Lysophospholipids Supplementation Research Articles

Lysophospholipid Supplementation in Broiler Breeders' Diet Benefits Offspring's Productive Performance, Blood Parameters, and Hepatic β-Oxidation Genes.

The present study aimed to investigate whether supplementation of modified lysophospholipids (LPLs) in the diet of broiler breeders can benefit their offspring. A total of 264 49-week-old breeders (Ross 308) were allocated and fed based on a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with two levels of dietary energy (normal energy = 2800 kcal/kg and low energy = 2760 kcal/kg) and two LPL levels (0 and 0.5 g/kg) for periods of 8 and 12 weeks. The offspring were assessed for growth performance, serum parameters, hepatic antioxidative capability, and expression of genes involved in liver β-oxidation at 7 days old. The LPL inclusion improved (p < 0.01) average body weight (ABW), average daily gain (ADG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The offspring of 61-week-old breeders fed with LPL exhibited reduced serum triglyceride levels (p < 0.01) but an increase in hepatic glutathione peroxidase (p < 0.05). The LPL increased (p < 0.001) the mRNA expression of the PGC-1α gene in the liver. Supplementing LPL in low-energy diets resulted in higher FABP1 gene expression (p < 0.05) in the intestine. In conclusion, LPL supplementation in the breeders' diet improved offspring performance by enhancing fatty acid absorption, hepatic indices, and the expression of genes involved in liver β-oxidation.

The mitigating role of lysophospholipids in hepatic lipid metabolism and intestinal immunity in juvenile black seabream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii) fed a high-fat diet

An 8-week feeding experiment investigated the effects of lysophospholipids (LP) on growth performance, hepatic lipid metabolism, intestinal immunity and antioxidation in juvenile black seabream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii) (initial weight 4.60 ± 0.01 g) on a high-fat diet. Five experimental diets were established: normal fat diet (13 %, CON), high-fat diet (18 %, HFD) and HFD with different levels of LP (0.05 %, 0.1 %, and 0.2 %). The results indicated that dietary LP had no impact on the specific growth rate and survival rate of juvenile black seabream (P > 0.05), while 0.2 %LP supplementation reduced the intraperitoneal fat ratio (IPF) (P < 0.05). Dietary 0.1 % and 0.2 %LP supplementation reduced the total lipid content and the size and number of lipid droplets in the liver (P < 0.05). The diets supplemented with LP reduced the contents of TG and LDL-C in the serum (P < 0.05), without affecting T-CHO and HDL-C (P > 0.05). The expression of lipid transport genes including apoa, apob, fatp1, and fatp4, were markedly up-regulated with increased dietary LP supplementation (P < 0.05). Moreover, dietary 0.2 %LP supplementation notably increased mRNA expression levels of scarb1, ffar3, acsl5 and glp-1 in the intestine (P < 0.05). Dietary LP notably down-regulated the mRNA expression of genes related to the lipogenesis pathway including fas, aco and srebp-1c, while up-regulating mRNA expression of lipogenesis-related genes including cpt1α, lpl, and pparα (P < 0.05). Additionally, dietary 0.2 %LP supplementation notably increased total antioxidant capacity in the intestine and up-regulated expression levels of intestinal antioxidant genes, including mn sod, cu-zn sod, gpx, and cat (P < 0.05), fish fed diets with 0.2 %LP down-regulation of pro-inflammatory genes, including tnfα and nf-κb, and up-regulation of anti-inflammatory factors, tgfβ-1, il-10 and tight-junction protein genes including (oclna, cldni, cldn3, and tjp1b) in the intestine (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary LP improved intestinal fatty acid transport and liver lipolysis, alleviating intestinal oxidative damage and inflammatory reactions caused by HFD in black seabream.

Comparison of Lysophospholipids and Bile Acids on the Growth Performance, Lipid Deposition, and Intestinal Health of Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides)

Lysophospholipids (LPLs) and bile acids (BA) are commonly used as emulsifiers in aquaculture. This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of LPLs or BA on the growth performance, lipid deposition, and intestinal health of largemouth juveniles. Fish were randomly allotted into three groups in quadruplicate and fed with a basal diet (CON) or diets containing 300 mg/kg LPLs (LPLs), or 300 mg/kg commercially available BA product (BA) for 8 weeks. The results showed that compared with the control group, LPLs and BA supplemented groups showed a higher weight gain trend, and LPLs supplementation promoted the protein deposition in fish body. Both BA and LPLs supplementations helped to maintain liver health by decreasing the activities of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in serum. Besides, LPLs supplementation decreased overall lipid deposition in terms of mesenteric fat index and liver lipid content. Furthermore, LPLs supplementation showed unique advantage in improving intestinal barrier, as characterized by the increased villus length and higher expression of the tight junction protein zo-1 expression. LPLs supplementation also increased the alpha diversity index and the abundances of Proteobacteria in the intestinal microbiota which is positively correlated with the abundance of SCFA in the gut. These findings will promote the application of novel feed additives and especially provide a basis for the rational selection of emulsifiers in the aquaculture industry.

