Lyophilized Bovine Colostrum Research Articles

Redox balance and tissue development of juvenile Piaractus mesopotamicus subjected to high stocking density and fed dry diets containing nutraceutical food

Colostrum is a source of molecules with nutraceutical features that can attenuate the consequences of adverse conditions, such as densification. Thus, the redox balance and tissue development of juvenile Piaractus mesopotamicus subjected to high stocking density and fed diets containing lyophilized bovine colostrum (LBC) were evaluated. Juveniles were distributed into 16 cages making 50 kg fish m -3 and fed diets containing 0, 10, 20 and 30% inclusion of LBC (n = 4). After 30 days, enteric, hepatic, muscular, renal and branchial tissue were sampled for the determination of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activity, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), lipid peroxidation and protein and nucleotides content. SOD activity and DNA content were higher in 20% LBC compared to the others in the enteric tissue ( P < 0.10). ORAC value in erythrocytes was higher in 30% LBC than 0 and 10% LBC ( P < 0.10). Juveniles fed 10% LBC showed higher lipid peroxidation in liver than 0 and 20% LBC ( P < 0.10) and those fed 20% LBC showed lower protein/RNA ratio compared to the others ( P < 0.10). Bovine colostrum determined a decrease in liver protein synthesis and increased in intestinal DNA content with an intake of 20% of this milk secretion. Additionally, LBC increased the protection of the enteric tissue of juveniles from superoxide radicals and blood antioxidant capacity. We conclude that bovine colostrum can be used as a nutraceutical food for fish, with positive effect in redox balance and tissue development in high concentrations of inclusion in the diet, 20 and 30%.

Catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and oxygen radical absorbance capacity in the gut of juvenile pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus and dourado Salminus brasiliensis fed bovine first milk secretion

Besides the immunological benefits of colostrum consumption, this lacteal secretion has a great concentration of biological molecules that can affect gut physiology and fish healthy. This study evaluated the antioxidant potential in the gut of juvenile pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus , and dourado, Salminus brasiliensis , fed twice a day with diets containing 0, 10 or 20% of lyophilized bovine colostrum (LBC). The whole medium and posterior intestine was collected after 30 or 60 experimental days and the activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase was determined as one international unit per milligram of protein, and the oxygen radical absorbance capacity as µM of equivalent Trolox per milligram of protein. Only the juvenile pacu were affected by the diet containing LBC ( P < 0.05). The juvenile fed 10% LBC showed higher oxygen absorbance capacity than the juveniles fed 20% LBC ( P < 0.05). Interaction between diet and period was observed to superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity ( P < 0.05), juvenile pacu fed 0% LBC and 10% LBC did not change enzyme activity at 30 and 60 days, whereas juvenile fed 20% LBC showed higher value at 60 days compared to 30 days ( P < 0.05). The present result reveal that the consumption of diet containing LBC improved SOD activity in the gut of juvenile pacu indicating a possible protective action of this lacteal secretion in an omnivorous fish.

Dietary lyophilized colostrum alters distribution of goblet cells and the intestinal epithelium of Piaractus mesopotamicus

