Lymphangiogenesis In Lung Cancer Research Articles

Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Involve in the Lymphangiogenesis of Lung Cancer and Jinfukang Inhibits the Involvement In Vivo.

Lymphangiogenesis plays an important role in cancer metastasis. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) migrate to the site of tumorigenesis and in turn promote the metastasis. However, whether BMMSCs involve in the lymphangiogenesis of lung cancer is unclear. Jinfukang has clinically been used for the treatment of non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in China. In this study, to investigate the involvement of BMMSCs in lymphangiogenesis in lung cancer, and evaluate the inhibitory effect of Jinfukang on the lymphangiogenesis, chimeric mice were prepared by transplanting bone marrow from green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic mice (C57BL/6-EGFP) into irradiated C57BL/6 mice. Then, the chimeric mice were injected subcutaneously with freshly prepared Lewis lung carcinoma cell suspension to make lung tumor model, and the model mice were further orally administrated with Jinfukang once per day for 3 weeks. Four weeks after the bone marrow transplantation, GFP-positive cells primarily existed in bone marrow of acceptor mice, and three more weeks after, Lewis lung carcinoma cells formed a tumor mass in chimeric mice. Observation of GFP-positive cells revealed that BMMSCs transferred into the lung tumor. Immunofluorescent analyses of lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor-1 (LYVE-1), a lymphatic endothelium marker, demonstrated a part of lymphatic endothelial cells in lung cancer were derived from BMMSCs, and those lymphatic endothelial cells contributed to the lung tumor lymphangiogenesis. Furthermore, Jinfukang treatment resulted in a significant reduction of the average weight of the tumor mass in chimeric mice, and displayed a significant lower number of LYVE-1 positive cells. The present results suggest that BMMSCs transfer to tumor, differentiate into lymphatic endothelial cells, and involve in the lymphangiogenesis in lung cancer of mice. Jinfukang inhibits the lung tumor mass via suppression of the BMMSCs transformation and lung tumor lymphangiogenesis. Our findings might provide the potential for the cancer therapies.

Effect of EGFR-TKI on lymphangiogenesis of lung cancer with EGFR mutation

背景与目的探索表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂（epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor, EGFR-TKI）对EGFR突变肺癌新生淋巴管的影响，探讨靶点治疗对新生淋巴管的抑制作用及其在肺癌治疗中所发挥的作用。方法采用EGFR双位点突变的NCI-H1975肺癌细胞株构建小鼠移植瘤模型。设立溶剂对照组和EGFR-TKI给药组，每组5只小鼠，观察EGFR-TKI对小鼠移植瘤的生长抑制作用；运用淋巴管内皮特异性抗体D2-40，采用免疫组织化学的方法，观察新生淋巴管的密度、面积、最大径，探讨EGFR-TKI对于肺癌组织淋巴管新生的影响。结果EGFR-TKI给药组小鼠肿瘤重量、肿瘤相对体积小于溶剂对照组。EGFR-TKI给药组小鼠平均新生淋巴管密度为6.44个/例，溶剂对照组小鼠平均新生淋巴管密度为10.70个/例，EGFR-TKI给药组小鼠平均新生淋巴管密度较低（P=0.023）。EGFR-TKI给药组小鼠新生淋巴管面积、最长径小于溶剂对照组。而EGFR-TKI对新生淋巴管的肿瘤细胞侵犯没有明显影响（P=0.519）。结论EGFR-TKI可以抑制EGFR突变肺癌组织淋巴管的新生，抑制新生淋巴管管径及面积的扩大。

Role of lymphangiogenesis in lung cancer.

Lung cancer represents one of the most frequent causes of death due to neoplastic disease in Poland and around the world. The high mortality which accompany neoplastic diseases used to be ascribed mainly to dissemination of cancerous cells. Studies on animal models suggest that tumour lymphangiogenesis represents the principal factor in the process of metastases formation. Lymphangiogenesis involves a process of formation of new lymphatic vessels from already existing lymphatic capillaries. Lymphangiogenesis is stimulated by vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) and other, recently reported factors, such as, e.g., cyclooxygenase 2, fibroblast growth factor 2, angiopoetin-1 and the insulin-resembling growth factor. In lymphangiogenesis a key role is played by neutropilin 2 or podoplanin and this promoted development of studies on lymphangiogenesis. Activation of VEGF-C/VEGF-D/VEGFR-3 axis increases motility and invasiveness of neoplastic cells, promotes development of metastases in several types of tumours such as, e.g., lung cancer, mammary carcinoma, cancers of the neck, prostate and large intestine. In recent years lymphangiogenesis provided topic of many studies. A positive correlation was detected between expressions of VEGF-C/D and VEGFR-3 in non-small cell lung cancer. In patients with lung cancer with high expression of VEGF-C a markedly abbreviated survival was noted. Positive correlation was detected between expression of VEGF-C and VEGF-D on one hand and expression of LYVE-1 on the other in sentinel lymph nodes with metastases of neoplastic cells in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Also, high density of lymphatic vessels and high density of intraneoplastic microvessels proved to be independent poor prognostic indices in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Extensive hope is linked to studies on inhibitors of lymphangiogenesis, which may improve results of treatment also in tumour patients.

Role of lymphangiogenesis in lung cancer.

Role of lymphangiogenesis in lung cancer.

Heparanase expression correlates with angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in human lung cancer.

Heparanase has been thought to be a good molecular marker of tumor, and the heparanase expression level was correlated closely with tumor metastasis. In this study, we investigate the effects of heparanase on angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis of lung cancer and the relationship between heparanase expression and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C). Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of heparanase, VEGF, VEGF-C protein and microvascular density (MVD), lymphatic vessel density (LVD) in 115 cases of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and 45 cases of adjacent normal tissue samples. Our results showed that heparanase expression was significantly increased in 91 (79.13%) of the 115 cases and correlated with lymph node metastasis (node positive rate 87.0%; node negative rate 36.8%; P=0.003). Heparanase positive expression cases have significantly higher concentration of microvascular density (MVD) and lymphatic vessel density (LVD) as compared with heparanase negative expression cases (P<0.01, P<0.01, respectively), heparanase expression was significantly correlated with VEGF, VEGF-C expression in NSCLC. Heparanase overexpression was associated with angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis of lung cancer, targeting of heparanase may represent a significant therapeutic potential for lung cancer.

Interleukin 7/interleukin 7 receptor induce c-Fos/c-Jun-dependent vascular endothelial growth factor-D up-regulation: A mechanism of lymphangiogenesis in lung cancer

Interleukin 7 (IL-7) is known to promote lymphangiogenesis. To study the relationship between IL-7 and the lymphangiogenic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-D, in human lung cancer cells and its impact on the prognosis of lung cancer patients, we investigated how IL-7 regulates VEGF-D. We found that, in lung cancer cell lines, IL-7/IL-7 receptor (IL-7R) increase the expression of VEGF-D and phosphorylation of c-Fos/c-Jun, induce c-Fos and c-Jun heterodimer formation, and enhance c-Fos/c-Jun DNA binding activity to regulate VEGF-D. In addition, the expression levels of IL-7 and IL-7R correlated well with that of VEGF-D, lymphatic vessels density (LVD), clinical stages, lymph node metastasis, and poor prognosis in 100 human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) specimens analysed. Taken together, our results provide evidence that IL-7/IL-7R induce VEGF-D up-regulation and promote lymphangiogenesis via c-Fos/c-Jun pathway in lung cancer.

The advances of lymphangiogenesis in lung cancer.

The advances of lymphangiogenesis in lung cancer.