Effect of dietary lysophospholipid supplementation on growth performance, serum lipids, small intestine morphology and caeca microflora in broiler chickens.

The digestibility of animal fats and oils is limited by a reduction in the production and secretion of lipase and bile salts in young chickens. The addition of a natural emulsifier (lysophospholipids [LPL]) in poultry diet may increase the emulsification of lipids and their digestibility. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of feed LPLs supplementation with different fat sources on performance, serum lipid composition, small intestine morphology and caeca microflora in broiler chickens. A completely randomized factorial design (2×3×2) was used to evaluate the effect of LPL supplementation (0 and 0.25g/kg) and three different fat sources (soybean oil, tallow and a 50:50 mixture of the two) in corn and soybean meal diets containing two levels of fat (1.5 and 3%), providing 12 isocaloric and isonitrogenous grower diets. Each experimental diet was fed to six replications of 10 birds from 15 to 28 days of age. Average growth performance during this period and small intestine morphology, serum lipid composition and caeca microflora were evaluated on day 28. The interaction effects of LPL supplementation, source and/or level of fats were not significant for the performance parameters measured during the 15 to 28 days. The treatment effects were significant for the villus width and crypt depth measured in the jejunum on day 28. The LPL supplementation significantly increased crypt depth. The interaction effect of fat source and level of fat were significant for villus width. The addition of a 3% blend of soybean oil/tallow (50/50) reduced the serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) level. The Lactobacillus population was increased by the addition of LPL, or a 1.5% blend of soybean oil and tallow, to the diet. Our study showed that LPL supplementation of diet containing a 1.5% blend of soybean oil and tallow can improve serum lipid indices and caeca Lactobacillus populations in broiler chickens.

73 Effects of Fatty Acids Sources and Lysophospholipids on Nutrient Digestibility in Lactating Cows

Abstract Fatty acids (FA) are a common supplement for lactating cows to increase energy supply, potentially improving feed efficiency and milk and milk fat yields. However, different FA can cause varying responses probably because of different FA digestibility and interactions with other nutrients (e.g., fibers). Lysophospholipids (LPL) are natural emulsifiers and LPL as a feed additive have shown increases in FA digestibility and nutrient absorption in non-ruminant animals. This study aimed to investigate the effects of FA sources with LPL supplementation on nutrient digestibility in lactating cows. Mid-lactation cows (n = 48) were allocated into 12 blocks, and cows in each block were randomly assigned to the following dietary treatments:1) a diet with a FA supplement [1.8% of dietary dry matter (DM)] mainly containing palmitic acid (PA); 2) the PA diet with LPL (0.003% of dietary DM); 3) a diet with a FA supplement (1.8% of dietary DM) mainly containing stearic acid (SA); and 4) the SA diet with LPL (0.003% of DM). The experiment was conducted for 6 weeks, and spot samples of feces and urine were collected over 3 days (every 3 hours within a 24-hour cycle) during the last week of the experiment to determine nutrient digestibility and utilization. Data were analyzed using the mixed model with FA source, LPL, and their interaction as fixed effects and block as a random effect. The digestibility of DM, organic matter, and crude protein were not affected by the FA source and no interaction between FA and LPL was observed. However, PA had greater neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility (41.4 vs. 38.8%; P = 0.04) than SA with no interaction between the FA source and LPL. In addition, as expected, PA decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.01) the digestibility of 16-carbon FA compared with SA due to the greater C16:0 supply, and SA decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.01) that of 18-carbon FA compared with PA due to the greater C18:0 supply. Supplementation of LPL did not affect digestibility of DM, OM, CP, and NDF, but increased total FA digestibility (64.7 vs. 60.5%; P = 0.02) compared with no LPL. In addition, LPL increased 18-carbon FA digestibility (68.2 vs. 74.1%; P &amp;lt; 0.01) compared with no LPL. An interaction between LPL and FA was observed for 16-carbon digestibility because LPL increased 16-carbon digestibility with SA but not with PA. In conclusion, PA supplementation improved fiber digestibility compared with SA, which could be a factor for increased productivity (e.g., milk fat). Supplementation of LPL was effective in increasing FA digestibility and may have potential to increase dietary energy supply or provide a similar energy supply with less dietary fat content in practice. However, more studies are needed to understand different interactions of LPL with FA sources.