The intestinal epithelium is responsible for the first line of defense, directly influenced by bioactive, dietary molecules. The lyophilized bovine colostrum (LBC) is a nutraceutical and a surrogate protein source for farmed fish. This study aimed at evaluating distribution of goblet cells and morphometric changes in the intestinal epithelium of juvenile, neotropic Characin pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus fed diets containing 0%, 10% or 20% LBC for either 30 or 60days. Muscle layer thickness (MLT); partial volume of the absorptive mucosa (Vv); number of goblet cells containing acidic and neutral mucins and the acidic subtypes – sialomucin and sulphomucin, were studied in three intestinal segments (S1, S2, S3 and rectum). Fish fed 20% dietary LBC had enlarged MLT at 60days in S2 segment, and increased number of goblet cells containing neutral and acidic sulphomucin in S1, as well as number of goblet cells containing sulphomucin and sialomucin and total number of goblet cells in S2 at 60days. Juveniles fed 10% LBC diets had reduced number of goblet cells containing neutral mucin, acidic mucin and total number of goblet cells at 60days. The number of goblet cells containing sialomucin was higher in juveniles fed 20% LBC diets than those fed 0% and 10% LBC diets at 60days. Dietary LBC influenced the development of intestinal muscle layer and the volume of absorptive mucosa of juvenile pacu, improving capacity of nutrient and macromolecules absorption in S2 segment. The presence of unidentified substances from the bovine colostrum determined a reaction in intestinal epithelium with subsequent increased production of mucin. Statement of RelevanceAlternatives for fish nutrition are placed annually in the world market with the expectation of getting a quick performance at minimum cost. As an alternative animal food, lyophilized bovine colostrum may be innovative when added as a source of protein and bioactive peptides in fish food, such as neotropical fish species. The lyophilization process preserves the quality and unique features of colostrum, like antioxidant, immunological and antimicrobial proprieties. Additionally, the present work contributes to a better understanding of basic histology of neotropical fish species, that still demands for basic studies about enteric physiology. The presence and distribution of sialomucins, sulphomucins and neutral mucins in the intestinal epithelium of an omnivorous fish may contribute to the evaluation of nutritional alternatives that enable greater production efficiency at the national level. In this context, the present manuscript is complementary to others already published papers, which includes the study of the feasibility of using bovine colostrum as an alternative protein source for fish, as well as the consequences of the presence of biological active molecules, such as IGF-1, on the enteric histology and morphology.

Enteric, hepatic and muscle tissue development of juvenile dourado Salminus brasiliensis fed with lyophilized bovine colostrum

Besides being a dietary source of essential nutrients, colostrum contains important biologically active molecules. This study investigated enteric, muscle and hepatic tissue development of juvenile dourado Salminus brasiliensis fed with diets containing 0, 10 or 20 % of lyophilized bovine colostrum (LBC). Juveniles (13.3 ± 0.9 g; 10.8 ± 0.3 cm) were distributed into 18,300-L cages and fed with experimental diets for 30 or 60 days. Insulin-like growth factor type I (IGF-I) serum concentration and total protein (TP), DNA, RNA concentration in the intestine, muscle and liver of fish were assessed. The consumption of diets containing LBC did not influence IGF-I concentration, regardless of the presence of LBC in the diet and tissue IGF-I content was higher at 60 days. Furthermore, the indicators of intestinal and muscular cellular activity were not influenced by LBC consumption. Regardless of this result, between periods, muscle RNA and RNA/DNA was lower at 60 days, while TP/RNA was higher in the same period. Interaction between diet and period influenced concentration of the liver DNA: 0 > 10 > 20 % LBC at 30 days, while 0 = 10 < 20 % LBC at 60 days. Considering the results of the present study, diets consuming S. brasiliensis containing LBC showed proper development of enteric, muscle and hepatic tissue, since no differences were observed in relation to juveniles consuming a diet without colostrum.

Cellular activity and development of enteric, hepatic and muscle tissues of juvenile pacuPiaractus mesopotamicus(Holmberg 1887) fed with lyophilized bovine colostrum

Bovine colostrum, an alternative food of animal origin provided as partial protein source, may constitute an innovative ingredient in fish feeding. Serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and cellular activity of enteric, hepatic and muscle tissues of juvenile pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus fed with lyophilized bovine colostrum (LBC) were evaluated. Pacu (8.46 ± 0.74 g; 7.75 ± 0.27 cm, n = 18 in triplicate) were stocked into 18 tanks (300 L; 18 fish per tank, in triplicate) and fed with control diet containing 0% of LBC or experimental diet containing 10% and 20% of LBC inclusion for either 30 or 60 days of experiment. IGF-1 serum concentration was not affected (P > 0.05) by the diet containing LBC and experimental period. The intestinal and hepatic cellular activity was not influenced by LBC (P > 0.05); however, intestine protein/RNA decreased at 60 days (P < 0.05). The muscle cellular activity was affected by LBC, highest in fish fed with diet containing 10% of LBC (P < 0.05). Between the periods DNA and protein/RNA increased at 60 days, while RNA, protein/DNA and RNA/DNA ratio decreased in this same period (P < 0.05). Increased DNA muscle content indicates fish growth by hyperplasia. The results of the present study is related with suitable development of enteric, hepatic and muscle tissues and proper condition of juvenile pacu fed with LBC considering the absence of differences in relation to juveniles that consumed diet without colostrum.

