Lysophospholipid Research Articles

Non-Targeted Metabolomics Reveal Apomorphine’s Therapeutic Effects and Lysophospholipid Alterations in Steatohepatitis

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), characterized by progressive inflammation and fibrosis, evolves from metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and significantly heightens the risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Understanding metabolic pathways that influence MASH progression is crucial for developing targeted therapies. Non-targeted metabolomics offer a comprehensive view of metabolic alterations, enabling identification of novel biomarkers and pathways without preconceived ideas. Conversely, targeted metabolomics deliver precise and reproducible measurements, focusing on predefined metabolites to accurately quantify established pathways. This study utilized hepatocyte-specific PTEN knockout mice as a model to explore metabolic shifts associated with MASH. By integrating non-targeted metabolomics and targeted metabolomics, we analyzed liver samples from three groups: normal, pathological (MASH-affected), and MASH-affected, but treated with apomorphine, an antioxidant and recently reported ferroptosis inhibitor with potential therapeutic effects. Metabolic profiling identified lysophospholipids (LPLs) as significantly altered metabolites, with elevated levels in the MASH model and a notable reduction after apomorphine treatment. This suggests that LPLs are central to the etiology of MASH and may serve as targets for therapeutic intervention. Our findings underscore the effectiveness of apomorphine in modulating disease-specific metabolic disruptions, offering insights into its potential as a treatment for human MASH.

Lysophospholipid Supplementation in Broiler Breeders' Diet Benefits Offspring's Productive Performance, Blood Parameters, and Hepatic β-Oxidation Genes.

The present study aimed to investigate whether supplementation of modified lysophospholipids (LPLs) in the diet of broiler breeders can benefit their offspring. A total of 264 49-week-old breeders (Ross 308) were allocated and fed based on a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with two levels of dietary energy (normal energy = 2800 kcal/kg and low energy = 2760 kcal/kg) and two LPL levels (0 and 0.5 g/kg) for periods of 8 and 12 weeks. The offspring were assessed for growth performance, serum parameters, hepatic antioxidative capability, and expression of genes involved in liver β-oxidation at 7 days old. The LPL inclusion improved (p < 0.01) average body weight (ABW), average daily gain (ADG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The offspring of 61-week-old breeders fed with LPL exhibited reduced serum triglyceride levels (p < 0.01) but an increase in hepatic glutathione peroxidase (p < 0.05). The LPL increased (p < 0.001) the mRNA expression of the PGC-1α gene in the liver. Supplementing LPL in low-energy diets resulted in higher FABP1 gene expression (p < 0.05) in the intestine. In conclusion, LPL supplementation in the breeders' diet improved offspring performance by enhancing fatty acid absorption, hepatic indices, and the expression of genes involved in liver β-oxidation.

The mitigating role of lysophospholipids in hepatic lipid metabolism and intestinal immunity in juvenile black seabream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii) fed a high-fat diet

