Machine Learning-based Prediction Model Research Articles

Machine learning-based predictive model for thermal comfort and energy optimization in smart buildings

In the current context of energy transition and increasing climate change, optimizing building performance has become a critical objective. Efficient energy use and occupant comfort are paramount considerations in building design and operation. To address these challenges, this study introduces a predictive model leveraging Machine Learning (ML) algorithms. The model aims to predict thermal comfort levels and optimize energy consumption in Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems. Four distinct ML algorithms Support Vector Machine (SVM), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Random Forest (RF), and EXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBOOST) are employed for this purpose. Data for the model is collected using a network of Raspberry Pi boards equipped with multiple sensors. Performance evaluation of the ML algorithms is conducted using statistical error metrics, including, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Square Error (MSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and coefficient of determination (R2). Results reveal that the RF and XGBOOST algorithms exhibit superior performance, achieving accuracies of 96.7% and 9.64% respectively. In contrast, the SVM algorithm demonstrates inferior performance with a R2 of 81.1%. These findings underscore the predictive capability of the RF and XGBOOST model in forecasting Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) values. The proposed model holds promise for enhancing occupant thermal comfort in buildings while simultaneously optimizing energy consumption in HVAC systems. Further research could explore the practical applications of these findings in building design and operation.

Development and Validation of Machine Learning-Based Predictive Model for Prolonged Hospital Stay after Decompression Surgery for Lumbar Spinal Canal Stenosis

Development and Validation of Machine Learning-Based Predictive Model for Prolonged Hospital Stay after Decompression Surgery for Lumbar Spinal Canal Stenosis

Development and validation of a machine learning-based prediction model for sudden cardiac death in the general population: insights from the community cardiovascular cohort

Abstract Background/Introduction Accurately predicting and managing the risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in the general population is a formidable challenge. Purpose This study aimed to develop and validate a machine learning (ML)-based prediction model for SCD using data from the Community Cardiovascular Cohort (CCCC) in Taiwan. Methods A community-based cohort study was used for model construction . Four ML algorithms, including extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), random forests (RF), logistic regression, and deep neural network (DNN), underwent meticulous evaluation. Performance assessment encompassed receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, area under the curves (AUC), and accuracy metrics. Significant risk factors were identified through feature importance analysis. Results We employed a random partitioning strategy, allocating 1744 participants (55%) to the training dataset, 952 participants (30%) to the test dataset, and 476 participants (15%) to the validation dataset. In the data training stage, the XGBoost algorithm demonstrated outstanding prediction performance for SCD (AUC: 1.000); In the validation stage, the XGBoost algorithm demonstrated good prediction performance for SCD prediction (AUC: 0.791, 95%CI: 0.617-0.964; Accuracy: 0.971). Using XGBoost-generated predicted probabilities (P(XGB)), we identified individuals with P(XGB) ≥ 0.5 (Group 1) who displayed significantly higher SCD risk (HR 32.0; 95% CI: 9.29-109.9) compared to those with P(XGB) < 0.5 (Group 0). Conclusions Our study demonstrates the effectiveness of ML algorithms, particularly XGBoost, in predicting event of SCD in the general population. The identification of these pivotal risk factors holds profound implications, empowering the identification of high-risk individuals and facilitating the implementation of precisely tailored preventive strategies.Figure 1:KM sruvival curveFigure 2:Feature importance analysis

#1756 Development and internal validation of machine learning algorithms for mortality prediction model of people with DM and CKD

