Macro Mineral Elements Research Articles

PROXIMATE ANALYSIS AND MINERAL DETERMINATION OF Calliandra surinamensis SEED

Proximate composition (moisture, carbohydrate, protein, ash, fat and fibre) and mineral composition (K, Na, Ca, P, Mg, Se, Fe, Cu and Zn) of Calliandra surinamensis seed were determined using standard methods. The % moisture content obtained was (12.80 ± 0.04), % carbohydrate (59.81 ± 0.07), % crude protein (5.95 ± 0.70), % ash (2.63 ± 0.20), % crude fat (4.74 ± 0.17), % crude fibre (14.07 ± 1.33). The mineral content that was analysed in the seed in mg/kg were; K (13.72 ± 1.09), Na (9.50 ± 1.53), Ca (36.92 ± 0.55), Mg (27.50 ± 0.61), Se (0.28 ± 0.11), Fe (0.78 ± 1.29), Cu (0.09 ± 0.08), Zn (0.49 ± 0.10) and P (1.79± 0.07). The result revealed that Calliandra surinamensis seed has a good shelf-life, high carbohydrate content, moderately and acceptable values for crude protein and lipid. The seed was found to be rich in macro mineral elements of calcium, magnesium, sodium and with a higher potassium content compared to sodium.The sodium to potassium ratio (Na+/ K+ 0.69) fell within the range (Na/K ≤1.0) recommended by World Health Organization for prevention of cardiovascular diseases. The seed is also a good source of essential micro mineral elements of iron, selenium, zinc and copper which can aid the development of cell tissues. Therefore, composition of Calliandra surinamensis seed from this study suggests that it would be beneficial for both domestic and industrial applications as complementary food source.

Enhancing the Nutritional and Functional Properties of Auricularia auricula through the Exploitation of Walnut Branch Waste.

As the third most edible fungus in the world, Auricularia auricular needs a lot of sawdust for cultivation; thus, it is a win–win method to develop waste wood sawdust suitable for black agaric cultivation. This study evaluated the growth, agronomic characters and nutritional quality of A. auricula cultured on different ratios of miscellaneous sawdust and walnut waste wood sawdust, and comprehensively analyzed the feasibility of cultivating black agaric with walnut sawdust using principal component method (PCA). The results showed that the macro mineral elements and phenolic substances in walnut sawdust were significantly higher than those of miscellaneous sawdust by 18.32–89.00%. The overall activity of extracellular enzymes reached the highest when the ratio of the substrate was 0:4 (miscellaneous sawdust: walnut sawdust). The mycelia of 1:3 substrates grew well and fast. In addition, the growth cycle for A. auricula was significantly lower for 0:4 (116 d) than for 4:0 (126 d). Then, the single bag yield and biological efficiency (BE) were highest at 1:3. Moreover, the nutrients and mineral elements of A. auricula cultivated in walnut sawdust were significantly higher than that of miscellaneous sawdust, expect for total sugar and protein, and the highest overall value was found at 1:3. Finally, the results of comprehensive evaluation by PCA showed that the D value was the highest when the substrate was 1:3 and the lowest when the substrate was 4:0. Therefore, the substrate ratio of 1:3 was the most suitable for the growth of A. auricula. In this study, the high yield and quality of A. auricula were cultivated by waste walnut sawdust, which provided a new way to utilize walnut sawdust.