An 8-week feeding experiment investigated the effects of lysophospholipids (LP) on growth performance, hepatic lipid metabolism, intestinal immunity and antioxidation in juvenile black seabream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii) (initial weight 4.60 ± 0.01 g) on a high-fat diet. Five experimental diets were established: normal fat diet (13 %, CON), high-fat diet (18 %, HFD) and HFD with different levels of LP (0.05 %, 0.1 %, and 0.2 %). The results indicated that dietary LP had no impact on the specific growth rate and survival rate of juvenile black seabream (P > 0.05), while 0.2 %LP supplementation reduced the intraperitoneal fat ratio (IPF) (P < 0.05). Dietary 0.1 % and 0.2 %LP supplementation reduced the total lipid content and the size and number of lipid droplets in the liver (P < 0.05). The diets supplemented with LP reduced the contents of TG and LDL-C in the serum (P < 0.05), without affecting T-CHO and HDL-C (P > 0.05). The expression of lipid transport genes including apoa, apob, fatp1, and fatp4, were markedly up-regulated with increased dietary LP supplementation (P < 0.05). Moreover, dietary 0.2 %LP supplementation notably increased mRNA expression levels of scarb1, ffar3, acsl5 and glp-1 in the intestine (P < 0.05). Dietary LP notably down-regulated the mRNA expression of genes related to the lipogenesis pathway including fas, aco and srebp-1c, while up-regulating mRNA expression of lipogenesis-related genes including cpt1α, lpl, and pparα (P < 0.05). Additionally, dietary 0.2 %LP supplementation notably increased total antioxidant capacity in the intestine and up-regulated expression levels of intestinal antioxidant genes, including mn sod, cu-zn sod, gpx, and cat (P < 0.05), fish fed diets with 0.2 %LP down-regulation of pro-inflammatory genes, including tnfα and nf-κb, and up-regulation of anti-inflammatory factors, tgfβ-1, il-10 and tight-junction protein genes including (oclna, cldni, cldn3, and tjp1b) in the intestine (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary LP improved intestinal fatty acid transport and liver lipolysis, alleviating intestinal oxidative damage and inflammatory reactions caused by HFD in black seabream.

Starch lysophospholipids contents affect storage quality of paddy rice

Starch Lysophospholipids (LPLs) have a significant effect on rice grain quality, but how starch LPLs affect paddy rice storage quality is barely understood. The dynamic changes in storage quality indicators of a japonica rice (XS110) and its low LPLs (XS110-J1) and high LPLs (XS110-J2) mutants were investigated. The fatty acid values (FAV) of J1 were significantly higher than those of XS110 and J2 after one year of storage under 24 and 37 °C. Although FAV rose gradually during storage time, it increased relatively more at 37 °C than 24 °C. The malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased significantly in the early stage and decreased gradually during later storage. The MDA content of rice stored at 24 °C was significantly higher than that at 37 °C. The catalase (CAT) activity exhibited a decreasing trend during storage and was relatively higher at 24 °C than 37 °C. The CAT of J2 was significantly higher than those of XS110 and J1. Total lysophospholipid content was relatively stable although some individual LPLs changed significantly during storage. The fatty acid component content in the milled rice decreased during storage, and the content at 37 °C was lower than that at 24 °C. In conclusion, paddy rice with low starch LPLs content is more susceptible to deterioration during storage, suggesting that high starch LPLs can better maintain rice quality and prolong storage time during storage of paddy rice.

Lysophospholipid headgroup size, and acyl chain length and saturation differentially affect vacuole acidification, Ca 2+ transport, and fusion.

SNARE-mediated membrane fusion is regulated by the lipid composition of the engaged bilayers. Lipid composition impacts fusion through direct protein lipid interactions or through modulating the physical properties of membranes at the site of contact, including the induction of positive curvature by lysophospholipids (LPLs). The degree of positive curvature induced is due to the length and saturation of the single acyl chain in addition to the size of the head group. Here we examined how yeast vacuole fusion and ion transport were differentially affected by changes in lysolipid properties. We found that lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) with acyl chains containing 14-18 carbons all inhibited fusion with IC 50 values ranging from ∼40-120 µM. The monounsaturation of LPC-18:1 had no effect when compared to its saturated counterpart LPC-18:0. On the other hand, head group size played a more significant role in blocking fusion as lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-18:1 failed to fully inhibit fusion. We also show that both Ca 2+ uptake and SNARE-dependent Ca 2+ efflux was sensitive to changes in the acyl chain length and saturation of LPCs, while LPA only affected Ca 2+ efflux. Finally, we tested these LPLs on vacuole acidification by the V-ATPase. This showed that LPC-18:0 could fully inhibit acidification whereas other LPCs had moderate effects. Again, LPA had no effect. Together these data suggest that the effects of LPLs were due to a combination of head group size and acyl chain length leading to a range in degree of positive curvature.