Abstract Background and Aims Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) are leading causes of morbidity and mortality, presenting challenges in patient management. The aim of this study is to develop a machine learning-based predictive model for mortality in DM and CKD patients, improving early intervention and treatment personalization. Method 3,637 participants with DM and CKD from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999 to 2018 were included. All-cause mortality was ascertained by linkage to National Death Index records through 31 December 2019 in NHANES. The dataset included clinical profiles, demographic details, and laboratory results of patients with DM and CKD. We performed 100 random groupings, dividing the data into a 75% training set and a 25% validation set each time. We then visualized the results of 100 AUC measurements using a boxplot. The objective was to forecast patient survival over 1, 3, 5, and 10-year horizons using a variety of machine learning algorithms. The algorithms tested included Logistic Regression (LR), Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Gaussian Naive Bayes (GNB), Multinomial Naive Bayes (MNB), Bayesian Network Classifier (BNC), AdaBoost (Ada), Gradient Boosting (Gradient), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XG). The performance of each algorithm was evaluated based on the Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve (AUC), with the results visualized in boxplot format. Results Upon result shown as the boxplots, it becomes evident that the Random Forest (RF) algorithm consistently exhibits one of the highest AUCs on average across all prediction intervals, suggesting a strong and stable predictive capacity. In the 1-year survival prediction, the RF algorithm demonstrates a highest AUC, implying consistent performance. The 3 and 5-year predictions reveal a slight dip in AUC for most models, including RF, but it still remains one of the top-performing algorithms with fewer outliers than XG and Gradient Boosting. The mean AUC of RF is particularly noteworthy at the 10-year mark, where most algorithms struggle with prediction accuracy, as indicated by lower median AUCs and greater variability. Notably, the RF algorithm identified six major factors for 1-year survival prediction: systolic blood pressure, uric acid, blood urea nitrogen, lactate dehydrogenase, lymphocyte count and total cholesterol, as well as three major factors for 10-year survival prediction: age, lymphocyte and gamma-glutamyl transferase. Conclusion Overall, the study indicates that while machine learning can be a powerful tool for survival prediction in patients with DM and CKD, the choice of algorithm is crucial, with RF standing out for its consistent and reliable performance.

Predicting Hospitalization Risk Among Home Care Residents in the United Kingdom: Development and Validation of a Machine Learning-Based Predictive Model

Preventable hospital admissions in elderly home care residents are a major socioeconomic burden, whilst early detection of deterioration may improve outcomes. Our goal was to develop and validate a machine learning-based algorithm to predict hospitalization risk among home care users. Our primary outcome was hospitalization. An existing risk score (1-5) was assessed for its discriminatory capacity over time. We subsequently developed a new machine learning model using carer concerns, service user demographics, and other home care data between January and July 2021. We randomly selected 150 service user records for validation, which were evaluated by both the model and 10 clinicians (9 doctors and 1 nurse) to compare prediction time and accuracy to human experts. Comparison between model and human was via area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). A score of 5 conferred an 8x higher likelihood of hospitalization in the subsequent 7 days (15.4% vs 1.8%, p < .05), compared to a score of 1. The new model and risk score increased performance, detecting 182 hospitalizations/month (3.7x chance). The AUC for the model was significantly higher than for clinicians (0.87 vs 0.41-0.57, respectively; p < .05). The model took <1 minute, while clinicians typically took over 40 minutes. A risk prediction model using carer concerns and other home care data features detects 3.7x more hospitalizations than chance. The model is faster and more accurate than human clinicians, enabling low-cost scale-up. This study supports linking the model to a triage and intervention service to reduce preventable hospitalizations in the home care sector.

Development and application of a machine learning-based predictive model for obstructive sleep apnea screening

ObjectiveTo develop a robust machine learning prediction model for the automatic screening and diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) using five advanced algorithms, namely Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Logistic Regression (LR), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM), and Random Forest (RF) to provide substantial support for early clinical diagnosis and intervention.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective analysis of clinical data from 439 patients who underwent polysomnography at the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University between October 2019 and October 2022. Predictor variables such as demographic information [age, sex, height, weight, body mass index (BMI)], medical history, and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) were used. Univariate analysis was used to identify variables with significant differences, and the dataset was then divided into training and validation sets in a 4:1 ratio. The training set was established to predict OSA severity grading. The validation set was used to assess model performance using the area under the curve (AUC). Additionally, a separate analysis was conducted, categorizing the normal population as one group and patients with moderate-to-severe OSA as another. The same univariate analysis was applied, and the dataset was divided into training and validation sets in a 4:1 ratio. The training set was used to build a prediction model for screening moderate-to-severe OSA, while the validation set was used to verify the model's performance.ResultsAmong the four groups, the LightGBM model outperformed others, with the top five feature importance rankings of ESS total score, BMI, sex, hypertension, and gastroesophageal reflux (GERD), where Age, ESS total score and BMI played the most significant roles. In the dichotomous model, RF is the best performer of the five models respectively. The top five ranked feature importance of the best-performing RF models were ESS total score, BMI, GERD, age and Dry mouth, with ESS total score and BMI being particularly pivotal.ConclusionMachine learning-based prediction models for OSA disease grading and screening prove instrumental in the early identification of patients with moderate-to-severe OSA, revealing pertinent risk factors and facilitating timely interventions to counter pathological changes induced by OSA. Notably, ESS total score and BMI emerge as the most critical features for predicting OSA, emphasizing their significance in clinical assessments. The dataset will be publicly available on my Github.