Reference intervals and physiological variations of the macro-mineral plasma concentrations in Ouled Djellal ewes

Abstract. This study aimed to establish values and reference intervals of macro-mineral plasma concentrations, as well as the variations of these variables depending on the physiological stages of Ouled Djellal ewes, reared in the Northeast of Algeria. Six plasma macro-mineral elements: calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K), and chlorine (Cl), were analyzed in blood samples belonging to one hundred thirty-four (n=134) healthy Ouled Djellal ewes (2-5 years old). Obtained levels were statistically analyzed using Reference Value Adviser software in order to establish the reference intervals. In addition, a follow-up study using thirty (30) ewes was carried out to determine the variations of these same parameters depending on the animals’ physiological stages. Animals were subjected to blood sampling during seven periods of their reproductive cycle (dry period; early gestation; mid-gestation; late gestation; early lactation; mid-lactation; after weaning). Reference intervals values for the studied macro elements were: Ca (66-106.7 mgl/L), P (30.5-85 mg/L), Mg (17-32 mg/L), Na (132.6-165 mEq/L), K (3.8-6.2 mEq/L) and Cl (98-123.9 mEq/L). The follow-up study showed significant variations of these macro-elements according to the animal’s reproductive stages. In late gestation, both calcium and magnesium levels increased significantly; however, they showed a significant decrease in early lactation. Phosphatemia was significantly higher in both dry and empty ewes. The lowest values of sodium and potassium were recorded at the beginning of lactation. Chlorine plasma levels decreased very significantly in mid-lactation. Such results provide baseline information that permits monitoring the impact of various mineral disturbances in this breed and checking the animal’s health status depending on its physiological stage.

Macromineral and trace element requirements for Santa Ines sheep

Minerals play an important role in animal metabolism. Knowledge of mineral requirements allows well-formulated diets to be provided, which is the main factor that affects performance. To determine the macromineral and trace element requirements for growth and maintenance, thirty-eight 2-month-old Santa Ines lambs with initial body weight (BW) of 13.0 ± 1.49 kg were distributed in a factorial design with feeding levels (ad libitum, 30% and 60% feed restriction) and sex classes [castrated (CM) and intact males (IM)]. The net mineral requirements for gain were higher (P < 0.05) with increasing BW and average daily gain, except for Ca and Na, which remained constant as the empty BW (EBW) increased. The macromineral net requirement for maintenance (g/kg EBW0.75) and the true retention coefficient (k; %) were 0.0784 and 65.2 for Ca, 0.0926 and 80.0 for P, and 0.0379 and 59.0 for K, respectively. The k of Mg was higher (P < 0.05) for IM (11.3 for IM and 7.9 for CM). Sex did not affect (P > 0.05) the maintenance requirement of the trace elements Co, Cu, Zn and Cr which were 0.0015, 0.037, 0.698, and 0.0055 (mg/kg EBW0.75), respectively. Our study indicated that the Santa Ines net mineral requirements are different from the main nutritional requirements established by committees for sheep, which may result in unbalanced diets.

Modeling the age-related shift in the mineral content of hard tissues in two Mediterranean deer species

ObjectiveIn this paper we aim to provide baseline data and model the changes of Ca, P and Mg throughout life in the mandibular bone, enamel and dentin of red (Cervus elaphus) and fallow deer (Dama dama) in Mediterranean ecosystems. DesignThrough a cross-sectional study of cervids from 1.5 to 20 yrs old, hunted between 1990 and 1997, we apply generalized additive models (GAMs) with data from scanning-electron-microscope with energy-dispersive X-ray (FESEM-EDX) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analyses. ResultsThe mineral content varied in a similar range to that reported for other ruminants. However, we detected lower Ca content values, while more similar results were obtained for P and Mg contents, which led to relatively lower Ca/P ratios and higher Ca/Mg in our deer at that time. A significantly lesser pattern of decreasing mineral content with aging was detected in the fallow deer males, similarities were found between the sexes, and significantly less resistance to demineralization was observed in dentin compared to bone. We discuss how the basic macromineral elements involved in the biomineralization process vary with age throughout life depending on deer species, sex and hard tissues. ConclusionAllowing for possible inferences of differential changes in the mineralization state at the main stages in life history, our methodological approach opens up new possibilities in zooarchaeological, paleontological, and wildlife research.