Histochemical distribution of intestinal enzymes of juvenile pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) fed lyophilized bovine colostrum.

Enzyme activity was evaluated in the intestine of juvenile pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus, fed diets containing 0, 10 or 20 % of lyophilized bovine colostrum (LBC) inclusion for either 30 or 60 days. The enzymes intestinal acid and alkaline phosphatase (ACP and ALP, respectively), nonspecific esterase (NSE), lipase (LIP), dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV (DAP IV) and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) were studied using histochemistry in four intestinal segments (S1, S2, S3 and rectum). Moderate activity of the DAP IV was detected in the three last intestinal segments, but no differences among the treatments were detected. Enzymes LAP, NSE and LIP were weakly stained in all intestinal segments and the inclusion of 10 or 20 % of LBC in the diet commanded a moderate reaction to NSE in the S3 segment at day 60. ACP activity was detected only in the brush border of the S1 segment of fish fed 0 % LBC for either 30 or 60 days. The activity of ALP was very strong in the first intestinal segment, but a weak reaction was seen in the last segments. The inclusion of 20 % of LBC changed the pattern of staining to the ALP, eliciting moderate staining in S2 at day 30 and S1 at day 60. The consumption of diets containing LBC by juvenile pacu did not have significant implications in intestinal enzymatic activity, which still was not fully stimulated.

Goblet cell mucin distribution in the small intestine of newborn goat kids fed lyophilized bovine colostrum

The number of goblet cells containing neutral and acidic mucins, including sulphomucins and sialomucins, was investigated in the small intestine of goat kids fed with lyophilized bovine colostrum in the period of passive immunity acquisition. At 0, 7 and 14h of life, 15 male newborns received 5% of body weight of lyophilized bovine colostrum (LBC) and 14 male newborns received goat colostrum (GC), both with 55mg/mL of IgG. Three additional animals were sampled at birth, without colostrum intake. Duodenum, jejunum and ileum samples were collected at 18, 36 and 96h of life. Histological stains, periodic acid-Schiff, 1% alcian blue pH 2.5 and 1% alcian blue pH 1.0 were used to identify neutral and acidic mucins and acidic sulphated mucins, respectively. The number of goblet cells containing neutral and acidic mucins, including sulphomucins and sialomucins, does not differ in the duodenum (P>0.05). In the jejunum, LBC showed a higher number of goblet cells containing sialomucins compared to GC (P<0.05). The highest number of goblet cells containing acidic and neutral mucins and total number of goblet cells were observed at 96h (P<0.05). In this segment, vacuoles of colostrum were present at 18 and 36h mainly in the upper region of the villi, while the goblet cells were located at the bottom. At 96h, vacuoles of colostrum were not detected, only goblet cells distributed throughout the villi. In the ileum, the number of goblet cells containing sulphomucins was higher (P<0.05) at 96h than at 18h. The LBC group showed higher (P<0.05) number of goblet cells containing sulphomucins at 96h and total number of goblet cells at 36 and 96h than the 0-h group. The present work revealed that the greater the absorption of colostrum in the goat kids' jejunum epithelium, the smaller the number of goblet cells. Considering this segment, feeding newborns with heterologous colostrum caused alteration in the number of goblet cells containing sialomucin. This condition suggested a reaction of the intestinal epithelium with increasing secretion due to the presence of non-recognized substances from the lyophilized bovine colostrum.