Machine Learning-Based Predictive Models for Patients with Venous Thromboembolism: A Systematic Review.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a chronic disorder with a significant health and economic burden. Several VTE-specific clinical prediction models (CPMs) have been used to assist physicians in decision-making but have several limitations. This systematic review explores if machine learning (ML) can enhance CPMs by analyzing extensive patient data derived from electronic health records. We aimed to explore ML-CPMs' applications in VTE for risk stratification, outcome prediction, diagnosis, and treatment. Three databases were searched: PubMed, Google Scholar, and IEEE electronic library. Inclusion criteria focused on studies using structured data, excluding non-English publications, studies on non-humans, and certain data types such as natural language processing and image processing. Studies involving pregnant women, cancer patients, and children were also excluded. After excluding irrelevant studies, a total of 77 studies were included. Most studies report that ML-CPMs outperformed traditional CPMs in terms of receiver operating area under the curve in the four clinical domains that were explored. However, the majority of the studies were retrospective, monocentric, and lacked detailed model architecture description and external validation, which are essential for quality audit. This review identified research gaps and highlighted challenges related to standardized reporting, reproducibility, and model comparison. ML-CPMs show promise in improving risk assessment and individualized treatment recommendations in VTE. Apparently, there is an urgent need for standardized reporting and methodology for ML models, external validation, prospective and real-world data studies, as well as interventional studies to evaluate the impact of artificial intelligence in VTE.

Machine learning algorithms for identifying contralateral central lymph node metastasis in unilateral cN0 papillary thyroid cancer.

The incidence of thyroid cancer is growing fast and surgery is the most significant treatment of it. For patients with unilateral cN0 papillary thyroid cancer whether to dissect contralateral central lymph node is still under debating. Here, we aim to provide a machine learning based prediction model of contralateral central lymph node metastasis using demographic and clinical data. 2225 patients with unilateral cN0 papillary thyroid cancer from Wuhan Union Hospital were retrospectively studied. Clinical and pathological features were compared between patients with contralateral central lymph node metastasis and without. Six machine learning models were constructed based on these patients and compared using accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, area under the receiver operating characteristic and decision curve analysis. The selected models were then verified using data from Differentiated Thyroid Cancer in China study. All statistical analysis and model construction were performed by R software. Male, maximum diameter larger than 1cm, multifocality, ipsilateral central lymph node metastasis and younger than 50 years were independent risk factors of contralateral central lymph node metastasis. Random forest model performed better than others, and were verified in external validation cohort. A web calculator was constructed. Gender, maximum diameter, multifocality, ipsilateral central lymph node metastasis and age should be considered for contralateral central lymph node dissection. The web calculator based on random forest model may be helpful in clinical decision.

Automated Determination of Music Genre and Linguistic Categorization

The main objective of the project is to build a system that allows users to predict genre as well as language out of some music . The Automated determination of musical genre and linguistic categorization is a machine learning based prediction model which is used to predict the genres and languages of an audio . Musical genres are categorical labels created by humans to characterize piece of music. A musical genre is characterized by common characteristics typically related to the instrumentation, rhythmic structure and harmonic content of the music. The performance and relative importance of the proposed features are investigated by training the statistical pattern recognition classifiers using real world audio collections and using machine learning algorithm.In this project, we built systems called music genre and language classification and the effects of different feature extraction methods and their various combinations were also investigated. This task is of great interest in music information retrieval and recommendation systems. In recent years, several machine learning algorithms have been developed to tackle this task, using features such spectral, temporal, and tonal characteristics of audio signals. Music genre prediction and language classification is a task that involves automatically predicting a piece of music into a specific genre category as well as language based on its audio features. Keywords-machine-learning,music,music genre and language classification