From Classical to Alternative Pathways of 2-Arachidonoylglycerol Synthesis: AlterAGs at the Crossroad of Endocannabinoid and Lysophospholipid Signaling.

2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is the most abundant endocannabinoid (EC), acting as a full agonist at both CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors. It is synthesized on demand in postsynaptic membranes through the sequential action of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase Cβ1 (PLCβ1) and diacylglycerol lipase α (DAGLα), contributing to retrograde signaling upon interaction with presynaptic CB1. However, 2-AG production might also involve various combinations of PLC and DAGL isoforms, as well as additional intracellular pathways implying other enzymes and substrates. Three other alternative pathways of 2-AG synthesis rest on the extracellular cleavage of 2-arachidonoyl-lysophospholipids by three different hydrolases: glycerophosphodiesterase 3 (GDE3), lipid phosphate phosphatases (LPPs), and two members of ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterases (ENPP6-7). We propose the names of AlterAG-1, -2, and -3 for three pathways sharing an ectocellular localization, allowing them to convert extracellular lysophospholipid mediators into 2-AG, thus inducing typical signaling switches between various G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). This implies the critical importance of the regioisomerism of both lysophospholipid (LPLs) and 2-AG, which is the object of deep analysis within this review. The precise functional roles of AlterAGs are still poorly understood and will require gene invalidation approaches, knowing that both 2-AG and its related lysophospholipids are involved in numerous aspects of physiology and pathology, including cancer, inflammation, immune defenses, obesity, bone development, neurodegeneration, or psychiatric disorders.

Investigating the lipid profile of Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes across developmental life stages

Holometabolous insects undergo a distinct transition in their development, tightly correlated with shifting feeding patterns from larval stages and some adult phases to non-feeding phases as pupae and during other adult phases. Furthermore, the intricate life cycle of mosquitoes involves a sequence of developmental stages influenced by aquatic and terrestrial factors, demanding precise energy resource orchestration. Lipids serve multifaceted roles, encompassing energy storage, membrane structure, and participation in signal transduction and molecular recognition processes. A significant gap in the current research landscape is the need for a comprehensive study exploring the lipid repertoire throughout the developmental stages of Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. We undertook an analysis of the An. stephensi metabolome across all life stages. We hypothesized that An. stephensi mosquitoes will have unique lipid metabolite markers for each life stage. A specific extraction and LC-MS based lipidomic approach was used to test this hypothesis. Our findings demonstrated that our methods were successful, with lipids comprising 62.15 % of the analyzed metabolome. Additionally, phospholipids (PL), lysophospholipids (LPL), sphingomyelin (SM), and triglycerides (TG) were abundant and dynamic across all life stages. Interestingly, comparison between the L1 and L2 lipidome revealed a dominant pattern of specific TGs in decreased abundance between these two life stages. Lastly, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), was found to be present in similar abundance across all 4 larval stages. These data indicate that there may be lipid metabolome pathways serving unique roles during mosquito development that may be used to explore laboratory management of colonies, parasite resistance, and environmental adaptation.

Effects of Artificial Aging on Rice Lysophospholipids.

Lysophospholipids (LPLs) represent a major class of polar lipids crucial for rice's nutritional and functional properties. This study investigates the impact of varying storage temperatures (20, 30, and 40 °C) and humidity (50 and 95%) on the nonstarch and starch LPLs of paddy and milled rice. The findings revealed that the average nonstarch LPL content in paddy rice aged at 20 °C (82.6 μg/g) and 40 °C (83.6 μg/g) was significantly lower than that at 30 °C (95.0 μg/g). The nonstarch LPL content of milled rice aged at 20 °C (78.0 μg/g) was significantly higher than that at 30 and 40 °C. High storage temperature (40 °C) and humidity (95%) resulted in a significant reduction in rice total starch LPC and LPE content when compared to low humidity (50%). The ratio of rice starch/nonstarch LPL components such as LPC16:0 and LPC18:2 remarkably increased with increased storage temperature and humidity.