Evaluation of nutritional requirements of medicinal fungus, Pyrofomes demidoffii under submerged fermentation

Abstract Pyrofomes demidoffii is a medicinal wood decay fungus that exhibit antimicrobial and also antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the optimal nutritional requirements for growth of P. demidoffii under submerged fermentation expressed in terms of mycelial dry weight. For this study, carbon, nitrogen, macro-mineral elements and vitamins sources were evaluated under submerged cultures using one-factor-at-a-time and in orthogonal design method. In one-factor-at-a-time analysis, soluble starch, yeast extract, MgSO4.7H2O and thiamine HCL produced the highest mycelial dry weight among carbon-, nitrogen-, macro-mineral element-sources and vitamins sources, respectively. In the orthogonal design method, maximum mycelial dry weight of 4.19 ± 0.03 g/L were produced under nutrient conditions of starch, 40 g/L; yeast extract, 3 g/L; MgSO4.7H2O, 0.5 g/L and thiamine HCl, 0.01 g/L. The magnitude order of the effect of all factors (R value) was in the order of soluble starch (1.75 g/L) > yeast extract (0.99 g/L) > thiamine HCl (0.87 g/L) > MgSO4.7H2O (0.51 g/L). The optimal mycelial dry weight could be produced at concentration of 40 g soluble starch, 3 g yeast extract, 0.01 g thiamine HCl and 0.75g MgSO4.7H2O in 1 L of distilled water. In conclusion, this study identified the optimal nutrient sources for the optimal growth of P. demidoffii in one-factor-at-a-time, and the optimum concentration in the orthogonal design. This is the first report on optimal nutritional requirements of the Ethiopian strain of P. demidoffii. The results of this study provide a basis for industrial fermentation and for various biotechnological uses.

UTILIZATION OF YOUNG GREEN BARLEY AS A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF SOME NUTRITION SUBSTANCES

Young green barley powderis one the best functional food of providing nutrition and eliminating toxin from cells in human beings, however its functional ingredients have played an important role as health benefit. Young green barley powderandwheat flour (72% extraction)were analyzed for their proximate chemical composition, mineral elements and amino acids contents to evaluate their importance in human nutrition. The results showed that young green barley powder and wheat flour(72% extraction) contains appreciable amount of essential nutrients whereas the ether extract content, crude protein, ash, crude fiber and carbohydrates were 3.23%, 21.15%, 9.37%, 17.53% and 48.72% as well as 1.40, 11.69, 0.60, 0.65 and 85.66% (on dry weight basis), respectively. Also young green barley powder had high contains of macro mineral elements i.e. Ca, K, P, Mg and Na , high concentration of micro minerals' i.e. Fe and Zn, besides amino acids such as arginine, lysine, histidine, phenylalanine, leucine, valine, alanine, glycine, glutamic acid, serine, threonine and aspartic acid. Five levels of young green barley powder (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10%) were used to replace wheat flour (72%) in order to produce shamy bread. The obtained results showed that, as the level of substitution increase, all components increased except total carbohydrates. In addition, four levels of young green barley juice (10, 20, 30 and 40%) were used to replacecantaloupe juice. It can be concluded that consumption of young green barley in shamy bread or cantaloupe juice in different combinations could provide a reasonable daily recommended amount of essential nutrients for maintenance of healthy life and normal body functioning.