Physiological Benefits of Dietary Lysophospholipid Supplementation in a Marine Fish Model: Deep Analyses of Modes of Action.

Given the hydrophilic structure of lysophospholipids (LPLs), their dietary inclusion translates into a better emulsifying capacity of the dietary components. The present study aimed to understand the mechanisms underlying the growth-promoting effect of LPL supplementation by undertaking deep analyses of the proximal intestine and liver interactomes. The Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) was selected as the main aquaculture species model. The animals were divided into two groups: one was fed a control diet (C-diet) and the other a feed (LPL-diet) supplemented with an LPL-based digestive enhancer (0.1% AQUALYSO®, Adisseo). The LPL-diet had a positive effect on the fish by increasing the final weight by 5% and reducing total serum lipids, mainly due to a decrease in the plasma phospholipid (p < 0.05). In the intestine, the upregulated interactome suggests a more robust digestive capacity, improving vesicle-trafficking-related proteins, complex sugar hydrolysis, and lipid metabolism. In the liver, the LPL-diet promotes better nutrients, increasing several metabolic pathways. The downregulation of the responses to stress and stimuli could be related to a reduced proinflammatory state. This study on the benefits and modes of action of dietary LPLs opens a new window into fish nutrition and could be extended to other productive species.

Dietary threonine and lysophospholipid supplement in broiler chickens: effect on productive performance, carcass variables, cecal microbiota activity, and jejunal morphology.

The objective of this experiment was to investigate the efficacy of lysophospholipid (LPL) in combination with different levels of threonine (Thr) on productive performance, jejunal morphometric variables, cecal microbial population, and carcass characteristics of male broiler chickens. Four hundred 1-day-old male broiler chicks were distributed into eight experimental groups with five replicates, each of ten birds. Factors were two levels of 0 or 0.1% Lipidol as LPL supplement and four inclusion amount of Thr (100, 105, 110, or 115% of requirements) in the diets. During 1 to 35days, inclusion of LPL supplementation in diets improved the body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of broilers (P < 0.05). Besides, FCR was significantly greater in the birds fed with 100% Thr compared to the other inclusion rates of Thr (P < 0.05). The jejuna villus length (VL) and crypt depth (CD) were greater in the birds fed with LPL-supplemented diets (P < 0.05) while the greatest VH/CD and villus surface was observed in the birds fed with 105% of dietary Thr (P < 0.05). In cecal microbiota composition, Lactobacillus population was lower in broilers which received diet containing 100% Thr compared to the other group receiving more than 100% Thr (P < 0.05). In conclusion, inclusion of LPL supplements and amounts greater than Thr requirement in diet improved productive performance and jejunal morphology of male broiler chickens.

PSIII-A-14 Lysophospholipids Supplementation Increases Growth Performance and hot Carcass Weight in Finishing Beef Steers

Abstract The objectives were to evaluate the effects of lysophospholipids supplementation on growth performance and carcass traits of finishing beef steers. Simmental x Angus steers (n = 126; BW 246 ± 30.8 kg) from two contemporary groups were utilized in a randomized complete block design. Steers were blocked by BW, stratified by sire and source herd, and allotted into 21 pens with 6 steers each. Pens (7 pens per treatment) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 dietary treatments: 0 g (LPL0), 5 g (LPL5) or 10 g (LPL10) of lysophospholipids per steer daily (Lipidol® Ultra; Pathways Intermediates USA, LLC). Treatments were delivered via a ground corn-based supplement (0.45 kg/hd) which was added to a dry rolled corn-based finishing ration fed in GrowSafe bunks. After 210 days, steers were slaughtered at a commercial abattoir. Data were analyzed using MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 with fixed effects of dietary treatment and block, and random effects of herd source and pen nested within treatment. Overall, final BW was greater (P = 0.01) in steers fed LPL5 (651 kg) and LPL10 (648 kg) compared with LPL0 (627 kg). Moreover, steers fed LPL0 had decreased (P = 0.01) ADG compared with LPL5 and LPL10. No treatment differences were observed in dry matter intake or gain:feed (P &amp;gt; 0.16). Steers fed LPL5 (399 kg) and LPL10 (399 kg) had increased (P = 0.05) hot carcass weight compared with those fed LPL0 (387 kg). Additionally, steers fed LPL10 tended to have a greater (P = 0.06) dressing percentage than LPL5. In conclusion, lysophospholipids fed at 5 or 10 g per steer daily increased growth performance and hot carcass weight in finishing beef steers.

