M-ary Orthogonal Frequency-shift Keying Research Articles

Turbo-FSK, a physical layer for low-power wide-area networks: Analysis and optimization

Abstract As the Internet-of-Things is becoming a reality, the need for a new Low-Power Wide-Area (LPWA) network emerged in the last few years. Numerous low-cost devices will be connected, and this requires an optimization of the link budget: the physical layer needs to be designed highly energy efficient. The combination of M-ary orthogonal Frequency-Shift-Keying (M-FSK) modulation and coding in the same process has been shown to be a promising candidate when associated with an iterative receiver (turbo principle). In this work, we study this new digital transmission scheme, called Turbo-FSK. An EXtrinsic Information Transfer (EXIT) chart analysis is realized. The influence of the packet length is investigated, and the scheme is shown to stay energy efficiency even with short packet sizes. Comparison with LPWA current technologies is performed, showing the potential of this technology.

Revised Analyses of Postdetection Switched Combining in Nakagami-<tex>$m$</tex>Fading

In two recent papers, the performances of dual-branch postdetection switch-and-stay combining (SSC) for noncoherent orthogonal binary frequency-shift keying (BFSK) and noncoherent orthogonal M-ary frequency-shift keying (MFSK) operating in the presence of slow flat fading modeled by Rayleigh, Nakagami-m, and Rician distributions have been analyzed. In this paper, we show that these previous analyses for the Nakagami-m fading model, which are restricted to integer values of m, are incorrect, and we derive the correct bit-error rate (BER) performances of BFSK and MFSK with dual-branch SSC in Nakagami-m fading for all values of m. Optimum switching thresholds that minimize the BER of BFSK and MFSK with postdetection SSC in Nakagami-m fading are obtained. The performance of postdetection SSC is compared with the performance of predetection SSC, and it is shown that postdetection SSC outperforms predetection SSC for all values of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). We also show that for a given BER, the performance gain of postdetection SSC over predetection SSC has been overestimated by several decibels in SNR in previous publications.

Performance of fast frequency-hopped MFSK receivers with linear and self-normalization combining in a Rician fading channel with partial-band interference

An error probability analysis is performed for both self-normalized and conventional M-ary orthogonal frequency-shift-keying (MFSK) noncoherent receivers using fast frequency-hopped (FFH) spread-spectrum waveforms transmitted over a Rician fading channel with partial-band interference. The self-normalization receiver uses a nonlinear combination procedure to minimize performance degradation due to partial-band interference. The performance of the conventional receiver is significantly degraded by worst-case partial-band interference regardless of the modulation order or number of hops per data symbol used, while the self-normalization receiver can provide a significant immunity to worst-case partial-band interference for many channel conditions when diversity is used, provided the signal-to-thermal-noise ratio is large enough to minimize degradation due to nonlinear combining losses. The improvement afforded by higher modulation orders is dependent on channel conditions. >

Error probabilities of fast frequency-hopped MFSK with noise-normalization combining in a fading channel with partial-band interference

An error probability analysis performed for an M-ary orthogonal frequency-shift keying (MFSK) communication system employing fast frequency-hopped (FFH) spread-spectrum waveforms transmitted over a frequency-nonselective, slowly Rician fading channel with partial band interference is discussed. Diversity is obtained using multiple hops per data bit. Noise-normalization combining is employed by the system receiver to minimize partial-band interference effects. The partial-band interference is modeled as a Gaussian process. Thermal noise is also included in the analysis. Forward error correction coding is applied using convolutional codes and Reed-Solomon codes. Diversity is found to dramatically reduce the degradation of the noise-normalization receiver caused by partial-band interference regardless of the strength of the direct signal component. Diversity offers significant performance improvement when channel fading is strong, and performance improvement is obtained for high modulation orders (M>2). Receiver performance is improved when diversity, higher modulation orders, and coding are combined. >