Exploring Bamboo Leaf Nutrient Value in the USNPGS Germplasm Collection

Bamboo shoots and leaves are nutritious, providing food for human and animal consumption. However their nutrient value depends on a number of factors including the bamboo species (e.g. taxon), harvesting season and growing location. Leaf crude protein content, amino acid composition and mineral element concentration were quantified from leaf samples collected from 222 accessions representing two bamboo types (temperate/tropical), two growing seasons (dry/wet) and three locations (PGRCU-Byron, GA; TARSMayaguez, PR; and Govardhan Gardens-Mayaguez, PR). Significant variability in leaf nutrient value was identified among accessions, types, growing locations and harvesting seasons. On average, bamboo leaf tissue contained 12.92% protein with relatively high percentages of leucine (Leu, 8.97%) and proline (Pro, 7.98%) and low percentages of tryptophan (Trp, 1.69%) and histidine (His, 2.01%). Bamboo leaves also contained relatively high concentrations of the macro-mineral elements potassium (K, 12.17mg/g) and calcium (Ca, 5.37mg/g), high concentrations of the micro-mineral elements manganese (Mn, 388.76 μg/g) and iron (Fe, 123.19 μg/g), and low concentrations of boron (B, 7.8 μg/g) and zinc (Zn, 28.56 μg/g). PI 647932 and TARS 182857 contained the highest and lowest protein content (21.69% and 5.78%), respectively. Temperate bamboos contained a significantly higher percentage of protein (13.02%) than tropical bamboos (12.71%). Leaf samples harvested from the dry season contained a significantly higher percentage of protein (13.12%) than leaf samples harvested from the wet season (12.70%). The leaf samples harvested from Govardhan Garden location contained a higher percentage of protein (13.40%) than from Byron (12.65%) and TARS (12.89%) locations. The leaf samples harvested from Govardhan Garden contained a significantly higher iron concentration (151.22 μg/g) than from the other two locations (118.19 μg/g, 111.52 μg/g), whereas the leaf samples collected from Byron contained a significantly higher zinc concentration (36.03 μg/g) than what was observed from the other two locations (27.83 μg/g, 22.11 μg/g). There was no significant difference in iron and zinc concentrations between leaf samples collected from dry or wet seasons. Tropical bamboo leaves contained a higher iron concentration (131.74 μg/g) than temperate bamboo leaves (118.95 μg/g), whereas temperate bamboo leaves contained a significantly higher zinc concentration (29.82 μg/g) than tropical bamboo leaves (26.01 μg/g). The information on the bamboo leaf nutrient value related to bamboo accessions, types, growing location and harvesting season will be very useful for bamboo growers, processors and consumers.

The embryo culture in Vicia sativa L. and Vicia ervilia L. The in vitro investigation for the effects of the different macro mineral element and sucrose concentrations on the first growth phase

The embryo culture in Vicia sativa L. and Vicia ervilia L. The in vitro investigation for the effects of the different macro mineral element and sucrose concentrations on the first growth phase

Nutritional and Phytochemical Quality of Some Tropical Aquatic Plants

This study investigates the nutritional and phytochemical composition of some selected aquatic plants to serve as indexes of nutritional values for both domesticated aquatic and terrestrial animals. Freshly harvested Nympheaa lotus (water lily), Pistia stratioties (water lettuce), Eichorrnia crassipes (water hyacinth) and Ipomoea aquatica (water spinach) were collected from Upper Jebba Basin, Niger State, Nigeria. The plants were cleaned to remove dirt, air-dried, grind and analysed for the proximate, minerals (macro and micro elements) contents and phytochemical properties (quantitative) using standard procedures. The result show that water spinach had the least mean moisture content of 6.25 ± 0.87% while water lily has the highest mean concentration of 8.78 ± 1.09% and significantly difference from other sampled plants (p>0.05). The percentage ash content of the samples shows a high value for water lettuce (16.20 ± 0.46) and also significant among the plant samples. The water lily recorded the lowest value of 9.0 ± 0.50% for crude fibre with water spinach having the highest (18.38 ± 0.88%) at a significant level (p>0.05). The crude protein of (26.45 ± 1.12%) in water spinach and (23.27 ± 0.85) in water lettuce are comparatively higher to17.93 ± 1.02% and 17.23 ± 0.02 recorded in water lily and water hyacinth respectively. Crude fat of 14.10 ± 1.15% in water lettuce is significantly lower to other plants. The carbohydrate level of 34.92 ± 1.53 is the highest in all plants analysed while the lowest content (22.12 ± 0.03%) was found in water spinach. For minerals content; K concentration was the highest of all macro-mineral elements, though varied among the sampled plants. Water spinach has the highest concentration of all analysed elements (9.82 for K; 4.24 ± 0.01 for Mg; 3.35 ± 0.01 for Ca and 3.23 ± 0.02 for Na)g/kg followed water lettuce, water hyacinth and water lily. The amount of Fe found in all sample was higher and range from 186.30 ± 0.10 μg/g in water lily to 197.5 ± 0.05 μg/g in water spinach while Cu, Mn and Zn are also constituted. The presence of some important phytochemical such as alkaloids (2.68 ± 0.01 μg/mg - 4.12 ± 0.01 μg/mg), saponin (1.27 ± 0.03 μg/mg - 1.38 ± 0.01 μg/mg), etc in all the plant samples could also makes the plants pharmacologically active and could be considered as good feed supplement by virtue of their proximate composition.