Machine learning-based prediction models affecting the recovery of postoperative bowel function for patients undergoing colorectal surgeries

PurposeThe debate surrounding factors influencing postoperative flatus and defecation in patients undergoing colorectal resection prompted this study. Our objective was to identify independent risk factors and develop prediction models for postoperative bowel function in patients undergoing colorectal surgeries.MethodsA retrospective analysis of medical records was conducted for patients who undergoing colorectal surgeries at Peking University People’s Hospital from January 2015 to October 2021. Machine learning algorithms were employed to identify risk factors and construct prediction models for the time of the first postoperative flatus and defecation. The prediction models were evaluated using sensitivity, specificity, the Youden index, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) through logistic regression, random forest, Naïve Bayes, and extreme gradient boosting algorithms.ResultsThe study included 1358 patients for postoperative flatus timing analysis and 1430 patients for postoperative defecation timing analysis between January 2015 and December 2020 as part of the training phase. Additionally, a validation set comprised 200 patients who undergoing colorectal surgeries from January to October 2021. The logistic regression prediction model exhibited the highest AUC (0.78) for predicting the timing of the first postoperative flatus. Identified independent risk factors influencing the time of first postoperative flatus were Age (p < 0.01), oral laxatives for bowel preparation (p = 0.01), probiotics (p = 0.02), oral antibiotics for bowel preparation (p = 0.02), duration of operation (p = 0.02), postoperative fortified antibiotics (p = 0.02), and time of first postoperative feeding (p < 0.01). Furthermore, logistic regression achieved an AUC of 0.72 for predicting the time of first postoperative defecation, with age (p < 0.01), oral antibiotics for bowel preparation (p = 0.01), probiotics (p = 0.01), and time of first postoperative feeding (p < 0.01) identified as independent risk factors.ConclusionsThe study suggests that he use of probiotics and early recovery of diet may enhance the recovery of bowel function in patients undergoing colorectal surgeries. Among the various analytical methods used, logistic regression emerged as the most effective approach for predicting the timing of the first postoperative flatus and defecation in this patient population.

Prediction of hospital-acquired influenza using machine learning algorithms: a comparative study

BackgroundHospital-acquired influenza (HAI) is under-recognized despite its high morbidity and poor health outcomes. The early detection of HAI is crucial for curbing its transmission in hospital settings.AimThis study aimed to investigate factors related to HAI, develop predictive models, and subsequently compare them to identify the best performing machine learning algorithm for predicting the occurrence of HAI.MethodsThis retrospective observational study was conducted in 2022 and included 111 HAI and 73,748 non-HAI patients from the 2011–2012 and 2019–2020 influenza seasons. General characteristics, comorbidities, vital signs, laboratory and chest X-ray results, and room information within the electronic medical record were analysed. Logistic Regression (LR), Random Forest (RF), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB), and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) techniques were used to construct the predictive models. Employing randomized allocation, 80% of the dataset constituted the training set, and the remaining 20% comprised the test set. The performance of the developed models was assessed using metrics such as the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), the count of false negatives (FN), and the determination of feature importance.ResultsPatients with HAI demonstrated notable differences in general characteristics, comorbidities, vital signs, laboratory findings, chest X-ray result, and room status compared to non-HAI patients. Among the developed models, the RF model demonstrated the best performance taking into account both the AUC (83.3%) and the occurrence of FN (four). The most influential factors for prediction were staying in double rooms, followed by vital signs and laboratory results.ConclusionThis study revealed the characteristics of patients with HAI and emphasized the role of ventilation in reducing influenza incidence. These findings can aid hospitals in devising infection prevention strategies, and the application of machine learning-based predictive models especially RF can enable early intervention to mitigate the spread of influenza in healthcare settings.