Arachidonic Acid Mobilization and Peroxidation Promote Microglial Dysfunction in Aβ Pathology.

Aberrant increase of arachidonic acid (ARA) has long been implicated in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), while the underlying causal mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we revealed a link between ARA mobilization and microglial dysfunction in Aβ pathology. Lipidomic analysis of primary microglia from AppNL-GF mice showed a marked increase in free ARA and lysophospholipids (LPLs) along with a decrease in ARA-containing phospholipids, suggesting increased ARA release from phospholipids (PLs). To manipulate ARA-containing PLs in microglia, we genetically deleted lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 3 (Lpcat3), the main enzyme catalyzing the incorporation of ARA into PLs. Loss of microglial Lpcat3 reduced the levels of ARA-containing PLs, free ARA and LPLs, leading to a compensatory increase in monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)-containing PLs in both male and female App NL-GF mice. Notably, the reduction of ARA in microglia significantly ameliorated oxidative stress and inflammatory responses while enhancing the phagocytosis of Aβ plaques and promoting the compaction of Aβ deposits. Mechanistically, scRNA seq suggested that LPCAT3 deficiency facilitates phagocytosis by facilitating de novo lipid synthesis while protecting microglia from oxidative damage. Collectively, our study reveals a novel mechanistic link between ARA mobilization and microglial dysfunction in AD. Lowering brain ARA levels through pharmacological or dietary interventions may be a potential therapeutic strategy to slow down AD progression.

Changes in Lipid Profiles with the Progression of Pregnancy in Black Women.

Background/Objectives: Lipid metabolism plays an important role in maternal health and fetal development. There is a gap in the knowledge of how lipid metabolism changes during pregnancy for Black women who are at a higher risk of adverse outcomes. We hypothesized that the comprehensive lipidome profiles would show variation across pregnancy indicative of requirements during gestation and fetal development. Methods: Black women were recruited at prenatal clinics. Plasma samples were collected at 8-18 weeks (T1), 22-29 weeks (T2), and 30-36 weeks (T3) of pregnancy. Samples from 64 women who had term births (≥37 weeks gestation) were subjected to "shotgun" Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Mixed-effects models were used to quantify systematic changes and dimensionality reduction models were used to visualize patterns and identify reliable lipid signatures. Results: Total lipids and major lipid classes showed significant increases with the progression of pregnancy. Phospholipids and glycerolipids exhibited a gradual increase from T1 to T2 to T3, while sphingolipids and total sterol lipids displayed a more pronounced increase from T2 to T3. Acylcarnitines, hydroxy acylcarnitines, and Lyso phospholipid levels significantly decreased from T1 to T3. A deviation was that non-esterified fatty acids decreased from T1 to T2 and increased again from T2 to T3, suggestive of a potential role for these lipids during the later stages of pregnancy. The fatty acids showing this trend included key fatty acids-non-esterified Linoleic acid, Arachidonic acid, Alpha-linolenic acid, Eicosapentaenoic acid, Docosapentaenoic acid, and Docosahexaenoic acid. Conclusions: Mapping lipid patterns and identifying lipid signatures would help develop intervention strategies to reduce perinatal health disparities among pregnant Black women.

Dietary lysophospholipid improves growth performance, antioxidant capacity and immunity response of red tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × O. mossambicus)