Nutritional and Functional Characterization of Undecorticated Groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea L . ) Seeds from Bosso Market, Minna, Nigeria

The undecorticated groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seeds were analyzed for proximate compositions, some valuable minerals and functional properties using standard method of analysis. The results showed the seeds samples are within the range of 40.10 to 42.13 % fat, 24.48 to 26.37 % crude protein, 4.24 to 6.30 % carbohydrate, 3.02 to 5.08 % moisture, 17.32 to 22.70 % crude fibre and 1.51 to 2.33 % ash. Minerals content include; sodium, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, manganese, zinc, iron and copper were found to be present in the seeds flours. The dominant macro mineral element (potassium) could be recommended as source of dietary supplement. Functional properties ranged from 198.45 to 201.70 % water absorption capacity, 170.30 to 190.50 % foaming absorption capacity, 25.20 to 31.50 % emulsion capacity, 9.35 to 13.24 % emulsion stability, 3.50 to 4.50 % foaming capacity and 0.62 to 0.80 g/cm3 bulk density. However, the raw groundnut seed flour had higher values of functional properties than the toasted and sundried groundnut seed flours. The high emulsion stability and activity of the seed flours signify their potential applications in food systems.

Analysis of complete nutritional profile and identification of bioactive components present in Alocasia indica tuber cultivated in Howrah District of West Bengal, India.

To assess the complete nutritional profile and identification of bioactive components present in the hydro-ethanolic extract of Alocasia indica tuber. The proximate composition and vitamins were assessed from fresh tissue while mineral content was detected from the ash using inductively coupled plasma atomic spectrophotometer. For gas chromatography analysis, the tubers were shade dried and extracted with ethanol using Soxhlet apparatus for 72 h. The extract was dried using rotary evaporator and analyzed for active components. The tuber was rich in carbohydrate, but marginal in protein content. However, it showed moderate amount of dietary crude fibre, very low fat content and sufficient source of ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol. The tuber was also found to contain all the essential micro and macro mineral elements. It especially served as a good source of potassium and calcium while moderate source of iron, zinc and magnesium. Gas chromatography analysis also revealed the presence of several components of biological value in the ethanolic fraction of the extract. The extract was basically found to be a good source of poly-unsaturated fatty acids and some amount of polyphenols. All the major compounds identified and characterized by spectroscopic method were of biological significance. Besides, the tuber also possesses high calorific value and source for low fat and moderate dietary fibre which is essential for maintaining proper health. Moreover, the mineral content of the tuber can be used as supplement for combating malnutrition especially among rural folk and the vitamin content can serve as good source of natural antioxidant. Thus identification of a good number of important compounds from Alocasia indica tubers can focus on its use for future therapeutic purpose apart from maintaining general health.