Intestinal histology of newborn goat kids fed lyophilized bovine colostrum

Enteric histology of newborn goat kids fed lyophilized bovine colostrum (LBC) was studied. At 0, 7, and 14 h of life 15 male newborns received 5% of body weight of lyophilized bovine colostrum and 14 male newborns goat colostrum (GC), both with 55 mg/ml of IgG. Samples of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were collected at 18, 36, and 96 h of life for analyses of villus height, crypt depth, muscle layer thickness, partial volume of the absorptive mucosa (Vv), density of the absorptive mucosa (Sv), and quantification of goblet cells. Three animals were sampled without colostrum intake (0 h). The histomorphometry was not different between GC and LBC in all segments. In the jejunum, the villus height differed in sampling times (36 h &amp;gt; 0 h and 18 h). The maximum villus height was observed in the jejunum. In the jejunum, crypt depth differed in the sampling times (96 h &amp;gt; 0 and 18 h). Interaction between intestinal segment and sampling times was observed to crypt depth (duodenum 18 h &amp;gt; jejunum 18 h and duodenum 96 h &amp;gt; ileum 96 h). In the ileum, the muscle layer thickness differed in the sampling times (36 h &amp;gt; 0 and 18 h and 96 h &amp;gt; 0 h). The greatest thickness of muscle layer was observed in the duodenum and at 96 h the muscle layer was thicker than at 18 h. The ileum showed the highest Vv at 36 h. The Vv was the highest in the jejunum and higher at 36 h than at 96 h. In the jejunum, an interaction between the treatment and sampling times to goblet cells number (LBC 18 h &amp;lt; GC 18 h and GC 96 h &amp;gt; LBC 96 h) was observed. The ileum showed the greatest number of goblet cells. The ingestion of lyophilized bovine colostrum did not determine any consequences for enteric histology in the first 4 days of goat kids&amp;rsquo; life. &amp;nbsp;

Eletrophoretic profile of serum proteins of goat kids fed with bovine colostrum in natura and lyophilized

Bovine colostrum in natura or lyophilized was evaluated as an alternative source of passive immunity for goat kids. Twenty-five female newborn goat kids were randomly allotted into five treatments: goat colostrum A (GCA) or bovine colostrum A (BCA) with 45–55mg/mL of IgG, lyophilized bovine colostrum (LBC) with 45–55mg/mL of IgG, goat colostrum B (GCB) or bovine colostrum B (BCB) with 15–25mg/mL. The animals received 5% of body weight of colostrum at 0, 12 and 24h after birth, and then, cow milk twice a day and concentrate ad libitum until 60 days of age. Blood samples were collected at 0 to 60 days of age to determine total serum protein (TP) and serum protein fractions by electrophoresis. In the last experimental days, 50 and 60, the TP concentration for all groups were higher than at 0h (P<0.05) and differences in values after colostrum ingestion were not observed (P<0.05). The LBC group (2.39±0.09g/dL) showed lower (P<0.05) albumin concentration than GCA, GCB, BCA and BCB, 3.20±0.09, 2.93±0.09, 3.25±0.09 and 3.07±0.10g/dL, respectively (P<0.05), and from birth to five days of life, albumin values were lower (P<0.05) than at 40 to 60 days of life. At birth, the globulin concentration, 1.87±0.05g/dL, was lower (P<0.05) than at 10 to 60 days of life (P<0.05). The LBC group (1.25±0.04) showed lower (P<0.05) albumin/globulin ratio than GCA, GCB, BCA and BCB (1.36±0.04, 1.38±0.04, 1.48±0.04 and 1.44±0.05, respectively) and, at birth (1.52±0.05), the ratio was higher (P<0.05) than 0.5 and 1 day of life. The LBC group (0.67±0.04g/dL) showed higher (P<0.05) gamma globulin concentration than GCB and BCB (0.48±0.04 and 0.50±0.04g/dL, respectively), and did not differ (P>0.05) from GCA and BCA (0.62±0.04 and 0.50±0.04g/dL, respectively). The lowest (P<0.05) gamma globulin concentration was observed at birth, 0.24±0.04g/dL. The results indicate that bovine colostrum can be used as an alternative source of initial protection for newborn goat kids.

Intestinal IgG uptake by small intestine of goat kid fed goat or lyophilized bovine colostrum

