Macro Management Research Articles

Can a Rivalry Ever End? Merging Micro and Macro Management Perspectives

Can a Rivalry Ever End? Merging Micro and Macro Management Perspectives

Research on China's Higher Education Policy

Taking China's higher education policy as the research object, this paper conducts a comprehensive and in-depth research on the historical evolution of China's higher education policy, current policy analysis, policy effect evaluation and challenges and countermeasures by using the historical analysis method, policy analysis method and effect evaluation method. The study found that China's higher education policy has experienced three stages of historical evolution before the reform and opening up, since the reform and opening up to the end of the 20th century, and from the beginning of the 21st century to the present, and the policies at each stage have had an important impact on the development of higher education. Currently, China's higher education policy has achieved remarkable results in terms of macro management, micro operation and characteristic development, but it still faces problems such as uneven distribution of educational resources and equity and opportunity in higher education. In response to these problems, this paper puts forward a series of countermeasure suggestions to optimise the higher education policy system and strengthen policy implementation and evaluation. In the future, China's higher education policy should focus on innovation and reform to promote the sustainable and healthy development of higher education.

Evolusi Pemikiran dan Lingkungan yang Berubah menuju Knowledge Base Society: Sudut Pandang Ekonomi Pancasila

The past century has seen a significant evolution in human development, with the rise of the concept of human capital and the role of organizations in achieving this goal. The Indonesian Economic Outlook 2004 highlights the importance of human capital in the country's economic development, including the transition to a zero-carbon economy, the promotion of good governance, and the development of a knowledge-based society. Organizational management has evolved over time, with theories such as individualism and sosialism emerging. The modern era of management, from 1910 to 1930, focused on micro and macro management, with a focus on individual productivity and organizational structure. The leading management style, also known as "The Human Era," was influenced by the work of psychologists like Frank and Gilbert, who emphasized the importance of human involvement in management. The development of human capital has been influenced by various factors, including the rise of the Industrial Revolution, the rise of the Industrial Revolution, and the rise of the Industrial Revolution.

The Tax Policy and Macro Management: Evidence in Vietnam

The relevance of the study is determined by the need to improve the tax policy of Vietnam.The scientific novelty of the study lies in the application of a regression model for analysing GDP dynamics to determine the optimal tax policy.The purpose of this study is to study the relationship between the tax-to-GDP ratio and economic growth, the optimal threshold for the tax-toGDP ratio, and to compare empirical results with actual tax-to-GDP ratios as a basis for improving tax policy and government micromanagement.The methodology of this study includes a threshold regression model, a unit root test, and a cointegration test to examine the impact of the ratio of tax revenues to GDP-on-GDP growth. The author used actual data on the dynamics of tax revenues and GDP over a 25-year period: from 1994 to 2020, reflected the development of economic growth studies.It is shown that the ratio of tax revenues to GDP and GDP growth are closely related at the level of 86%. The relationship between Vietnam’s tax policy and economic growth is long-term, and the optimal threshold for the ratio of tax revenue to GDP is 19%, which leads to economic growth. It is concluded that the government should make more efforts to improve fiscal policy and macro management to stimulate economic growth and reduce the budget deficit. Fiscal policy has a significant impact on business entities, that is, economic organizations that create wealth for society and high employment, which leads to a decrease in unemployment. The results of the study can be used to form the tax policy of Vietnam.

Fiscal Deficit and Taxes in India: Some Observations

The national and international evidences suggest that the government projects, and production activities have not been producing considerable returns and profits even to take care of opportunity costs. The attempt in this study is not to focus analytically into public expenditure but delve into some of the important elements and considerations which shaped policy concerns for taxation and their subsequent implications on fiscal deficits and borrowings. Considering the nature of exposition organised in this study, an exploratory analysis is adopted from the viewpoints of expressing critical opinions which are based on existing information and overall fiscal scenario by taking into account of inflation, financial markets, public debt management and economic growth. The behaviour of centre’s direct tax has direct impact on trend of the combined direct tax, but evidently indirect tax of the centre has not produced any significant impact on combined indirect tax due to the fact states’ indirect taxes have been reasonably and strongly stable even when economic growth rate slipped during COVID-19. Gross Fiscal Deficit and revenue deficit are moving in tandem, and this importantly means unless a significant decrease in revenue expenditures is brought down in the form of decline in the current expenditure, the fiscal prudency in bringing the fiscal deficit below the three percent of Gross Domestic Products (GDP) is extremely difficult exercise. The market borrowing as a critical and pre-dominant source of deficit financing has created dynamic changes in both money markets and capital markets. Along with financial deepening, integration of government securities and treasury bills play an important role in deciding particularly short-term financial rates by giving greater substitutability and greater return with almost no risk. The scenario narrated on taxes and borrowing could well produce some mixed implications for macro management and financial sectors. Government should look forward for correcting their fiscal course at least in terms of bringing fiscal deficit closer to the sustainable level while making taxes to strengthen market mechanism.