Effects of Lysophospholipid Supplementation in Feed with Low Protein or Lipid on Growth Performance, Lipid Metabolism, and Intestinal Flora of Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides).

The largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) were fed diets with three experimental feeds, a control diet (Control, crude protein (CP): 54.52%, crude lipid (CL): 11.45%), a low-protein diet with lysophospholipid (LP-Ly, CP: 52.46%, CL: 11.36%), and a low-lipid diet with lysophospholipid (LL-Ly, CP: 54.43%, CL: 10.19%), respectively. The LP-Ly and LL-Ly groups represented the addition of 1 g/kg of lysophospholipids in the low-protein and low-lipid groups, respectively. After a 64-day feeding trial, the experimental results showed that the growth performance, hepatosomatic index, and viscerosomatic index of largemouth bass in both the LP-Ly and LL-Ly groups were not significantly different compared to those in the Control group (P > 0.05). The condition factor and CP content of whole fish were significantly higher in the LP-Ly group than those in the Control group (P < 0.05). Compared with the Control group, the serum total cholesterol level and alanine aminotransferase enzyme activity were significantly lower in both the LP-Ly group and the LL-Ly group (P < 0.05). The protease and lipase activities in the liver and intestine of both group LL-Ly and group LP-Ly were significantly higher than those of the Control group (P < 0.05). Compared to both the LL-Ly group and the LP-Ly group, significantly lower liver enzyme activities and gene expression of fatty acid synthase, hormone-sensitive lipase, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 were found in the Control group (P < 0.05). The addition of lysophospholipids increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria (Cetobacterium and Acinetobacter) and decreased the abundance of harmful bacteria (Mycoplasma) in the intestinal flora. In conclusion, the supplementation of lysophospholipids in low-protein or low-lipid diets had no negative effect on the growth performance of largemouth bass, but increased the activity of intestinal digestive enzymes, enhanced the hepatic lipid metabolism, promoted the protein deposition, and regulated the structure and diversity of the intestinal flora.

Effects of supplementation with lysophospholipids on performance, nutrient digestibility, and bacterial communities of beef cattle.

An experiment was conducted to investigate the influences of supplemental lysophospholipids (LPL) on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and fecal bacterial profile, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) of beef cattle. Thirty-six Angus beef cattle [565 ± 10.25 kg body weight (BW)] were grouped by BW and age, and randomly allocated to 1 of 3 treatment groups: (1) control (CON, basal diet); (2) LLPL [CON supplemented with 0.5 g/kg LPL, dry matter (DM) basis]; and (3) HLPL (CON supplemented with 0.75 g/kg, DM basis). The Angus cattle were fed a total mixed ration that consisted of 25% roughage and 75% concentrate (dry matter [DM] basis). The results reveal that LPL inclusion linearly increased the average daily gain (P = 0.02) and the feed efficiency (ADG/feed intake, P = 0.02), while quadratically increasing the final weight (P = 0.02) of the beef cattle. Compared with CON, the total tract digestibilities of DM (P < 0.01), ether extract (P = 0.04) and crude protein (P < 0.01) were increased with LPL supplementation. At the phylum-level, the relative abundance of Firmicutes (P = 0.05) and ratio of Firmicutes: Bacteroidetes (P = 0.04) were linearly increased, while the relative abundances of Bacteroidetes (P = 0.04) and Proteobacteria (P < 0.01) were linearly decreased with increasing LPL inclusion. At the genus-level, the relative abundances of Clostridium (P < 0.01) and Roseburia (P < 0.01) were quadratically increased, and the relative abundances of Ruminococcus was linearly increased (P < 0.01) with LPL supplementation. Additionally, increasing the dose of LPL in diets linearly increased the molar proportion of butyrate (P < 0.01) and total SCFAs (P = 0.01) concentrations. A conclusion was drawn that, as a promising feed additive, LPL promoted growth performance and nutrient digestibility, which may be associated with the change of fecal microbiome and SCFAs.