Teneurs en éléments majeurs et traces de spirulines (Arthrospira platensis) originaires de France, du Tchad, du Togo, du Niger, du Mali, du Burkina-Faso et de République centrafricaine

Data on mineral elements in spirulinas being limited, we analyzed macrominerals and trace elements of samples from France and Africa. Spirulinas cultivated in France have a composition in macromineral elements similar to those of the literature. The entire contents of trace elements are low. Unlike marine cyanobacteria, they do not concentrate rare-earth elements. Spirulina harvested in Chad has high levels in macrominerals and trace elements, due to traditional drying and harvesting methods. Rare-earth element levels are attributed to this pollution and not to their concentration in spirulinas, because rare-earth element normalized profiles of spirulina are strictly parallel to those of ouadis mud and very different from those of ouadis water. Despite the sometimes high content of total As, normal water consumption in Chad presents no health problems. Spirulinas grown in Togo, Niger, Mali, Burkina-Faso and Central African Republic have chemical compositions similar to those of Chad spirulinas, but with a lower content of macromineral and trace elements, reflecting a lower mineral pollution. Rare-earth element normalized patterns dismiss an aeolian pollution and the pollution is rather of pedological origin. They show no toxicity problem except spirulinas from Burkina-Faso, whose Pb content is too high. The variability of composition of spirulinas can be largely attributed to the mineral pollution of the samples. Significant levels of rare-earth elements sometimes found in the literature reflect this pollution.

Rice yield as affected by use of biofortified straw compost combined with NPK fertilizer

To fully exploit the yield potential of input-responsive, high-yielding rice cultivars, agronomists generally consider improving the management of essential macro mineral elements only (NPK) while ignoring the rest. Rice straw as farm waste was found useful for sustaining rice productivity and soil health in a pollution-free environment when used either alone or in combination with mineral fertilizers (macro- and micronutrients) or bioactivators or both (Gaur 1999). This study was conducted during the 2002 and 2003 rainy seasons at the BHU Research Farm to find the efficiency of bio-fortified rice straw compost in combination with NPK in transplanted rice.

Microbial Degradation and Preliminary Chemical Characterization of Microcystis Exopolysaccharides from a Cyanobacterial Water Bloom of Lake Taihu

AbstractA bloom biomass composed mainly of Microcystis spp. was harvested from Lake Taihu, China. Exopolysaccharides (FEPS, exopolysaccharides from field‐grown Microcystis spp.) were extracted from the bloom mass with 3% glutaraldehyde. FEPS contained 5.4% protein and 6.9% uronic acid (glucuronic acid and galacturonic acid). The neutral sugar composition of FEPS consisted of rhamnose, arabinose, mannose, glucose and galactose in a relative molar ratio of 4.8: 4.2: 2.1: 3.7: 1.0, respectively. The dialyzed FEPS exhibited strong interaction with metal ions. Besides macromineral elements Ca, Mg, Na and K, micromineral elements Zn, Mn, Sr, Fe, Cu and Al were also detected in FEPS. The composition of FEPS is discussed with respect to its possible effects on colony formation, and bioavailability and cycling of metals in the lake. FEPS was able to be degraded rapidly at a rate of 50% in 18 d in the beginning at 25 °C after inoculation of the natural bacterial community from the bloom zone, indicating that FEPS could be recycled in nature. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Effect of maturity on the mineral content of Columbus grass (&lt;i&gt;Sorghum almum&lt;/i&gt;)