Lysophospholipids (LPL) are usually used as emulsifiers in fish nutrition because of their ability to ameliorate nutrient digestibility and lipid metabolism. The present study aims to assess the effects of a commercial dietary lysophospholipid on growth performance, feed utilization, antioxidant activity, innate immunity and biochemical indices of red tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x O. mosambicus) fingerlings. Five isonitrogenous (35.8% CP) and isocaloric (18.7 MJ kg−1) diets were prepared as follows: two control diets coded as C1 and C2, containing 2 and 1% soybean oil, respectively. The other three diets were coded as LPL1, LPL2 and LPL3, and were formulated by supplementing the C2 diet with 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% lysophospholipid. The fingerlings of red tilapia (2.13 ± 0.42 g fish−1) were fed the diets for 70 days. The highest significant (p < 0.05) final weight and weight gain were recorded in LPL2. The best values of feed efficiency and protein efficiency (PER)were in all fish groups fed LPL in their diets (p < 0.05). Protein productive value (PPV) showed the highest result in LPL3 (p < 0.05). Lysozyme activity showed the best result in LPL3 (p < 0.05). The highest values of alternative complement activity (ACH50) and total immunoglobulin (Ig) were in LPL3 and LPL2 (p < 0.05). The best results of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activity were recorded in LPL3 (p < 0.05). The lowest values of triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (CHO) were detected in LPL1 and LPL2 (p < 0.05). Thus, the inclusion of 0.2% of the commercial lysophospholipid in red tilapia diets enhanced the growth performance, feed utilization, innate immunity, antioxidant activity and lipase activity, and reduced CHO and TG of red tilapia fingerlings.

Lysophosphatidylcholine binds α-synuclein and prevents its pathological aggregation.

Accumulation of aggregated α-synuclein (α-syn) in Lewy bodies is the pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD). Genetic mutations in lipid metabolism are causative for a subset of patients with Parkinsonism. The role of α-syn's lipid interactions in its function and aggregation is recognized, yet the specific lipids involved and how lipid metabolism issues trigger α-syn aggregation and neurodegeneration remain unclear. Here, we found that α-syn shows a preference for binding to lysophospholipids (LPLs), particularly targeting lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) without relying on electrostatic interactions. LPC is capable of maintaining α-syn in a compact conformation, significantly reducing its propensity to aggregate both in vitro and within cellular environments. Conversely, a reduction in the production of cellular LPLs is associated with an increase in α-syn accumulation. Our work underscores the critical role of LPLs in preserving the natural conformation of α-syn to inhibit improper aggregation, and establishes a potential connection between lipid metabolic dysfunction and α-syn aggregation in PD.

The Effect of Lysophospholipids and Sex on Growth Performance and Small Intestine Morphology in Weanling Pigs, 7-30 kg.

Inclusion of lysophospholipids (LPL) has been proposed to increase growth performance in broilers and pigs, acting as emulsifiers through mixed micelle formation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of feeding LPL in weanling pig diets on growth performance and intestinal morphology. Eight hundred pigs (weight 6.96 kg ± SD 1.58 kg) were assigned to one of two dietary treatments, i.e., a basal diet (CON) or a basal diet + 0.05% lysophospholipids (LPL). The experimental period lasted for 42 days, and on days 40 and 41, 32 pigs in total were euthanized for intestinal tissue samples. From days 14 to 21, feed intake and average daily gain increased, as well as FCR, from days 28 to 42, in the LPL group compared with the CON group. In the overall period, no differences in growth performance were present between the groups. However, females displayed increased ADG from days 21 to 28 compared with castrates. The villous height tended (p = 0.051) to be lower in LPL in the proximal jejunum compared with CON. In the proximal jejunum, villus was higher (p > 0.01) in females, and in the distal jejunum, higher crypt cell proliferation (p < 0.01) and a tendency to deeper crypts (p = 0.064) were observed in female pigs as well. In conclusion, lysophospholipids did not increase growth performance in this study; however, the rate of recovery from a poorer starting point was noted, as growth rates recovered and increased faster in the LPL group. In conclusion, unlike the first phase, the LPL group recovered the growth from days 14 to 21 through higher feed intake and weight gain than the CON group. Eventually, the LPL group displayed improved FCR compared with the CON group from days 28 to 42. Further studies are needed to investigate whether this effect continues into the grower-finisher phase.

Lipidomic Analysis of Plasma Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Alzheimer's Disease Patients.