Efficacy of lysophospholipids on growth performance, carcase, intestinal morphology, microbial population and nutrient digestibility in broiler chickens fed different dietary oil sources

An experiment was conducted to investigate the growth performance, microbial population, intestinal morphology and nutrient digestibility of broiler chickens fed diets supplemented with lysophospholipids (LPL) in combination with soybean (SO), flaxseed (FSO) or sesame seed (SSO) oil sources. A completely randomised design with a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement including two levels of LPL (0 or 0.1% Lipidol) and three different oil sources was used. A total of three hundred one-day-old broiler chicks were randomly allocated into six treatments of five pens with ten birds per pen. The results showed that body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) significantly increased in broilers fed dietary LPL and SSO (p < .05). There was a significant interaction between the oil sources and LPL supplementation on 10 days of age (p < .05). Inclusion of SSO to the diets increased villus width and villus surface area compared with SO diet (p < .05). Broilers fed LPL supplemented diets had lower crypt depth, while villus length to crypt depth ratio was greater in broilers fed LPL supplementation (p < .05). Lactobacillus population increased in broilers fed LPL supplemented diet compared to those without dietary LPL (p < .05). Inclusion of LPL increased ileal digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and ether extract (p < .05). Broiler fed SSO diets had greater digestibility coefficient for ether extract compared with SO group (p < .05). In conclusion, dietary LPL supplementation and SSO increased growth performance, intestinal morphology, microbiota activity and nutrient digestibility in broiler chickens. HIGHLIGHTS Lysophospholipids (LPL) supplementation increased growth performance, intestinal morphology, and microbiota activity in broiler chickens. Supplemental LPL enhanced ileal nutrient digestibility coefficients in broiler chickens. Dietary sesame seed oil (SSO) increased growth performance, ether extract digestibility and intestinal morphometric variables in broiler chickens compared with soybean oil (SO).

Dietary lysophospholipids supplementation inhibited the activity of lipolytic bacteria in forage with high oil diet: an in vitro study.

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of lysophospholipids (LPL) supplementation on rumen fermentation, degradability, and microbial diversity in forage with high oil diet in an in vitro system.MethodsFour experimental treatments were used: i) annual ryegrass (CON), ii) 93% annual ryegrass +7% corn oil on a dry matter (DM) basis (OiL), iii) OiL with a low level (0.08% of dietary DM) of LPL (LLPL), and iv) OiL with a high level (0.16% of dietary DM) of LPL (HLPL). An in vitro fermentation experiment was performed using strained rumen fluid for 48 h incubations. In vitro DM degradability (IVDMD), in vitro neutral detergent fiber degradability, pH, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), volatile fatty acid (VFA), and microbial diversity were estimated.ResultsThere was no significant change in IVDMD, pH, NH3-N, and total VFA production among treatments. The LPL supplementation significantly increased the proportion of butyrate and valerate (Linear effect [Lin], p = 0.004 and <0.001, respectively). The LPL supplementation tended to increase the total bacteria in a linear manner (p = 0.089). There were significant decreases in the relative proportions of cellulolytic (Fibrobacter succinogenes and Ruminococcus albus) and lipolytic (Anaerovibrio lipolytica and Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus) bacteria with increasing levels of LPL supplementation (Lin, p = 0.028, 0.006, 0.003, and 0.003, respectively).ConclusionThe LPL supplementation had antimicrobial effects on several cellulolytic and lipolytic bacteria, with no significant difference in nutrient degradability (DM and neutral detergent fiber) and general bacterial counts, suggesting that LPL supplementation might increase the enzymatic activity of rumen bacteria. Therefore, LPL supplementation may be more effective as an antimicrobial agent rather than as an emulsifier in the rumen.

Effects of the Supplementation of Lysophospholipids through Pelleted Total Mixed Rations on Blood Biochemical Parameters and Milk Production and Composition of Mid-Lactation Dairy Cows.

