Lysichitum Americanum Research Articles

Notes floristiques. Observations faites au Luxembourg (2022-2023)

The most important records of vascular plant species made in Luxembourg in 2022 and 2023 are presented. In total, 122 taxa are mentioned. Adiantum aleuticum, Amaranthus blitoides, Bidens radiata, Centranthus calcitrapae, Chiastophyllum oppositifolium, Dipsacus laciniatus, Hibiscus trionum, Lagurus ovatus, Lepidium didymum, Rumex patientia and Sedum hispanicum, as well as the potentially invasive species Erigeron bonariensis, Erigeron karvinskianus, Erigeron sumatrensis and Lysichiton americanus are newly listed species found in Luxembourg. The discoveries of new or confirmed locations for Atriplex nitens, Callitriche obtusangula, Carex brizoides, Dysphania botrys, Filago arvensis, Fumaria parviflora, Hylotelephium telephium subsp. fabaria, Leersia oryzoides, Orchis simia, Panicum barbipulvinatum, Serratula tinctoria and Stachys annua are remarkable. The invasive species Ailanthus altissima, Cochlearia danica, Crassula helmsii, Prunus laurocerasus and Senecio inaequidens are spreading further. The implementation of national action plans for threatened species and habitats, as well as systematic fieldwork carried out over the last years, have resulted in the discoveries of new locations of endangered and/or protected species; other, previously known sites, were confirmed.

Research on post occupancy evaluation of Oze National Park in Japan based on online reviews

ABSTRACT With the development of internet, online reviews are user-generated content posted in the web-media era and can extract meaning from the comments through data-mining technology. The study uses python crawler to collect reviews and conduct post-occupancy evaluation on Oze National Park (ONP), a natural conservation in Japan. Content and semantic network analysis were adopted to study the high-frequency words and their relationships. Latent Dirichlet Allocation was utilized to uncover the dimensions of the comments. The conclusions were as follows: 1) Japanese tourists focused on landscape plants and nature, while the Chinese focused on facilities and experience, English concentrated on hiking activity. 2) The Ozegahara Plateau route and the Lake Ozenuma route were the two main courses in ONP. 3) 48% of the concept of the landscape of ONP was conveyed to the users. 4) Male tourists focused on location information and landscape, while females were concerned about the process and experience. The single-visitors paid attention to the road and boardwalk. Family tourism concentrated on experience and time while friends and couple-visitors preferred to perceive action. 5) The Lysichiton Americanus had become a basic feature of ONP, and visitors were satisfied with the landscape and experience.

Assessment of the Potential of Introduction, Establishment and Further Spread of Invasive Alien Plant Species of European Union Concern in Lithuania

AbstractThe list of invasive alien species of European Union concern currently includes 23 plant species. The aim of this study was to assess the potential and importance of introduction pathways for invasive alien plant species in Lithuania, to estimate probability of their establishment and further spread in the country. Analysis of all available information revealed that three species (Asclepias syriaca,Heracleum sosnowskyiandImpatiens glandulifera) currently occur in Lithuania and the latter two are widespread invasive species in the country. The remaining 20 plant species have not been registered in the wild in Lithuania so far. Four of these,Gunnera tinctoria,Lysichiton americanus,Myriophyllum aquaticumandPennisetum setaceum, are occasionally cultivated in gardens or other outdoor areas, and six species, e.g.Cabomba caroliniana,Eichhornia crassipes, Lagarosiphon major, are cultivated in aquaria or other indoor spaces. Naturalization of seven species is unlikely in the country, whereas naturalization of 13 species (Lysichiton americanus,Myriophyllum aquaticum,Pennisetum setaceum, etc.) is plausible. Five of the analysed and still not recorded species are recognized as potentially invasive in Lithuania; the invasion of five species is plausible and that of 10 species is unlikely. The most important pathway of introduction of the analysed species is ornamental gardening. Three species that have not been recorded in Lithuania, but occur in the neighbouring regions of Europe (Elodea nuttallii,Heracleum mantegazzianum,Heracleum persicum) can enter the country by natural means. Importance of permanent studies and surveys on alien plants aiming to ensure early detection and eradication of invasive species is discussed.