The immunoglobulin G (IgG) uptake and enterocyte nucleus position in the villous were studied in newborn goat kids fed goat or lyophilized bovine colostrum. Two groups of 15 newborn goat kids, each received 5% of body weight of goat colostrum (GC) or lyophilized bovine colostrum (LBC) containing 55mg/mL of immunoglobulin G (IgG) at 0, 7 and 14h of life. Three animals were sampled just after birth, receiving no colostrum intake, to be used as control. Samples of duodenum, medium jejunum and ileum were collected at 0, 18, 36 and 96h of life. IgG vacuoles were not observed in the duodenum throughout the experiment regardless of all the experimental time points. In this segment, at 0, 18 and 36h of life, nuclei were found in the apical, medial and basal positions in the enterocytes, and localized in the upper, medial and lower parts in the villous, respectively. At 96h, a basal nuclei position was observed in the enterocytes, throughout the villous. In jejunum, IgG vacuoles were distributed along the villous at 18 and 36h. In this segment at 0h the nuclei were positioned predominantly apically in the enterocytes, throughout the villous. At 18 and 36h, no consistent nuclei pattern was verified; however at 96h, the nuclei were positioned basally in the enterocytes, throughout the jejunal villous. In the ileum at 0, 18 and 36h, a great number of vacuoles without IgG were verified in the medial–apical part of the villous. In this segment, at 0h of life and 96h of life, the predominance of basal nuclei was observed. Nuclei were positioned in medial–apically part of the ileal enterocytes in the upper part of the villous at 18 and 36h. It was found that the jejunal epithelium was the most important segment related to absorption process. The IgG absorption and nucleus position in the newborn goats were dependent on the small intestine segments and experimental time points, regardless of the colostrum source, GC or LCB. Considering the IgG uptake mechanism observed in the present study, the lyophilized bovine colostrum might be used instead of goat colostrum.

Goat kids' intestinal absorptive mucosa in period of passive immunity acquisition

Colostrum intake in newborn goat kids is essential for the acquisition of immunoglobulins (Ig) and influencing development of gastrointestinal mucosa. The present study investigated small intestine structure in the postnatal goat kid fed lyophilized bovine colostrum, an alternative source of antibodies to small ruminants, or goat colostrum using scanning electron microscopy technique. At 0, 7 and 14h of life 15 male newborns received 5% of body weight of lyophilized bovine colostrum (LBC) and 14 goat colostrum (GC), both with 55mg/mL of IgG. Samples of duodenum, medium jejunum and ileum were collected at 18, 36 and 96h of life. Three animals were sampled at birth without colostrum intake (0h). The enteric tissues were analyzed for villi density (villi/cm2) and morphological characteristics. The villi density did not differ between treatment, sampling time and intestinal segments (P>0.05). The morphological characteristics were not different between LBC and GC in all segments. Duodenal villi were fingerlike, thick and short, and with different heights. Duodenal folds could also be verified. Frequent anastomoses in all sampling times were observed in this segment. In the jejunum, fingerlike villi, thin and thick, of different heights were observed in all sampling times as well as leaf-shaped villi. Vacuoles with colostrum were observed in the jejunum of goats sampled at 18h of life. In ileum, fingerlike villi were observed in all sampling times. At 0 and 96h of life, thick and low villi were verified while at 18 and 36h the villi showed different heights and widths. At all sampling times, regularly cell extrusion processes were observed with grouped cells at the apex of the ileum villi and with isolated cells along the villi. In the first 4days of goat kids' life the small intestine structure was unaffected by different sources of colostrum, goat or lyophilized bovine, and by the replacement of fetal enterocytes, which are able to absorb macromolecules, by adult-type ones.

Intestinal histomorphology in Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum fed bovine colostrum as source of protein and bioactive peptides

Histological responses of the intestine are key for evaluating nutritional value of feed ingredients, since the organ is not only the chief site of feed digestion and nutrient absorption but also plays an important immunological function. Histomorphological alterations were evaluated in the intestine of juvenile striped catfish, Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum, fed diets containing 0 (control), 10 or 20% inclusion of lyophilized bovine colostrum (LBC), as source of protein or bioactive peptides, for either 30 or 60 days. Fish fed 20LBC presented at 60d a distinct pattern of macrophages and, some of them, higher number of vacuoles in rectum mucosa. The thickness of the muscle layer (TML) in fish fed diets with LBC was higher in the first portion of medium intestine than fish fed 0LBC. All fish presented significant increase of TML in the second portion of medium intestine along feeding period, but fish fed 20LBC had smaller values of TML than those of fish fed 0 and 10LBC which might be related to the higher intestinal coefficient found for this group. The TML of rectum was higher just for fish fed 10LBC. Dietary LBC altered morphometrical features of juvenile striped catfish intestine and possibly induced inflammatory reaction in the rectal mucosa, as a function of level of inclusion, feeding period and segment of intestine analyzed.