Simple SummaryDietary supplementation of lysophospholipids improves ruminant growth performance and may increase milk production in dairy cows. Pelleted total mixed rations are increasingly used in ruminant production systems. However, the effects of lysophospholipid supplementation in a pelleted total mixed ration for dairy cows have not been reported before. In this study, we fed dairy cows pelleted total mixed rations containing 0 or 0.5 g of lysophospholipids in a kilogram of diet and found that lysophospholipids did not increase milk and nutrient yields or improve milk quality, although the feed additive altered certain plasma biochemical parameters, which may be beneficial for animal health. We do not recommend lysophospholipids to be used as a feed additive in pelleted total mixed rations for dairy cows based on the current evidence we collected from this study.Lysophospholipids (LPL), a new feed additive, were supplemented to a pelleted total mixed ration (TMR) of dairy cows to examine its effects on feed intake, production, and composition of milk and plasma biochemical parameters. Two dietary treatments included diets supplemented without (control diet; CON) or with LPL at a dose of 0.5 g/kg of pelleted TMR. Twelve multiparous, mid-lactation, Holstein cows (Bodyweight 730 ± 9.3 kg; 100 ± 6.0 days in milk) were randomly assigned to one of the two dietary treatments with a 42-day measurement period after a 14-day adaptation period. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. Feed intake and milk yields were recorded daily, blood samples were collected fortnightly, and milk samples weekly. The results showed that the supplementation of LPL did not change feed dry matter intake, milk yields, and milk composition. However, it increased total protein and globulin and the activity of alkaline phosphatase and decreased total cholesterol in plasma. This study suggests that LPL may have beneficent effects in animal health but might be not a feasible feed additive to increase production for dairy cows fed a pelleted TMR.

Dietary addition of lysophospholipids and vitamin C affects growth performance, serum metabolites, antioxidant capacity and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens reared under low ambient temperature

Context Evaluating performance of broilers fed diet included feed additives in stress conditions. Aims This study was conducted to investigate the effects of adding lysophospholipids (LPLs) and vitamin C (VC) to diet on growth performance, blood metabolites, antioxidant capacity and carcass traits in broiler chickens reared under low ambient temperature Methods A total of 288 male chicks (Ross 308) were allotted to four treatments with six replicates (n = 12) when they were 1-day-old. Based on a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, four diets including dietary LPLs (0 or 1000 mg/kg) and VC (0 or 500 mg/kg) were formulated. According to the catalogue of LPL product, 100000 kcal/Kg metabolisable energy was considered for LPLs. The house temperature was 32°C during the first week and 30°C for a second week. To induce cold stress, house temperature was decreased to 14°C by the step-down temperature program during the third week and maintained between 12 and 14°C for the rest of the study. Key results Increased feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in chickens fed the LPL-supplemented diet during the first 2 weeks, but there was no significant difference in growth performance between the birds fed LPL-supplemented diet with control during cold stress condition. Decreased feed intake and bodyweight gain were observed in chickens fed VC-supplemented diet compared with control in cold stress condition. Dietary VC decreased blood concentration of triglyceride (TG) and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). Decreased activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in breast muscle was observed in chickens fed VC-supplemented diet. A significant interaction between dietary LPLs and VC on relative weight and length of jejunum and ileum were detected. Comparable effects of LPLs and VC on inhibiting lipid peroxidation were observed. The free radical scavenging assay showed higher antioxidant activity of VC compared with LPLs. Conclusions Overall, dietary LPL supplementation did not improve broiler performance in cold stress condition, while the utilisation of 500 mg/kg VC in the ration reduced performance of broilers in low ambient temperature. Implications In low ambient temperature, adding 500 mg/kg VC to diet of broilers can be an effective to reduce blood concentration of TG and VLDL, with no adverse effect on FCR.

Effects of Lysophospholipid and Lipase Enzyme Supplementation to Low Metabolizable Energy Diets on Growth Performance, Intestinal Morphology and Microbial Population and Some Blood Metabolites in Broiler Chickens

This experiment aimed to evaluate the impacts of dietary lysophospholipid (LPL) and lipase enzyme complementation based on low-energy diets on growth performance, intestinal morphology, blood metabolites, immune response, and carcass traits in broiler chickens. Two hundreds broiler chicks were assigned to a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replications with ten one-day old chicks. The five treatments were: positive control (PC) without LPL supplementation and adequate in all nutrients, negative control (NC) without LPL the reduced 150 kcal/kg of metabolizable energy, NC+ 0.15% LPL (LPL15), NC+ lipase (NCL), NC+ 0.15% LPL+ lipase (NCLL). Feeding LPL improved body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR). In contrast, lipase supplementation showed no significant improvement on weight gain and FCR. Supplementation of LPL and lipase did not have significant effect on immune organ, abdominal fat, and liver and thigh but decreased heart and gizzard and increased breast relative weight (p< 0.05). Digestibility of dry matter did not show significant effect but crude protein and ether extract improved digestibility in LPL15 and NCLL group in contrast to NC group (p<0.05). Dietary treatment showed no significant improvement on the metabolic blood factors (p<0.05). The inclusion of LPL to negative diet (LPL15) and LPL+lipase to negative control diet raised villus height, ratio of villi height to crypt depth and increased crypt depth. Overall, LPL inclusion to diet increased weight gain and improved FCR, crude protein and fat digestibility, and improved villus height and ratio of villi height to crypt depth to NC group.