Machine Learning-Based Predictive Modeling of Diabetic Nephropathy in Type 2 Diabetes Using Integrated Biomarkers: A Single-Center Retrospective Study.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN), a major complication of diabetes mellitus, significantly impacts global health. Identifying individuals at risk of developing DN is crucial for early intervention and improving patient outcomes. This study aims to develop and validate a machine learning-based predictive model using integrated biomarkers. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on a baseline dataset involving 2184 participants without DN, categorized based on their development of DN over a follow-up period of 36 months: DN (n=1270) and Non-DN (n=914). Various demographic and clinical parameters were analyzed. The findings were validated using an independent dataset comprising 468 participants, with 273 developing DN and 195 remaining as Non-DN over the follow-up period. Machine learning algorithms, alongside traditional descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used for statistical analyses. Elevated levels of serum creatinine, urea, and reduced eGFR, alongside an increased prevalence of retinopathy and peripheral neuropathy, were prominently observed in those who developed DN. Validation on the independent dataset further confirmed the model's robustness and consistency. The SVM model demonstrated superior performance in the training set (AUC=0.79, F1-score=0.74) and testing set (AUC=0.83, F1-score=0.82), outperforming other models. Significant predictors of DN included serum creatinine, eGFR, presence of diabetic retinopathy, and peripheral neuropathy. Integrating machine learning algorithms with clinical and biomarker data at baseline offers a promising avenue for identifying individuals at risk of developing diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes patients over a 36-month period.

Machine Learning-based Prediction Models for C difficile Infection: A Systematic Review.

Despite research efforts, predicting Clostridioides difficile incidence and its outcomes remains challenging. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the performance of machine-learning (ML) models in predicting CDI incidence and complications using clinical data from electronic health records. We conducted a comprehensive search of databases (OVID, Embase, MEDLINE ALL, Web of Science, and Scopus) from inception up to September 2023. Studies employing ML techniques for predicting CDI or its complications were included. The primary outcome was the type and performance of ML models assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). Twelve retrospective studies that evaluated CDI incidence and/or outcomes were included. The most common used ML models were random forest and Gradient Boosting. The AUROC ranged from 0.60 to 0.81 for predicting CDI incidence, 0.59 to 0.80 for recurrence, and 0.64 to 0.88 for predicting complications. Advanced ML models demonstrated similar performance to traditional logistic regression. However, there was notable heterogeneity in defining CDI and the different outcomes, including incidence, recurrence, and complications, and a lack of external validation in most studies. ML models show promise in predicting CDI incidence and outcomes. However, the observed heterogeneity in CDI definitions and the lack of real-world validation highlight challenges in clinical implementation. Future research should focus on external validation and the use of standardized definitions across studies.

Prediction of Pralidoxime Dose in Patients with Organophosphate Poisoning Using Machine Learning Techniques

Background: Early and appropriate antidotal therapy is crucial for patients with organophosphate poisoning. Objectives: Given the lack of a comprehensive consensus on the optimal dose of pralidoxime for patients with organophosphate poisoning, this study aims to develop a machine learning-based prediction model to determine the individualized pralidoxime dose for these patients. Methods: The dataset was divided into training and test sets with a 70:30 ratio. Feature selection was conducted using Pearson’s correlation coefficient (filter approach) method. Both classification and regression were employed to develop the prediction model using the selected features. The performance of the developed models was evaluated using ten-fold cross-validation and various metrics, including sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, F1-score, and AUC. The models were implemented and assessed using the scikit-learn library in Python. Results: After applying exclusion criteria, data from 325 patients were utilized to train and test the machine-learning models. In the classification approach, the random forest method achieved superior performance with an AUC of 98.6. In the regression approach, the gradient boosting regressor, with an R2 value of 65.4, outperformed other algorithms. Feature selection revealed that muscular weakness, plasma cholinesterase activity, and blood urea nitrogen were the most significant predictors of pralidoxime dose in the classification model. In the regression model, the top predictors were age, HCO3-VBG, and atropine bolus. Many of the selected features coincide with those identified in previous studies, with muscular weakness being particularly significant in both models. Conclusions: The most effective algorithms could be employed to develop a clinical decision support system for personalized pralidoxime dosage prediction in patients with organophosphorus poisoning. However, the study is constrained by its small sample size, retrospective design, and the absence of an external validation cohort. Conducting a prospective multicenter study with a larger sample size is crucial to validate the findings of this study.

Interpretable Machine Learning-Based Prediction Model for Concrete Cover Separation of FRP-Strengthened RC Beams.