Identification and field testing of floral odorants that attract the rove beetle Pelecomalium testaceum (Mannerheim) to skunk cabbage, Lysichiton americanus (L.)

Western skunk cabbage, Lysichiton americanus (Araceae), is pollinated mainly by the rove beetle Pelecomalium testaceum (Staphylinidae). Our objective was to determine the floral semiochemical(s) of L. americanus that attract(s) P. testaceum. Porapak Q headspace volatile extracts of L. americanus inflorescences were analyzed by gas chromatographic–electroantennographic detection (GC–EAD) and GC–mass spectrometry. In GC–EAD analyses, three floral odorants [(E)-4 nonene, (E)-5-undecene, indole] elicited consistent responses from the antennae of female P. testaceum. In field experiments, traps baited with a blend of these three components (“3-CB”) captured significantly more P. testaceum than unbaited control traps. Traps baited with the 3-CB, the two hydrocarbons, or indole, each captured significantly more beetles than unbaited control traps, indicating redundancy in the semiochemical blend. Moreover, traps baited with indole captured significantly more beetles than traps baited with either the 3-CB, or the hydrocarbons, indicating that indole is a key floral attractant for P. testaceum. Many necrophilous and coprophilous insects respond to indole in search of carrion or feces, but P. testaceum has never been associated with these types of resources. Both electrophysiological and behavioral responses of P. testaceum to two hydrocarbon semiochemicals, which are not signature odorants of carrion or feces, may indicate that the beetles recognize the odor of L. americanus as an honest signal, seek and pollinate its inflorescences, and get rewarded with pollen and on-plant mating opportunities.

Plant-Pollinator Interactions in a Northwest Arum Related to Plant Traits but not Riparian Forest Management

Abstract Studies in Pacific Northwest riparian forests highlight the role of forest management in conserving target species, but rarely consider impacts on interspecies relationships such as pollination. We investigated plant-pollinator interactions among a native species of rove beetle, Pelecomalius testaceum, and a widespread native wetland plant species in the Pacific Northwest, Lysichiton americanus (western skunk cabbage), in an experimental framework comparing three riparian forest management regimes. Our study addressed the central question: what factors best predict pollinating beetle abundance on L. americanus in a managed Northwest landscape? We measured P. testaceum abundance on skunk cabbages in three riparian treatments in a managed forest: (1) an unlogged riparian zone, (2) a logged riparian zone with a limited buffer corridor, and (3) a clear-cut riparian zone with no remaining corridor. Across this diversity of forest treatments, we also measured inflorescence temperature, foliar damage, a...

Cytotoxicity of medicinal plants of the West-Canadian Gwich׳in Native Americans towards sensitive and multidrug-resistant cancer cells

Ethnopharmacological relevanceTraditional medicine of the Native Americans has a long tradition of medicinal plants, which also influenced modern oncology. For instance, podophyllotoxin the active ingredient of Podophyllum peltatum L. (Berberidaceae) used by Native Americans to treat warts led to the development of etoposide and teniposide. In the present investigation, we studied 10 medicinal plants used by the Gwich׳in First Nation of West-Canada, which have been used against diverse diseases including cancer. Material and methodsSensitive and multidrug-resistant (MDR) tumor cell lines expressing various ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters (P-glycoprotein/ABCB1/MDR1, MRP1/ABCC1, or BCRP/ABCG2) have been used. Cytotoxicity was determined by the resazurin assay. ResultsArctium minus Bernh. (Asteraceae). Lysichiton americanus Hultén & St. John (Araceae), and Maianthemum dilatatum (Alph.Wood) A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr.(Asparagaceae) were cytotoxic with IC50 values ranging from 2.40 to 86.35µg/mL. The MDR cell lines did not exert cross-resistance to these extracts. ConclusionAs these medicinal plants of the West-Canadian Gwich׳in First Nation were not involved in classical drug resistance mechanisms and might therefore be valuable to bypass anticancer drug resistance in refractory tumors.