Effects of lysophospholipid supplementation to reduced energy, crude protein, and amino acid diets on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and blood profiles in broiler chickens

ABSTRACTTwo experiments investigated the effects of lysophospholipid (LPL) supplementation on low-energy and low-nitrogenous diets for broilers. A total of 300 one-day-old male chicks (Ross 308) was allotted to 5 treatments in a completely randomized design. Each group consisted of 6 replicates with 10 birds each. Experimental diet I included positive control (PC) having 3,025 (starter), 3,150 (grower), and 3,200 kcal/kg (finisher) of ME; negative control (NC) was 150 kcal/kg of ME lower than PC, and LPL-05, LPL-10, and LPL-15 treatments were NC + 0.05%, 0.10%, and 0.15% of LPL supplementation, respectively. Experimental diet II included positive control (PC) having a formulated amount of crude protein including Lys and Met + Cys that met the Ross 308 standards; negative control (NC) was 4% lower CP and AA than PC; other treatments were supplemented with LPL at 0.05% (LPL-05), 0.10% (LPL-10), and 0.15% (LPL-15) into the NC, respectively. Experiment I showed that growth performance linearly increased as the LPL inclusion increased (P < 0.001). Broilers fed LPL-10 and LPL-15 increased digestibility of DM (P < 0.05), crude protein (P < 0.01), and total amino acids (P < 0.01) compared to NC. Serum glucose (P < 0.01) and high-density lipoprotein (P < 0.05) concentrations were greater in groups fed LPL-10 than those fed PC. Furthermore, leg muscle increased in birds fed LPL-10 compared with NC (P < 0.05). Experiment II observed a linear response to LPL supplementation in the whole period, in terms of body weight gain (P = 0.015) and feed conversion ratio (P = 0.027). Feeding of 0.15% LPL had promising effects on digestibility of crude protein and ether extract compared with NC (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). Overall, LPL could be considered as a feed additive to reduced energy (−150 kcal/kg) or nitrogenous diets (−5%) in order to improve growth performance and nutrient digestibility without adverse effects on lymphoid organs and hepatic enzyme of broilers.

Dietary Supplementation of Lysophospholipids Affects Feed Digestion in Lambs.

Five experiments were conducted to examine effects of lysophospholipids (LPL) on live weight gain, nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation parameters, serum biochemical parameters and rumen bacterial community profile in fattening lambs. Two dietary treatments (pelleted complete feed supplemented without (control diet; CON) or with 0.05% LPL on dry matter basis) were tested in these experiments. Feed and water were provided ad libitum to lambs. The results showed that average daily gain (ADG) tended to increase or was not affected by LPL supplementation. Compared with CON, the supplementation of LPL resulted in an increase in dry matter, crude protein and organic matter digestibilities, and a decrease in neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber digestibilities. Ruminal pH values did not change with LPL supplementation, but the concentrations of ammonia and total short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were increased. The molar proportion of major individual SCFAs and the ratio of acetate to propionate were not affected by LPL supplementation. While the activity of lipase was decreased with LPL supplementation, all other serum biochemical parameters did not change. Rumen bacterial community was altered by LPL supplementation with the relative abundance of fibrolytic bacteria in the total bacterial population, such as Prevotella, decreased. In conclusion, LPL supplementation can alter feed digestion, but may not result in consistent positive responses in animal growth performance.

Effects of lysophospholipid on growth performance, carcass yield, intestinal development, and bone quality in broilers.