Analysis of blood-based indicators of brain health could provide an understanding of early disease mechanisms and pinpoint possible intervention strategies. By examining lipid profiles in extracellular vesicles (EVs), secreted particles from all cells, including astrocytes and neurons, and circulating in clinical samples, important insights regarding the brain's composition can be gained. Herein, a targeted lipidomic analysis was carried out in EVs derived from plasma samples after removal of lipoproteins from individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and healthy controls. Differences were observed for selected lipid species of glycerolipids (GLs), glycerophospholipids (GPLs), lysophospholipids (LPLs) and sphingolipids (SLs) across three distinct EV subpopulations (all-cell origin, derived by immunocapture of CD9, CD81 and CD63; neuronal origin, derived by immunocapture of L1CAM; and astrocytic origin, derived by immunocapture of GLAST). The findings provide new insights into the lipid composition of EVs isolated from plasma samples regarding specific lipid families (MG, DG, Cer, PA, PC, PE, PI, LPI, LPE, LPC), as well as differences between AD and control individuals. This study emphasizes the crucial role of plasma EV lipidomics analysis as a comprehensive approach for identifying biomarkers and biological targets in AD and related disorders, facilitating early diagnosis and potentially informing novel interventions.

460 Changes in Lipid Profiles with Progression of Pregnancy in Black Women

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Pregnant African American (Black women) have higher rates of adverse pregnancy outcomes compared to other races and routine monitoring of lipid levels is not currently in practice in prenatal care. We hypothesized that lipid profiles would show variation across pregnancy indicative of specific requirements during gestation and fetal development. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We used an untargeted lipidome analysis approach to investigate lipid metabolism with the progression of pregnancy. Pregnant Black women were recruited at prenatal clinics in Midwest (Metro Detroit, Michigan and Columbus, Ohio), women under 18 or above 45 years of age were not enrolled due to metabolic changes associated with these age groups. Women signed the consent forms and plasma samples were collected at 8-18 weeks at (T1), 22-29 weeks (T2) and 30-36 weeks (T3) of pregnancy. Samples from sixty-three women (mean age 27.41 ± 5.61 years) who had term birth (completed 37 weeks of pregnancy) were subjected to “shotgun” Orbitrap high resolution/ accurate mass spectrometry. Mixed-effects models were used to quantify systematic changes in relative lipid abundances over time using R lme4 and ggplot2 packages. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Total lipids and some major lipid classes showed a significant increase with the progression of pregnancy. Phospholipids and glycerolipids exhibited a gradual increase throughout pregnancy, while sphingolipids and total sterol lipids displayed a more pronounced increase at the T3 timepoint. Acylcarnitines, hydroxy acylcarnitines and Lyso phospholipids levels significantly decrease from T1 to T3. One of the interesting finding was that non-esterified fatty acids decreased from T1 to T2 and increased again from T2 to T3, suggesting a possible role for these lipids during the later stages of pregnancy. The fatty acids showing this trend included key fatty acids- Linoleic Acid, Arachidonic Acid, Alpha-linolenic acid, Eicosapentaenoic acid, Docosapentaenoic acid, Docosahexaenoic acid. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Mapping lipid trends during pregnancy could lend support to a precision health approach to reduce perinatal health disparities among pregnant Black women. The findings from this study will be used to identify biomarkers and study associations with social and environmental factors responsible for adverse perinatal outcome in pregnant Black women.