A 14,000 year vegetation history of a hypermaritime island on the outer Pacific coast of Canada based on fossil pollen, spores and conifer stomata

Pollen and conifer stomata analyses of lake sediments from Hippa Island on the north coast of British Columbia were used to reconstruct the vegetation history of this small hypermaritime island. Between 14,000 and 13,230calyr BP, the island supported diverse herb–shrub communities dominated by Cyperaceae, Artemisia and Salix. Pinus contorta and Picea sitchensis stomata indicate that these conifers were present among the herb–shrub communities, likely as scattered individuals. Transition to open P. contorta woodland by 13,000cal yr BP was followed by increases in Alnus viridis, Alnus rubra and P. sitchensis. After 12,000cal yr BP, Pinus-dominated communities were replaced by dense P. sitchensis and Tsuga heterophylla forest with Lysichiton americanus and fern understory. Thuja plicata stomata indicate that this species was present by 8700cal yr BP, but the pollen record suggests that its populations did not expand to dominate regional rainforests, along with Tsuga and Picea, until after 6600calyr BP. Conifer stomata indicate that species may be locally present for hundreds to thousands of years before pollen exceed thresholds routinely used to infer local species arrival. When combined, pollen and conifer stomata can provide a more accurate record of paleovegetation than either when used alone.

ChemInform Abstract: Antifungal Nitro Compounds from Skunk Cabbage (Lysichitum americanum) Leaves Treated with Cupric Chloride.

Two nitro compounds, 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-nitroethane named as lysichitalexin and 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-nitroethane were isolated as stress metabolites from the leaves of Lysichitum americanum Hulten and St. John treated with cupric chloride. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods and chemical reactions. The former compound showed antifungal activities against Fusarium oxysporum and Cladosporium herbarum. Both compounds were isolated for the first time from this species and the former was isolated from natural sources for the first time. This is the first report on stress metabolites from a member of the Araceae.

FLOWER SPECIES USED IN AQUATIC LANDSCAPE DESIGN

The modern landscape designs are un-conceived without aquatic landscape design. The aquatic plants are essential for assuring a success ful and attractive landscape, conferring life and color even to the smallest landscape designs. The a ttractively part and mystery of water made landscape designs is not always due to the water mi rrors. It’s also due to aquatic species that reveal the beauty of the aquatic landscape design. We can compare this kind of aquatic specie like a „floating island of green”. Constantly the aquati c landscape design is related to the natural aspect of the water designs in the nature. This how we can find the most suitable plants for the aquatic landscape design. The aquatic landscape designs can be made by using some flower species that are adapted to this kind of environmental conditions. The plants c an be chosen not only by their ornamental value but for their need of water and environmental condi tions; witches are more important factors (the type of water landscape designs ‐ lakes, ponds, etc ). After plant habit and biological characteristics the aquatic plants are classified as: natant specie s, submerse species, plasters species, oxygen made species, water lily species. After their origin and placement area, the aquatic species can be classified as: species for humid and swamp areas, s pecies for areas with water depth between (1040 cm depth), water lily area for plant floating (d epth of 50 cm even more). For each place in the aquatic design there is neede d specie, each plant has its own space. In the water lily area ( Nymphaea sp.) can be planted Ranunculus aquatilis , Aponogeton distachyos , floating species ( Pistia stratioides , Eichhornia crassipes , Hydrocharis morsus-ranae , Stratioides aloides ) submerse species ( Myriophyllum spicatum , Ceratophyllum demersum �.a.), before their decorative effect this kind of plants improve the w ater content in oxygene reducing the development of alga in the water. In areas with small depth water it’s recommended species like: Sparganium erectum , Orontium aquaticum , Polygonum amphibium , Butomus umbelatus , Pontederia cordata . In the swamp area are recommended species like: Acorus calamus , Lythrum salicifolium , Iris pseudacorus , Darmera peltata , Lychnis floscuculi . In the humid area : Iris laevigata , Myosotis palustris , Lysichiton americanus , Primula pulverulenta . On the river borders: Carex elata , Polemonium coeruleum , Trollius europaeus , Tradescantia sp., Hosta sp. and ferns. Due to different types of aquatic landscape designs more and more public gardens are choosing this kind of landscapes.

Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Plant Health on the pest risk analysis made by EPPO on Lysichiton americanus Hultén & St. John (American or yellow skunk cabbage)

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Scientific Panel on Plant Heath was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on two pest risk analyses made by the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) on invasive alien plants (American skunk cabbage and floating pennywort). The Panel was in particular asked a) whether these organisms can be considered as harmful for the endangered area of the European Community and thus potentially eligible for addition to the list of harmful organisms in the plant health Directive 2000/29/EC, and b) whether the identified management options are appropriate through an evaluation of their efficacy, feasibility and impact. This document presents the opinion of the Panel on Plant Health on the pest risk analysis made by EPPO on Lysichiton americanus Hulten and St. John. L. americanus is a yellow-flowered herbaceous perennial plant known as American skunk cabbage or yellow skunk cabbage. It can be terrestrial, semi-aquatic and even aquatic. It has been introduced into Europe intentionally as an ornamental garden plant. It is naturalised in several European countries including Ireland, Germany, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and UK. However, invasive behaviour has been reported in parts of Europe, with local species extinction reported in Germany. L. americanus is considered an invasive alien plant by EPPO and is included on the EPPO Action List (pests which EPPO recommend member countries to consider for inclusion in their phytosanitary regulations), with the entire EPPO region considered an endangered area. In delivering this opinion the Panel conducted a detailed review of the EPPO pest risk analysis provided, using the internationally accepted standard for pest risk analysis for quarantine pests ISPM No 11. The available information shows that Lysichiton americanus can be considered an invasive species with potential to cause environmental damage to ecologically vulnerable wetland habitats. However, the factors contributing to invasive behaviour are not well characterised and thus the endangered area cannot be clearly defined. Despite the presence of L. americanus in at least nine European countries, clear evidence of environmental damage has been found only in restricted areas of Germany. A more detailed analysis is required to identify the key factors contributing to invasive behaviour. Although the Panel recognises that invasiveness of a plant in one area can be a signal for its invasiveness elsewhere, it concludes that the information provided in the EPPO document is insufficient to confirm that L. americanus qualifies as a quarantine pest for the EC. The Panel considers that the significant knowledge gaps identified in the pest risk assessment stage of the pest risk analysis preclude a detailed evaluation of management options at this stage. The Panel suggests that further work, including monitoring and surveillance, is needed to address the areas of uncertainty identified in the EPPO document, in order to identify the areas of the European Community at risk and enable management options to be considered. These include: a) the effect of abiotic factors on the establishment, development, reproduction, survival and dispersal of the plant in both the native and introduced range; b) the population dynamics of the plant in areas where it is present but not invasive; c) the volume of trade in L. americanus as an ornamental plant entering and moving within the EC, including further analysis of the pathways through which it can reach natural water bodies; d) the nature and occurrence of areas within the EC where conditions result in invasiveness of the plant, supported by the use of modelling and geographic information system (GIS) tools. the environmental damage caused by the plant in areas where it is invasive.

Antifungal nitro compounds from Skunk Cabbage (Lysichitum americanum) leaves treated with cupric chloride

Two nitro compounds, 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-nitroethane named as lysichitalexin and 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-nitroethane were isolated as stress metabolites from the leaves of Lysichitum americanum Hultén and St. John treated with cupric chloride. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods and chemical reactions. The former compound showed antifungal activities against Fusarium oxysporum and Cladosporium herbarum. Both compounds were isolated for the first time from this species and the former was isolated from natural sources for the first time. This is the first report on stress metabolites from a member of the Araceae.