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplementing different levels of lysophospholipid (LPL) to normal or reduced energy diets on growth performance, carcass yield, intestinal morphology, and skeletal development in broilers. A total of 960 one-day-old Cobb 500 male birds were allocated using a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement with 2 energy levels (NE: normal and RE: 100kcal/kg metabolizable energy reduction) and 4 LPL supplement levels (0, 0.025, 0.050, and 0.075%). Three diet phases were fed throughout the trial: starter (days 0 to 7), grower (days 8 to 21), and finisher (days 22 to 42) phases. Body weight (BW), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio were calculated at the end of each phase. At day 7 and 21, duodenum and jejunum samples were collected for intestinal morphology and claudin-3 expression analyses, and tibia were sampled for bone quality analyses. At day 42, 4 birds per replicate were selected to measure carcass yield. The results showed low metabolizable energy diets impaired bird's growth performance, intestine development, and bone quality. The 0.075% LPL supplement in NE improved BW, BW gain, and FI in the finisher and overall period compared with no LPL supplement in NE (P < 0.05). In RE, the 0.025% LPL supplement significantly improved growth performance compared to the other treatments in RE (P < 0.05). The interactions on processing parameters were detected with LPL supplement in NE diets; 0.025, 0.05, and 0.075% LPL supplements significantly increased pectoral major percentages compared to the one without LPL supplement in NE (P < 0.05). The 0.075% LPL supplement increased dressing percentage (cold carcass weight/live BW) compared with the others (P < 0.05). The intestine morphology results showed LPL had positive effects on intestine development mainly during the early age (day 7) and claudin-3 expression at both day 7 and 21. Furthermore, LPL supplement significantly increased the total Ca and P deposition and positively affected the bone structure development. In summary, dietary LPL supplementation promoted growth performance, carcass yield, intestinal development, intestinal health, and bone quality.

Effects of lysophospholipid supplementation to lower nutrient diets on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and blood metabolites in broiler chickens

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of dietary lysophospholipid (LPL) supplementation on low-energy, crude protein, and selected amino acids on growth performance, intestinal morphology, blood metabolites, inflammatory response, and carcass traits in broiler chickens. A total of 300 one-day-old male chicks (Ross 308) were assigned to 5 treatments, with 6 replications of 10 birds each in a completely randomized design. The 5 treatments were: positive control (PC) without LPL supplementation and adequate in all nutrients, negative control (NC) without LPL, and reduced 150 kcal/kg of metabolizable energy and reduced 5 to 6% of crude protein and selected amino acids including Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp in a calculated amount relative to the PC, NC + 0.05% LPL (LPL05), NC + 0.10% LPL (LPL10), and NC + 0.15% LPL (LPL15). Feeding LPL linearly improved growth performance, feed conversion ratio, ether extract, and protein digestibility. LPL supplementation on low-energy and nitrogenous diets showed significant enhancements in metabolic profiles of blood glucose, protein utilization, and immune system functions. These improvements influenced carcass composition, especially in relative weights of pancreas and breast muscle. In contrast, LPL addition showed no significant effects on relative weights of immune organs, gizzard, and abdominal fat. The NC birds were more susceptible to inflammation via modulating the secretion of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and increasing crypt depth in the jejunal and duodenal segments. However, the inclusion of 0.05% LPL to the NC diet could alleviate inflammation with increased jejunal villi height, ratio of villi height to crypt depth, and decreased IL-1 level. Overall, LPL promotes growth performance, nutrient utilization, gut health, anti-inflammation, and muscle yields when applied to diets of broiler chickens with lower levels of energy, crude protein, and selected amino acids.

Effect of lysophospholipids in diets differing in fat contents on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, milk composition and litter performance of lactating sows

It is well known that energy plays an important role in sow growth and development. Increasing the utilization of lipids will be beneficial to sows. Emulsifiers are substances which stabilize mixtures and prevent oil and water from separating, thereby enhancing the digestion of lipids. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary emulsifier (lysophospholipids (LPL)) supplementation in diets differing in fat contents on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and milk composition in lactating sows, as well as performance and fecal score in piglets. A total of 32 multiparous sows (Landrace×Yorkshire) were used in a 21-day experiment. On day 110 of gestation, sows were weighed and moved into the farrowing facility, randomly assigned in a 2×2 factorial arrangement according to their BW with two levels of LPL (0 and 30 mg/kg) and two levels of fat (4.75% and 2.38% fat; 13.66 and 13.24 MJ/kg). BW loss and backfat thickness loss were decreased (P<0.05) by LPL supplementation. Backfat thickness at weaning was higher (P<0.05) in sows fed LPL supplementation diets. The apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen, gross energy and crude fat in sows fed LPL diets was increased (P<0.05) compared with those fed non-LPL diets. Sows fed the high-fat diets had higher (P<0.05) milk fat on day 10 and milk lactose on day 20 than those fed the low-fat diets. Milk fat and lactose concentrations in LPL supplementation treatments was increased (P<0.05) compared with non-LPL treatments on day 10 and day 20, respectively. Positive interaction effects (P<0.05) between fat and LPL were observed for milk fat concentration on day 10. In conclusion, LPL addition decreased BW loss and backfat thickness loss, improved nutrient digestibility and milk fat as well as milk lactose concentrations. In addition, there was a complementary positive effect of dietary fat and LPL supplementation on milk fat concentration in lactating sows.