Effects of saturated fatty acids with lysophospholipids on production and nutrient digestibility in lactating cows

The objective of the experiment was to determine the effects of supplemental saturated fatty acid (SFA) sources, lysophospholipids (LPL), and their interaction on production and nutrient digestibility in lactating dairy cows. The experiment was conducted with 48 cows in a randomized complete block design. Cows were blocked (total 12 blocks) by parity and days in milk and randomly assigned to 4 dietary treatments in each block (2 × 2 factorial arrangement), i.e., 2 sources of fat supplements, C16:0 (palmitic acid, PA)- or C18:0 (stearic acid, SA)-enriched fat, with or without LPL. The experiment was conducted for 6 wk to measure daily dry matter intake and milk yield and weekly milk composition. During the last week of the experiment, spot fecal and urine samples were collected to determine total-tract nutrient digestibility. Milk samples in the last week were also collected to analyze for milk fatty acid (FA) profile. All data were analyzed using the mixed procedure of SAS where block was used as a random effect and FA, LPL, and the interaction of FA by LPL were used as fixed effects. Week and interactions of week by FA or LPL were included for production measures. Different sources of SFA did not affect dry matter intake and milk yield. However, PA increased (39.7 vs. 36.8 kg) energy-corrected milk compared with SA due to increased milk fat yield. No effect of LPL on production measures was observed. Total-tract digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, and total FA were not different between PA and SA, but PA increased (41.4 vs. 38.8%) neutral detergent fiber digestibility compared with SA. Supplementation of LPL increased (64.7 vs. 60.5%) total FA digestibility, especially 18-carbon FA (74.1 vs. 68.2%). An interaction of SFA by LPL was found for 16-carbon FA digestibility. The PA diet increased the concentration of 16-carbon FA in milk fat and SA increased the concentration of preformed FA (≥18 carbons). Supplementation of LPL decreased the concentration of trans-10 C18:1. No difference in N utilization and excretion among treatments was observed. In conclusion, PA was more effective in improving milk fat yield of lactating cows compared with SA. Supplementation of LPL increased digestibility of total FA, especially 18-carbon FA but did not affect production.

Comparison of Lysophospholipids and Bile Acids on the Growth Performance, Lipid Deposition, and Intestinal Health of Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides)

Lysophospholipids (LPLs) and bile acids (BA) are commonly used as emulsifiers in aquaculture. This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of LPLs or BA on the growth performance, lipid deposition, and intestinal health of largemouth juveniles. Fish were randomly allotted into three groups in quadruplicate and fed with a basal diet (CON) or diets containing 300 mg/kg LPLs (LPLs), or 300 mg/kg commercially available BA product (BA) for 8 weeks. The results showed that compared with the control group, LPLs and BA supplemented groups showed a higher weight gain trend, and LPLs supplementation promoted the protein deposition in fish body. Both BA and LPLs supplementations helped to maintain liver health by decreasing the activities of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in serum. Besides, LPLs supplementation decreased overall lipid deposition in terms of mesenteric fat index and liver lipid content. Furthermore, LPLs supplementation showed unique advantage in improving intestinal barrier, as characterized by the increased villus length and higher expression of the tight junction protein zo-1 expression. LPLs supplementation also increased the alpha diversity index and the abundances of Proteobacteria in the intestinal microbiota which is positively correlated with the abundance of SCFA in the gut. These findings will promote the application of novel feed additives and especially provide a basis for the rational selection of emulsifiers in the aquaculture industry.

Effects of the Supplementation of Lysophospholipid in Low‐Lipid Diets on Juvenile Pacific White Shrimp