Jack of one trade, master of none: host choice by Drosophila magnaquinaria

Host selection by phytophagous insects is generally thought to be based on chemical or nutritional characteristics of the host. This is especially true for monophagous insects. However, many other factors may influence host choice. The present study examines host selection by Drosophila magnaquinaria, whose sole host is the yellow skunk cabbage, Lysichitum americanum. Utilization of skunk cabbage was tested relative to a set of alternative hosts. In the pre-alighting stage of host selection, skunk cabbage was found to be less attractive than tomato, cucumber, and commercial mushrooms. In pairwise oviposition tests, there were no differences among hosts. There were no differences in larval survivorship among skunk cabbage, tomato, cucumber, or Ramaria, and larvae developed into pupae earlier on tomato than on skunk cabbage. These results indicate that this monophagy is not based on characteristics of the host. We suggest that habitat selection is the more important factor in determining the association between D. magnaquinaria and skunk cabbage.

Mycorrhizal status of some plants of southwestern British Columbia

During the summer of 1986, plants were collected from University of British Columbia Research Farm at Oyster River, Vancouver Island, and their mycorrhizal status was determined. Of the 60 plant species examined, 44 were always vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal, 13 were always nonmycorrhizal, and three varied. Nonmycorrhizal plants were found in species belonging to the following families: Araceae, Caryophyllaceae, Compositae, Cruciferae, Gramineae, Onagraceae, Polygonaceae, and Portulacaceae. The mycorrhizal status of 15 plant species is reported here for the first time. Of these, the nonmycorrhizal species included Lysichitum americanum (Araceae), Stellaria simcoei, Stellaria calycantha (Caryophyllaceae), and Epilobium minutum (Onagraceae), and the mycorrhizal species included Adenocaulon bicolor, Eriophyllum lanatum var. achillaeoides, Grindelia squarrosa var. serrulata (Compositae), Poa gracillima (Gramineae), Brodiaea coronaria, Disporum hookerii (Lilaceae), Polypodium glycyrrhiza (Polypodiaceae), Ranunculus uncinatus (Ranunculaceae), Rosa nutkana var. nutkana (Rosaceae), Collinsia parviflora (Scrophulariaceae), and Viola glabella (Violaceae).

Blechnum spicant: Habitat and Vigor of Optimal, Marginal, and Disjunct Populations, and Field Observations of Gametophytes

Species composition and abundance values for vascular plants were determined for four forest stands at Olympic Peninsula, Washington, and a stand in northern Idaho where the homosporous fern Blechnum spicant occurred. Vegetative vigor and reproductive vitality for B. spicant were estimated. Sterile frond length ranged from 47.9 cm at Twanoh to 19.0 cm at the Hoh Stand. Spore germination approached zero m the Hoh and Mason Mountain populations. The optimum habitat for B. spicant, represented by the Twanoh Stand, was wetter than mean sites in the Tsuga heterophylla zone, where Oplopanax horridum and Lysichitum americanum were abundant, Oxalis oregana was absent, and Polystichum munitum was uncommon. Species composition, density, and phenology were determined for mixed fern gametophyte populations at Lake Quinault. Gametophytes were first found in early fall, grew vigorously over the winter, and produced sporophytes through late spring. Female, bisexual, and male gametophytes occurred in mixedspecies populat...

Yello Skunk‐Cabbage (Lysichitum Americanum Hult & St. John)‐‐An Indicator of Water‐Table Depth

Water—table depths and vegetation were measured on 11 lowland areas near the Oregon cost. The density and petiole length of yellow skunk—cabbage (Lysichitum americanum Hult & St. John) were correlated with average winter water—table depths wherever winter water tables were below the soil surface (r = —0.90). Slough sedge (Carex obnupta Bail.) grew with the skunk—cabbage wherever average winter water tables were above the soil surface.

Antifertility Factors from Plants I. Preliminary Extraction and Screening

Three plants were examined for possible antifertility effects. <i>Prunus emarginata</i> and <i>Lonicera ciliosa</i> were found to reduce litter production in mice, while <i>Lysichitum americanum</i> was not active. The initial extraction and screening procedures are described.

PALEOECOLOGY OF TWO SAND DUNE BOGS ON THE SOUTHERN OREGON COAST

PALEOECOLOGY OF TWO SAND DUNE BOGS ON THE SOUTHERN OREGON COAST