Evaluation of Fertilizer Inputs and Soil Nutrient Status in Apple Orchards in China

Apple is an important horticultural crop in China and its production consumes large amounts of Chemical fertilizers. In a survey of more than 300 Chinese apple growers, we found that small farmers’ fertilizer inputs are blind. Current research lacks a comprehensive evaluation of fertilizer inputs and soil nutrient status for apple production in China, but the evaluation work will play a supporting role in the macro management decision of nutrient resources. In this study, a database of fertilizer inputs and soil nutrients in five major apple producing areas in China was constructed by means of data integration. Two main conclusions can be drawn from the analysis of the database. Firstly, the chemical N and P fertilizer inputs exceed the recommended use in all five production areas, and secondly, the organic matter content of orchard soils in the five production areas only reaches a maximum of level 3. The research shows that China’s agricultural authorities should carry out macro management of nutrient resources in apple orchards, so as to guide different producing areas to adjust fertilizer input according to their soil environment, so as to improve the utilization rate of fertilizer.

Sustainable Financial Instruments: Their Current State and Prospects

Instruments aimed at sustainable economic development have become widespread in financial markets and are firmly embedded in economic transactions and the system of credit and financial regulation. Incorporating ESG principles into economic activity enables companies to be involved in solving environmental, social and managerial challenges as well as to promote these principles by means of instruments designed to attract and allocate resources that advance sustainable development. As stable financial instruments for these purposes are developed and absorbed into both micro and macro management of the economy, the practices that govern their registration, accounting and listing on exchanges are changing in turn. A parallel process of conceptualizing and reaching theoretical understanding of these new instruments for encouraging sustainable economic development is also underway. Systematic concepts applicable to sustainable financial instruments have been developed, and the role of these instruments in financing ESG transition and development of the financial market has been clarified. The article examines the evolution of sustainable financial instruments, identifies their essential features and role in investment decisions, analyzes the most significant ways they impact the economy and financial markets, and assesses how prepared the financial sector is for their development. Three research hypotheses are put forward. First, economic entities are successfully adapting to the new concept of sustainable financing. Second, the increased inherent complexity of the new instruments and effort needed to prepare them is partially offset by their standardization, as well as by a simplified scheme for their circulation, maintenance and supervision. And third, sustainable development instruments such as green bonds, social bonds, sustainable development bonds, sustainability-related bonds and transitional period bonds contribute to a reassessment of market efficiency and the rationality of market participants

Applying Management Research For Policymaking To Create A Better World

Policymakers are regularly named as one of the targeted audiences of management research. However, Aguinis, Jensen, and Kraus (in press) found that policy implications are underutilized and not part of organizational behavior and human resource management’s zeitgeist because only 1.5% of the articles (i.e., N = 61) from a sample of journals included such issues. Consistent with the conference theme, the goal of our panel symposium is to discuss how together we create a better world—specifically by using management research for policymaking. To achieve this goal, our symposium includes panelists who are purposefully diverse in terms of research interests, ontological perspectives, and geographic location (i.e., combined, they are members of more than 10 different AOM Divisions). As such, panelists will address issues of interest to both micro and macro management researchers, and those from a range of disciplinary backgrounds. Again, the symposium will have both a past and a future orientation. Regarding the past, panelists will address existing research and theories that can be used for policymaking to create a better world; what worked, what did not work, and the limits and possibilities for reviving and renovating past policy options. We can certainly learn from policy successes and failures in the past, at the same time as considering novel policy options at firm, social, economic and governmental level in the future. Regarding the future, panelists will also address what research should be conducted (i.e., which topics, theories, types of research designs) so that results are useful for firm and societal policymaking that will result in creating a better world. Overall, we hope our symposium will serve as a catalyst for a better understanding of what types of management research-informed policies are useful for creating a world in which we will all be better off together.

