile (total protein, albumin, globulin, glucose and total cholesterol), antioxidant profiles [total antioxidant capacity (TAC), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)] and oxidative stress profile (malondialdehyde; MDA) in anestrus buffalo cows during summer to improve its reproductive efficiency. Experimental buffaloes (5–7 years of age) were selected and divided into two groups, Gr I: Control (n=6) and Gr II: Treatment (n=6; melatonin implant @ 18 mg/50 kg b.wt). Statistical analysis revealed that these experimental profiles differed significantly between treatment and control groups. Blood profiles revealed that anestrus buffalo suffered severe macrocytic hypochromic anemia with increased leukocytosis and MT has improved the health status of reproductive system and whole body systems. Concentration of cortisol and prolactin were lower in MT treated than in control group. Similarly, antioxidant profiles were higher and oxidative stress profile was lower in MT treated group than in control group. Biochemical profiles were increased in MT treated than in untreated buffalos. Study concludes that melatonin had significant beneficial effects in improvement of the antioxidant profiles, minimization of oxidative stress with cascading beneficial effects on hormone, biochemical and hematological profiles, which will improve the cyclicity and fertility rate in anestrus buffalo during summers in humid tropical island ecosystem.

Treatment Effect of Oregano Essential Oil in Broiler Chickens Experimentally Infected with Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli O27 with Emphasis on Hemogram, Serum Biochemistry, and Histopathology of Vital Organs

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of oregano oil 20% for the treatment of broiler chickens experimentally infected with avian pathogenic Escherichia coli O27 (APECO27) -local isolate. Hemogram, biochemical constituents, and histopathology of the internal organs were assessed. Two hundred chicks -19-days-old- were randomly assigned to four equal groups; G1 (normal control), G2 (Infected), G3 (oregano treated), and G4 (antibiotic treated). At the 19th, 20th, and 21st day of age, G2, G3, and G4 were intratracheally infected with 0.2ml of APECO27 (1×107 CFU/chick). On the 22nd, 23rd, and 24th day of age, G3 & G4 were treated with oregano 20% (2ml/5liter) and difloxacin (10mg/kg b.wt.) in drinking water, respectively. On the 3rd, 6th, 10th, and 21st day post-infection, blood and tissue samples were collected for laboratory investigations of the hemogram, serum biochemistry, and histopathology of the internal organs. Infected non-treated G2 chicks showed dullness, ruffled feathers, gasping, and loss of appetite, while infected-treated G3 & G4 birds showed mild symptoms. The mortality rate was 30%, 8%, and 4% in G2, G4, and G3, respectively. Chicks of G2 & G4 developed macrocytic hypochromic anemia, leukocytosis, heterophilia, and lymphopenia. Values of ALT, AST, creatinine, and uric acid were increased while protein profile was decreased. After oregano treatment, alterations were returned to normal levels. Histopathologically, chicks of G2 & G4 showed alterations in the internal organs. Finally, APECO27 caused alterations in hematology and serum biochemistry, and histopathology of the internal organs. Oregano could be used as antibiotic for the treatment of APECO27.

MITIGATION OF WELDING FUME WITH VITAMIN C

ABSTRACT Welding fumes are composed of fine and ultrafine particles, which when it gained access to the body system either via inhalation or as food or water contaminants can elicit various haematological and biochemical changes. In order to determine the haematological changes elicited by welding fumes and it’s mitigation by ascorbic acid, a total of fifteen male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups (A, B and C) of five animals per group. Group A served as the control while group B were kept in enclosed welding environment for adequate inhalation of the welding fume. Group C were equally kept in the enclosed welding environment but were daily orally administered 100mg of ascorbic acid for two weeks. At the end of two weeks of exposure, blood samples were obtained for haematological analyses. It was observed that exposure to the welding fumes predisposes the rats to macrocytic hypochromic anaemia and stress with evidence of neutrophilia and lymphopenia. These observed haematological perturbations were reversed by ascorbic acid back similar to that of the control group. It can be concluded that haematological perturbation induced by welding fume can be mitigated effectively by ascorbic acid without any deleterious effects.

Impact of Subclinical Haemoproteus columbae Infection on Farmed Domestic Pigeons from Central Java (Yogyakarta), Indonesia, with Special Reference to Changes in the Hemogram

Pigeon haemoproteosis caused by Haemoproteus columbae (Apicomplexa: Haemosporida: Haemoproteidae) is globally prevalent in rock doves (Columba livia), although little is known regarding this disease in pigeons and doves in Indonesia. Blood samples of 35 farmed domestic pigeons (C. livia f. domestica) from four localities in Yogyakarta Special Region, Central Java, Indonesia, were collected from March to June, 2016, subjected to a hemogram, and analyzed for the presence of hemoprotozoan infections. Microscopic examination of blood smears revealed a prevalence of 62.5–100% of H. columbae at the four localities (n = 8–10 for each locality), and geometric means of 3.0–5.6% of erythrocytes were parasitized by young and mature gametocytes, suggesting that all infected pigeons were in the chronic phase of infection with repeated recurrences and/or reinfections. Nucleotide sequencing of mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (cytb) for haemosporidian species demonstrated the distribution of four major cytb lineages of H. columbae (mainly HAECOL1, accompanied by COLIV03, COQUI05, and CXNEA02 according to the MalAvi database). Hemogram analysis, involving the estimation of packed cell volume, erythrocyte counts, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and plasma protein and fibrinogen levels of 20 parasitized pigeons and five non-infected pigeons demonstrated significant macrocytic hypochromic anemia with hypoproteinemia and hyperfibrinogenemia in the infected pigeons. This study shows the profound impact of long-lasting subclinical pigeon haemoproteosis caused by H. columbae on the health of farmed domestic pigeons.

Lumpy Skin Disease in Cattle: Hematological, Biochemical and Oxidative Changes

This study was conducted to determine the clinical, haematologic, biochemical findings, and oxidative stress parameters in cattle naturally infected with lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) in the Kafrelshikh governorate, Egypt. Twenty animals were divided into 2 groups. Ten apparent healthy mixed Holstein female cows with age ranged between 1.5-3 years did not show any symptoms of LSD and considered the control group. Other 10 mixed Holstein pregnant females with an age range between 2-3 years considered diseased group by clinical examination and laboratory confirmation by polymerase chain reaction and analysis of the blood samples. The diseased cows suffered from fever (above 40∘C), anorexia, emaciation, skin nodules distributed in various body parts, lacrimation, nasal discharge, oedema, enlarged prescapular, and prefemoral lymph nodes. Haematological examination of the blood collected from infected animals showed a significant reduction in the number of erythrocytes, various leukocyte types, and thrombocytes as well as macrocytic hypochromic anemia.

Haemato-biochemical alterations in caprine theileriosis

Theileriosis is an important haemoparasitic disease of goats which causes serious economic losses to farmers. There is a paucity of information on the clinico-haemato-biochemical aspects of caprine theileriosis in Kerala. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the haemato-biochemical alterations associated with clinical cases of caprine theileriosis in twenty five smear positive goats in Thrissur district, Kerala. Major clinical signs observed were anaemia, fever, lymphnode enlargement, anorexia, respiratory distress. Haemato-biochemical analysis revealed macrocytic hypochromic anaemia with low Hb, Volume of Packed Red Cells (VPRC), platelet, Total Erythrocyte Count (TEC) and hyperproteinaemia with hyperglobulinaemia in the affected goats.