This study was conducted in Naivasha, Kenya over a period of 15 weeks to determine the effect of maturity on mineral content in Columbus grass ( Sorghum almum ). Immediately after field preparation, representative soil samples were taken for mineral profiling. Thereafter, 60 plots 2 x 2 sq. m size were demarcated and allotted to 5 similar blocks of 12 plots each in a randomized complete block (RCB) design. Each plot received 25 g of seed evenly drilled to 5 rows (2 m length and 30 cm apart). All the plots were planted on the same day and kept weed free throughout the study. The grass was harvested at 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 weeks after seed emergence in sequential manner beginning with block 1 to 5, each time leaving a stubble height of 5 cm. From each plot, representative herbage grabs were made, chopped into 2 cm pieces and mixed thoroughly. Two composite samples of about 500 g each were then taken for dry matter determination and mineral analysis using the standard procedures. Results showed that, the plant tissue levels of all mineral elements investigated were significantly affected by advancing grass maturity. Between 6 and 14 weeks, P and K decreased by 35.14 and 46.77% respectively. It was also noted that Na, Ca and Mg decreased by 46.49, 20.41 and 21.74% over the same period. Levels of trace elements also declined as the grass matured. Results showed that Cu, Mn and Zn levels decreased by 36.4, 27.4 and 57.1% respectively, between 6 and 14 weeks. Ca:P ratios however remained consistent over this period. It was generally observed that, although levels of macro-elements declined with advancing maturity of the grass, their overall concentrations remained within the recommended requirements for ruminant production. Trace element levels were generally below those desired for ruminant production. It was therefore concluded that macro-mineral elements might not be a problem in Sorghum almum based diets. Ruminants would however require additional source of trace elements to correct possible deficiencies of the same in their diets. Keywords : Macro–elements; Micro-elements; Ruminants; Diets; Supplementation Animal Production Research Advances Vol. 2 (3) 2006: pp. 134-138

Teores de elementos minerais em algumas populações de Camu-Camu

O camu-camu, caçari, ou araçá d'água (Myrciaria dubia (H.B.K) McVaugh) é um arbusto da família Myrtaceae, disperso em quase toda a Amazônia. É uma espécie tipicamente silvestre mas com grande potencial econômico e nutricional. Entretanto, no que se refere a elementos minerais, poucas informações são disponíveis na literatura. Considerando a essencialidade dessas informações na nutrição humana e objetivando contribuir na elaboração de uma Tabela de composição de alimentos a nível regional e nacional, determinou-se os elementos minerais em algumas populações de camu-camu, pela Técnica de Ativação com Nêutrons Instrumental. Verificou-se que em relação aos macro elementos minerais, nos frutos de camu-camu analisados, as maiores concentrações foram para potássio, com uma variação de (62,6±0,4 a 144,1±08 mg %) e cálcio (9,5±0,3 a 10,6±0,5 mg%). A concentração de sódio nos frutos foi baixa (90,7±16,5 µg%). A população Uatumã-9 apresentou maiores concentrações de zinco (472,0±8,3µg%), molibdênio (6,2±0,6µg%) e cromo (19,9±1,7 µg%), seguida da população Uatumã 24 em cobalto (2,4±0,03 mg%). Dessa forma, o consumo de camu-camu pode contribuir para atingir a ingestão adequada das recomendações de elementos minerais nos diferentes grupos populacionais da região Amazônica.

Contenido de minerales y oligoelementos en pangola y otros forrajes en Guadalupe

El contenido de minerales y oligoelementos en forrajes para alimentar rumiantes se estudió en tres regiones de Guadalupe: región A - suelo Vertisol calcáreo con una estación muy seca; región B - zona de suelos Vertisol y Oxisol con una estación seca corta; región C - suelo ferralitico (Oxisol) con una estación seca muy corta. Las muestras de pangóla y pastos naturales se recogieron en cinco lugares distintos de las regiones A, B, y C durante la estación de sequía y la estación húmeda a dos niveles de crecimiento (28 vs. 42 días). Las zonas en que se escogieron las muestras y el tipo de forrajes son las principales causas de variaciones en el contenido de minerales y oligoelementos de los forrajes. Las muestras de pangola y pastos naturales en los suelos calcáreos contenían menos P, Mg, Cu, Zn, Mn y Se que las muestras tomadas en otras regiones: región A - 2.18 g P/kg DM, 1.49 g Mg/kg DM, 6.75 mg Cu/kg DM, 26.82 mg Zn/kg DM, 53.00 mg Mn/ kg DM, 0.11 mg Se/kg DM; región B - 3.31 g P/kg DM, 1.51 g Mg/kg DM, 8.75 mg Cu/kg DM, 50.40 mg Zn/kg DM, 226.00 mg Mn/kg DM, 0.17 mg Se/kg DM; región C - 2.73 g P/kg DM, 1.45 g Mg/kg DM, 7.69 mg Cu/kg DM, 32.75 mg Zn/ kg DM, 284.00 mg Mn/kg DM, 0.15 mg Se/kg DM. El contenido de P, Cu, Zn y Se de los forrajes es muy a menudo inferior del nivel crítico. Los pastos naturales tienen contenidos más bajos que la pangola. Se analizan los riesgos de deficiencias en P, Cu, Zn y Se para los animales que pastan en las diferentes regiones de Guadalupe.