On the perfection of China's Long-term Rental System

Since 2015, the central government has made great efforts to promote the policy of "simultaneous rent-purchase". Local governments and financial institutions have strongly supported the long-term rental industry, which has been valued by major investors with considerable profits and good development momentum. But after more than six years of development, the industry is in turmoil. For example, some leasing enterprises withdraw from the market in the form of capital chain fracture, which has brought a lot of negative influence to the whole lessor, lessor and society. In view of the deficiencies in macro management, this paper, from the perspective of policy support, promotes the long-term rental system to play a role in management mode, operation mode, capital management and other aspects. After comparing the existing system, the author puts forward some suggestions to promote the standardized operation of long-term rental market.

Trade openness and real effective exchange rate volatility: The case of Vietnam

2004–2020. The study was conducted in the context that Vietnam’s trade openness is increasing, causing significant challenges in macro management, including exchange rate management. The authors use vector autoregression model and Granger causality test to test this relationship. The study used a vector autoregression model and Granger causality test to investigate the causal relationship between trade openness and real effective exchange rate volatility in Vietnam over the period 2004–2020. The study was conducted in the context of Vietnam’s trade openness index rising, causing significant challenges in macro management, including exchange rate management. The study takes a new approach (i) using Vietnam’s real effective exchange rate relative to 143 trading partners; and (ii) examining the impact of economic growth on trade openness and exchange rate volatility. The research results indicate that trade openness has a two-way Granger causality with effective real exchange rate volatility in Vietnam at the 1% significance level. Specifically, the effect of trade openness on real exchange rate volatility is positive at a 1-period lag and 4-period lag. Meanwhile, real exchange rate fluctuations have a negative effect on trade openness with a 1-period lag. At the same time, the study also finds that increased economic growth reduces real effective exchange rate volatility and increases Vietnam’s trade openness. On that basis, the study proposes implications for the management of trade openness and exchange rate management in the current Vietnamese context.

基于主成分-聚类分析的不同水分冬小麦晚霜冻害评价

<p id="C3">To investigate the effect of low temperature at jointing stage on wheat physiological metabolism under different water conditions, a comprehensive physiological index is constructed to accurately evaluate the degree of freezing injury, which is of great significance to agricultural loss reduction, efficiency increase and macro management. Irrigation (W1) and no irrigation (W0) treatments were carried out one week before low temperature treatment using the weak-spring Yanzhan 4110 and Lankao 198, semi-winter Zhengmai 366 and Fengdecun 21 as the experimental materials. At the female and male ear differentiation stages, potted wheat was moved to the low temperature simulation room for low temperature treatment with six levels of normal (CK), -2℃ (T1), -4℃ (T2), -6℃ (T3), -8℃ (T4), and -10℃ (T5), respectively. The physiological indexes and fluorescence parameters were measured on the second day after treatment, and wheat yield was harvested at maturity stage. The results revealed that different varieties, water and low temperature stress, and their interactions had significant effects on wheat physiological indexes and fluorescence parameters at jointing stage. With the aggravation of low temperature stress, leaf water content, chlorophyll a content and fluorescence parameters <italic>q</italic>_p, <italic>F</italic>_v/<italic>F</italic>_m, and <italic>F</italic>_v/<italic>F</italic>_o showed the continuous downward trends, the contents of soluble protein, proline, soluble sugar, and SOD activity first increased and then decreased, but the content of MDA demonstrated the opposite trend. Irrigation treatment alleviated the influence of low temperature stress on plant physiological metabolism, and the effect of low temperature on semi-winter varieties was relatively lower. Four independent comprehensive indexes were transformed by the principal component analysis, which reflected 88.55% of the original information, and the physiological comprehensive index of freezing injury (FICEI) was constructed. The depth of color in heat map indicated the darker the color, the greater the performance degree of indicators. According to the FIPCI value, the freezing injury was divided into five levels, which was consistent with the yield loss rate. Especially under T3 treatment, the yield loss rate of each variety reduced by 30.4%-44.0% under no irrigation, reduced by 21.0%-29.2% under irrigation treatment. Under the same irrigation condition, yield loss rate of different varieties was LK198&gt;YZ4110&gt;ZM366&gt;FDC21, and the yield loss rate of semi-winter varieties was lower than that of weak spring varieties. According to the results of heat map clustering and the yield of each treatment, the yield loss rate was less than 10% for CK and T1, 10%-30% for W0T2, W1T2 and W1T3, 30%-50% for W0T3 and W1T4, more than 50% for W0T4, W0T5 and W1T5. Irrigating before low temperature was conducive to alleviating the damage caused by low temperature stress and reducing the yield loss. Physiological comprehensive freezing injury index and model constructed by principal component-cluster analysis can accurately evaluate the degree of wheat late frost damage, and provide scientific basis for yield recovery and decision-making management after disaster.