This study focuses on the prediction of concrete cover separation (CCS) in reinforced concrete beams strengthened by fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) in flexure. First, machine learning models were constructed based on linear regression, support vector regression, BP neural networks, decision trees, random forests, and XGBoost algorithms. Secondly, the most suitable model for predicting CCS was identified based on the evaluation metrics and compared with the codes and the researcher's model. Finally, a parametric study based on SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) was carried out, and the following conclusions were obtained: XGBoost is best-suited for the prediction of CCS and codes, and researchers' model accuracy needs to be improved and suffers from over or conservative estimation. The contributions of the concrete to the shear force and the yield strength of the reinforcement are the most important parameters for the CCS, where the shear force at the onset of CCS is approximately proportional to the contribution of the concrete to the shear force and approximately inversely proportional to the yield strength of the reinforcement.

Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning-Based Predictive Models for Fine Dead Fuel Moisture of Subtropical Forest in China

The moisture content of fine dead surface fuel in forests is a crucial metric for assessing its combustibility and plays a pivotal role in the early warning, occurrence, and spread of forest fires. Accurate prediction of the moisture content of fine dead fuel on the forest surface is a critical challenge in forest fire management. Previous research on fine surface fuel moisture content has been mainly focused on coniferous forests in cold temperate zones, but there has been less attention given to understanding the fuel moisture dynamics in subtropical forests, which limits the development of regional forest fire warning models. Here, we consider the coupled influence of multiple meteorological, terrain, forest stand, and other characteristic factors on the fine dead fuel moisture content within the subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest region of southern China. The ability of five machine learning algorithms to predict the moisture content of fine dead fuel on the forest surface is assessed, and the key factors affecting the model accuracy are identified. Results show that when a single meteorological factor is used as a forecasting model, its forecasting accuracy is less than that of the combined model with multiple characteristic factors. However, the prediction accuracy of the model is improved after the addition of forest stand factors and terrain factors. The model prediction ability is the best for the combination of all feature factors including meteorology, forest stand, and terrain. The overall prediction accuracy of the model is ordered as follows: random forest &gt; extreme gradient boosting &gt; support vector machine &gt; stepwise linear regression &gt; k-nearest neighbor. Canopy density in forest stand factors, slope position and altitude in terrain factors, and average relative air humidity and light intensity in the previous 15 days are the key meteorological factors affecting the prediction accuracy of fuel moisture content. Our results provide scientific guidance and support for understanding the variability of forest surface fuel moisture content and improved regional forest fire warnings.

A hybrid approach integrating genetic algorithm and machine learning to solve the order picking batch assignment problem considering learning and fatigue of pickers

Modeling human behaviors has become increasingly relevant to improving the performance of manual order-picking systems. However, although a vast corpus of literature has recently started to consider the human factors in these systems, several gaps remain uncovered. Specifically, mental and physical human factors, like learning and fatigue, and quantitative and spatial features of picking orders have never been considered jointly to estimate the time a human order picker requires to execute a specific picking mission. Furthermore, little attention has been given to assigning and sequencing orders to pickers to minimize the picking time acting on their individual learning and fatigue characteristics. This study thus proposes a novel approach integrating machine learning and genetic algorithms to solve the problem. A non-linear machine learning-based predictive model has been adopted to predict the picking time of batches of orders based on quantitative and spatial features of batches and learning and fatigue indicators of pickers. These predictions have thus been adopted to guide a genetic algorithm to find the best assignment of future planned batches of orders to pickers. One year of picking data collected from the warehouse of a grocery retailer has been adopted to investigate the potential of the proposed approach. Furthermore, multiple comparisons have been performed. First, the advantages of predicting the batch-picking time with the proposed non-linear model have been compared with predictions executed based on linear models. In addition, an ablation analysis has been performed to investigate the advantages of predicting the batch picking time while simultaneously considering the quantitative and spatial features of batches and the learning and fatigue indicators of pickers. Moreover, the advantages of the proposed batch assignment strategy, which considers learning and fatigue indicators, have been compared with an assignment strategy that does not optimize these elements. Lastly, an explainability analysis of the predictive model has been performed to understand how and how much quantitative and spatial features of batches and learning and fatigue indicators of pickers affect the batch picking time.