Macromineral Element Interrelationships and Lactational Performance: Empirical Models from a Large Data Set

The objectives were to model empirical interrelationships among dietary macromineral elements and cation-anion difference influencing DMI, milk yield, 4% FCM yield, and milk composition of dairy cows. The database consisted of 1022 cow-period means collected from 326 midlactation cows in experiments with incomplete block designs. Dietary concentrations of elements ranged from below to above current recommendations, and cation-anion difference (Na + K – Cl) was from +5.8 to +61.2 meq/100g of dietary DM. Interrelationships were detected for dietary concentrations of Na by K for DMI, 4% FCM yield, and milk fat percentage; Na by Ca for DMI, milk yield, and 4% FCM yield; K by Cl for DMI, 4% FCM yield, and milk protein percentage; K by Ca for 4% FCM yield, milk protein, and fat percentages; Na and P for DMI and milk protein percentage; and K by P for 4% FCM yield and milk fat percentage. Maximal DMI and milk yield were observed with .58% Na, .40% Mg, and +38 meq/100g of dietary DM. Agreement was close for DMI and milk yield responses to dietary cation-anion difference from our database and independent data sets. The models developed are empirical, do not necessarily establish cause and effect, and should be evaluated prudently; however, they provide useful information to design future research.

Macromineral Nutrition by Heat Stress Interactions in Dairy Cattle: Review and Original Research

This paper examines whether or not responses of dairy cattle to various dietary macromineral elements differed in hot weather compared with thermoneutral conditions. The consequences of heat stress and the interrelationships of macromineral elements on feed intake, digestive function, use of dietary buffers, mineral element uptake from the portal-drained viscera, perturbation of acid-base physiology and related mineral element nutrition, effects of dietary macromineral element concentrations on lactational performance as affected by season, and influence of mineral elements in drinking water are reviewed, and new research results are presented. Dietary mineral buffers aided in alleviation of the decline in DMI and milk yield induced by heat stress. New research results showed that portal plasma flow declined with heat stress or by restriction of DMI in a thermoneutral environment and that uptake of P from the portal-drained viscera by lactating cows was reduced 50% by heat stress compared with that of cows with the same DMI in a thermoneutral environment. Accelerated respiration rate caused respiratory alkalosis and apparently compensated metabolic acidosis, changing the demand for Na and K during heat stress. There is need to characterize more accurately the nyctohemeral pattern of acid-base physiology in the heat-stressed lactating dairy cow and to relate it to macromineral element needs. A large data set (n = 1444 cow period means) was used to compare milk yield and DMI responses to varying dietary concentrations of P, Na, K, Cl, Ca, Mg, and cation-anion difference in summer compared with those in winter. Interactions of dietary concentrations of Cl, Ca, and Mg with season on DMI and K, Ca, and Mg with season on 4% FCM yield were detected. Interactions of Na by Cl, Na by P, and Cl by P with season on DMI and of Cl by P with season on 4% FCM yield were detected. High concentrations of sulfate and chloride in drinking water jeopardized productivity of cows during hot weather.