RISK MANAGEMENT METHODOLOGY THROUGH THE PRISM OF SOCIAL MANAGEMENT MACRO-FACTORS

The history of humanity is a history of the creation of new technologies, including special technologies for risk management, to help us reduce and, in some cases, completely control risks that previously would have had the most devastating consequences. The purpose of the article is to analyze the macro management factors that influence risk management and to reveal their methodological component in this process. The author of the article emphasizes that modern society in the dynamic functioning of the social and economic relations relies already not so much on the analysis of factors influencing on management process, as on the ability of subjects to estimate and correct risks. in relation to the object of acceptance of a management decision. It is noticed that the main studied concepts of a number of Russian scientists are the areas of risk research within the monetary sphere of company management; research of risk management as a paradox and structuring of this activity in the general vector of company economic life management; or risk management in specific areas of socio-economic life, such as insurance, financial services, investment activities, etc. It is concluded that the global factors of management activities have a direct impact on the implementation of risk analysis in the most specific management situations at all levels of its application.

Designing a comprehensive model of organizational resilience in the banking industry of Iran

PurposeThis research aims to design a comprehensive resilience model in the banking industry for identifying the dimensions and components that can enhance organizational resilience in the industry, which can contribute to the existing literate as a promising comprehensive model.Design/methodology/approachAfter reviewing the literature and studying the models of organizational resilience, semistructured interviews were conducted with managers and prominent experts in the banking industry. To analyze the interviews, the thematic analysis technique was used with three coding stages. After designing the research model in two main dimensions of micro and macro management in the banking industry, the relation between the main components and subcomponents was identified by using Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) and DEMATEL techniques.FindingsThe study findings indicating that proper observation and predicting the bank's problems and making suitable connections with the government are two major indicators of the resilience of the banking network, which can realize through influencing the components of risk management, financial resource management and system corruption. The results of this research can lead to the expansion of theoretical foundations of the past research and the concept of organizational resilience in the field of financial services and especially the banking industry.Originality/valueThis paper provides the components with a more significant impact, which bank managers should consider the relationship among them to enhance organizational resilience for more effectiveness of their decisions.

Publishing in the Academy of Management Journals

Publishing in the Academy of Management Journals

The Social Science Research: Application of Practice

This regular issue of the Macro Management &amp; Public Policies collects six articles.

Job satisfaction and absenteeism of professionals in the Academia da Cidade Program in Brazil

The aim of the study was to describe the level of satisfaction and absenteeism in the work of professionals in the Academia da Cidade Program (ACP). For this, a cross-sectional, descriptive study with a mixed approach was carried out. For data collection, a self-administered questionnaire was used for 104 professionals of the Program in Recife, Pernambuco. For the analysis of the quantitative data, the software SPSS v.10.0 was used, the results were shown in absolute and relative frequencies. Content analysis was carried out for the open questions about job satisfaction. The professionals stated that they were satisfied with the work, both from the point of view of the management of the Program (66.3%), and in a global manner (63.5%). The link with the users, the performance in health promotion and the teamwork were the aspects that most positively influenced job satisfaction and, conversely, the physical and material structure, the municipal macro management and the salary were those that contributed to the dissatisfaction of the professionals. Absenteeism due to sick leave (66.3%) was the main reason for the withdrawal of professionals from work, and the support of the worker’s health specialized team from the municipal health department was not perceived. It can be said that the professionals were satisfied with the work in the ACP, but the working conditions, the remuneration and the valorization from the management are aspects that must be improved. It is also necessary to take care of the provider, since absenteeism due to medical causes, withdrew almost half of the professionals in the period studied.