Digital twin for production estimation, scheduling and real-time monitoring in offsite construction

The variability in production operations in offsite construction factories undermines the effectiveness of using average production rates for estimating production time and scheduling. In fact, production schedules based on average rates often exhibit significant deviations from actual production. This study proposes a digital twin for production estimation, scheduling, and real-time monitoring in offsite construction. By integrating computer vision, ultrasonic sensors, machine learning-based prediction models, and 3D simulation, the digital twin continuously collects time data from the shop floor, estimates cycle times, simulates operations, generates production schedules, virtually mirrors operations in real time, and enables the generation of updated schedules based on actual progress. In a case application to a wall framing workstation, the production schedule generated using the digital twin for the framing of wall panels during a work shift achieves an 81% reduction in deviation from actual production time compared to the conventional fixed-rate method commonly used in current practice.

Multi-feature, Chinese-Western medicine-integrated prediction model for diabetic peripheral neuropathy based on machine learning and SHAP.

Clinical studies have shown that diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) has been on the rise, with most patients presenting with severe and progressive symptoms. Currently, most of the available prediction models for DPN are derived from general clinical information and laboratory indicators. Several Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) indicators have been utilised to construct prediction models. In this study, we established a novel machine learning-based multi-featured Chinese-Western medicine-integrated prediction model for DPN using clinical features of TCM. The clinical data of 1581 patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) treated at the Department of Endocrinology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine were collected. The data (including general information, laboratory parameters and TCM features) of 1142 patients with T2DM were selected after data cleaning. After baseline description analysis of the variables, the data were divided into training and validation sets. Four prediction models were established and their performance was evaluated using validation sets. Meanwhile, the accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score and area under the curve (AUC) of ROC were calculated using ten-fold cross-validation to further assess the performance of the models. An explanatory analysis of the results of the DPN prediction model was carried out using the SHAP framework based on machine learning-based prediction models. Of the 1142 patients with T2DM, 681 had a comorbidity of DPN, while 461 did not. There was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of age, cause of disease, systolic pressure, HbA1c, ALT, RBC, Cr, BUN, red blood cells in the urine, glucose in the urine, and protein in the urine (p<0.05). T2DM patients with a comorbidity of DPN exhibited diverse TCM symptoms, including limb numbness, limb pain, hypodynamia, thirst with desire for drinks, dry mouth and throat, blurred vision, gloomy complexion, and unsmooth pulse, with statistically significant differences (p<0.05). Our results showed that the proposed multi-featured Chinese-Western medicine-integrated prediction model was superior to conventional models without characteristic TCM indicators. The model showed the best performance (accuracy=0.8109, precision=0.8029, recall=0.9060, F1 score=0.8511, and AUC=0.9002). SHAP analysis revealed that the dominant risk factors that caused DPN were TCM symptoms (limb numbness, thirst with desire for drinks, blurred vision), age, cause of disease, and glycosylated haemoglobin. These risk factors were exerted positive effects on the DPN prediction models. A multi-feature, Chinese-Western medicine-integrated prediction model for DPN was established and validated. The model improves early-stage identification of high-risk groups for DPN in the diagnosis and treatment of T2DM, while also providing informative support for the intelligent management of chronic conditions such as diabetes.

A comparative evaluation of clustering methods and data sampling techniques in the prediction of reservoir landslide deformation state

ABSTRACT Landslides exhibiting step-wise deformation characteristics are extensively dispersed throughout the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) region of China. Predicting the deformation state of landslides in TGR holds paramount significance in landslide early warning and risk management. Machine learning-based landslide deformation state prediction is a combination of clustering and imbalanced classification. This paper compares the efficacy of three prevalent clustering methods, namely K-means, Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN), and Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM), in the clustering analysis process. Furthermore, the paper evaluates the performance of three widely-used data sampling technologies, namely Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE), SMOTE-Edited Nearest Neighbors (SMOTE-ENN), and ADAptive SYNthetic Sampling (ADASYN), in the imbalanced classification process. The Baijiabao and Bazimen landslides in the TGR region, which exhibit step-wise deformation characteristics, are used as case studies. Results indicate that DBSCAN and GMM exhibit significant advantages in the clustering process. Meanwhile, the mixture models that integrate oversampling technologies and classification algorithms perform exceptionally well in imbalanced classification. The aforementioned algorithms are recommended for predicting the deformation states of step-wise landslides in the TGR region. The machine learning-based predictive models can serve as potent instruments in facilitating the implementation of early warning systems aimed at mitigating landslide risks.