The shortage of lipid sources has been a limiting factor of the aqua‐feed industry. Lysophospholipid (LPL) is a highly efficient lipid emulsifier, which may help improve lipid utilization efficiency and thus spare the dietary lipid. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of LPL on growth performance, fatty acid composition, and lipid metabolism of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei (averagely, 2.4 g). Five diets were prepared: a control diet with 6.5% lipid, the control diet supplemented with 0.05% or 0.1% LPL (0.05% LPL and 0.1% LPL), a moderately low‐lipid (MLL) diet supplemented with 0.05% LPL (0.05% LPL‐MLL), and an extremely low‐lipid (ELL) diet supplemented with 0.1% LPL (0.1% LPL‐ELL). Each dietary group had triplicate tanks (30 shrimp in each tank). The feeding experiment lasted 8 weeks. Compared with the control group, the addition of 0.05% LPL promoted the growth by 9.95%; diet 0.05% LPL‐MLL resulted in a comparable growth to the control, but diet 0.1% LPL‐ELL tended to adversely affect the growth. Dietary LPL had little effect on the whole‐body proximate composition. The content of 18:2n−6 and 18:3n−3 was significantly higher in the 0.05% LPL group compared to the control. The 20:5n−3 content was the highest in the 0.05%LPL‐MLL group. In addition, the 0.05% LPL and 0.1% LPL group increased the plasma high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol content. Meanwhile, all LPL groups reduced the low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol content. The addition of LPL significantly regulated the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of genes related to cholesterol homeostasis, such as ldlr, srb1, abca1, and abcg8. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 0.05% LPL tended to promote shrimp growth and can spare 15% dietary lipid. However, when the dietary lipid content decreased from 6.5% to an extremely low level of 4.8%, dietary LPL was ineffective to spare lipids. This was the first study to validate the lipid‐sparing effect of dietary LPL in shrimp.

Lysophospholipid receptors in neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.

The central nervous system (CNS) is one of the most complex physiological systems, and treatment of CNS disorders represents an area of major medical need. One critical aspect of the CNS is its lack of regeneration, such that damage is often permanent. The damage often leads to neurodegeneration, and so strategies for neuroprotection could lead to major medical advances. The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family is one of the major receptor classes, and they have been successfully targeted clinically. One class of GPCRs is those activated by bioactive lysophospholipids as ligands, especially sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). Research has been increasingly demonstrating the important roles that S1P and LPA, and their receptors, play in physiology and disease. In this review, I describe the role of S1P and LPA receptors in neurodegeneration and potential roles in neuroprotection. Much of our understanding of the role of S1P receptors has been through pharmacological tools. One such tool, fingolimod (also known as FTY720), which is a S1P receptor agonist but a functional antagonist in the immune system, is clinically efficacious in multiple sclerosis by producing a lymphopenia to reduce autoimmune attacks; however, there is evidence that fingolimod is also neuroprotective. Furthermore, fingolimod is neuroprotective in many other neuropathologies, including stroke, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Rett syndrome, Alzheimer's disease, and others that are discussed here. LPA receptors also appear to be involved, being upregulated in a variety of neuropathologies. Antagonists or mutations of LPA receptors, especially LPA1, are neuroprotective in a variety of conditions, including cortical development, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, stroke and others discussed here. Finally, LPA receptors may interact with other receptors, including a functional interaction with plasticity related genes.

Exploring Performance and Hepatic Lipid Metabolism in Broilers: The Influence of Lysophospholipid Supplement Levels and Dietary Fat Sources in Diets

This study aimed to assess the influence of integrating a lysophospholipid (LPL) nutritional supplement with fat on blood serum lipids' constitution, the cecum's microbial population, and the expression of genes involved in controlling liver fat metabolism in juvenile chickens. A factorial complete randomized design encompassed 1440 one-day-old broiler chickens of the Ross 308 variety. The study was performed by 12 treatments and 12 replications for each treatment. Blood and liver specimens were gathered for examination. The outcomes of the study demonstrated that the addition of LPL and various fat levels had a notable impact on the levels of triglycerides in the blood serum, along with the expression of genes linked to liver fat metabolism (p≤0.05). Furthermore, the administration of LPL led to an increase in the population of Lactobacillus bacteria within the cecum of the examined avian species (p≤0.05). Nevertheless, no significant effects on overall performance were detected (p&gt;0.05). This study underscores the significance of lysophospholipids in poultry nutrition and liver function and proposes the necessity for further exploration into diverse genes and sources of fat. Comprehending the gender-specific variances in lipid metabolism pathways is essential for upholding the health and productivity of poultry. These discoveries establish a solid groundwork for enhancing poultry nutrition and production efficiency to fulfill producers' economic requirements and consumers' health needs.