How Positive Ways can Boom Sustainable Development

This editorial introduces the issue of Macro Management &amp; Public Policies, which focuses on how positive ways can boom sustainable development, how inappropriate policies inhibit the development, or even cause intense problems such as risks of wars. The outcomes show some implicaitons, first of all, management and policies has dual effects. On the one hand, effective management and policies contribute to resource protection, quality enhancement, and successes of social movements. On the other hand, political unfairness may cause crisis in international society. Moreover, law priority has comprehensive influence on development. Keeping economic and social development, authorities should balance economic growth and environmental protection, keep consistency between regulations and implementation, and ensure effective supervision.

Marginalization of Professionalism in Clinical Settings; A qualitative study at Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Background: Management-level challenges are among the factors that undermine the individuals' adherence to professional behavior in clinical settings. This study investigated glitches of the management system in clinical settings from the perspective of staff, faculty members, and medical students/residents in hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This qualitative study was conducted in 2 parts by exploring the viewpoints of personnel and physicians. In this regard, 8 focus group discussions were performed with 85 faculty members, clinical residents, and interns. Furthermore, 15 focus group discussions were held with 165 staffs. Available sampling method was applied to collect the participants and the data were analyzed using the content analysis method. Results: A total of 22 focus-group discussions were conducted with 250 participants; Participants' age ranged from 24 to 65 years. Participants' education levels varied from diploma to postgraduate for the staff and from medical student to sub-specialist for the physicians. Finally, management-level barriers, which undermine the staffs' ability to adhere to professional behavior in clinical settings were explained with 315 codes, 12 subcategories, and 2 main categories of "macro management issues " and "hospital management issues". Conclusion: Managers are required to consider providing a proper context for enforcing the professional behavior law, selecting middle managers based on their empowerment in performing the professional behaviors, prioritizing the professional behavior in policy making, and promoting the professional behavior in an administrative system consistent with the health system. In selecting the hospital managers, authorities are recommended to consider the managers' professional behavior and power in implementing the professionalism leadership. Moreover, the possibility of conducting professional behavior should be considered in making the policies.

Conducting Management Research in Latin America: Why and What’s in It for You?

We make the case that conditions and timing are right and, despite some challenges, there are many benefits to conducting management research in Latin America. Some of these conditions include an upward trend in the productivity of Latin American researchers, increased collaboration between researchers in Latin America and those in other regions, and societal, cultural, and economic characteristics that make the region an ideal “natural laboratory” to build and test management theories. Demonstrating that our arguments are not just about potential but are founded in reality, we offer a selective summary of recent research conducted in Latin America that made important contributions to micro and macro management domains and theories. These include (a) leadership; (b) small and family businesses; (c) entrepreneurship; (d) social inclusiveness, inequity, and vulnerable populations; (e) strategy and competitive dynamics in natural resource industries; (f) strategy in unstable macroeconomic contexts; (g) public (industrial) policies and business development; (h) hybrid public-private collaborations; and (i) social enterprises and blended social and economic value creation. We also describe opportunities for future research in these domains. Finally, we offer practical and actionable advice on how to address typical challenges encountered when conducting management research in Latin America. Solutions apply to those residing inside and outside of Latin America and include, among others, identifying universities with a research-oriented career path, recognizing credible university rankings and their impact, and capitalizing on local contexts to generate high-quality research. We hope our article will serve as a catalyst for future management research in Latin America.

Exploring the challenges of information and communication technology localization in South African higher education: a language management approach

ABSTRACTOver the past decades, the language management discourse in South Africa has focused on the development and intellectualization of the functional status of indigenous African languages in high-status domains. African languages are marginalized despite the existence of various empowering and restorative legislative provisions and policies of the new democratic dispensation. Of particular interest in this paper are the challenges that affect the localization of information and communication technologies in the higher education domain. The reliance mostly on former colonial languages for the transmission of knowledge in education has had a negative impact on the development and intellectualization of these languages. It has been argued that Information and Communication Technology (ICT) localization has the potential of improving information access in indigenous languages which can further facilitate the maximum utilization and development of these languages. The promotion of African languages and their use in scientific domains is critical in addressing historical linguistic inequalities and injustices in the South African higher education sector. In this paper, I argue that the dynamics associated with the connection between macro and micro level language management, and some socio-linguistic and socio-cultural factors affect the ultimate goal of achieving language management goals associated with ICT localization.