Lycopene Extraction Research Articles

Simultaneous extraction and nanoemulsification of lycopene from tomato waste: optimization and stability studies of lycopene nanoemulsions in selected food system

Simultaneous extraction and nanoemulsification of lycopene from tomato waste: optimization and stability studies of lycopene nanoemulsions in selected food system

Optimization of lycopene extraction from tomato processing by-products with essential oils and effect of extract on oxidative stability of refined olive oil

Optimization of lycopene extraction from tomato processing by-products with essential oils and effect of extract on oxidative stability of refined olive oil

Characterization, Extraction, and Encapsulation Technologies of Lycopene and Applications in Functional Food Products: An Updated Review

Characterization, Extraction, and Encapsulation Technologies of Lycopene and Applications in Functional Food Products: An Updated Review

Valorization of tomato processing by-products: Predictive modeling and optimization for ultrasound-assisted lycopene extraction

Lycopene is a carotenoid highly valuable to the food, pharmaceutical, dye, and cosmetic industries, present in ripe tomatoes and other fruits with a distinctive red color. The main source of lycopene is tomato crops. This bioactive component can be successfully isolated from tomato processing waste, commonly called tomato pomace, mostly made from tomato skins, seeds, and some residual tomato tissue. The main investigative focus in this work was the application of green engineering principles in each stage of the optimized ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of enzymatically treated tomato skins to obtain functional extracts rich in lycopene. The experimental plan was designed to determine the influence of studied operating parameters: enzymatic reaction time (60, 120, and 180 min), extraction time (0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, and 120 min), and temperature (25, 35 and 45 ℃) on lycopene yield. Process optimization was performed based on the yield of lycopene [1018, 1067, and 1120 mg/kg] achieved at optimal operating conditions. An artificial neural network (ANN) model was developed and trained for predictive modeling of the closed extraction system, with operating parameters used as input neurons and experimentally obtained values for lycopene content defined as the output neural layer. Applied ANN architecture provided a high correlation of experimental output with ANN-generated data (R=0.99914) with a model deviation error for the entire data set of RMSE=5.3 mg/kg. The k-Nearest Neighbor algorithm was introduced to predict lycopene yield using experimental key features: operating temperature, extraction time, and time of enzymatic treatment, split into training and testing sets with an 85/15 ratio. The model interpretation was conducted through the SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) methodology.

Comparison effects of PEF and SC-CO2 treatments on lycopene, β-carotene, lutein, β-cryptoxanthin, total polyphenols values, and antioxidant activity of tomato fruits.

Since the recycling of composites from plant tissues is difficult, extraction of bioactive compounds from plant sources requires pre-treatment by new technology such as pulsed electric fields (PEF). Due to the reduced consumption of organic solvents, the extractive techniques such as using supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) are of interest to researchers. This work aimed to investigating the influences of different parameters of SC-CO2 (pressure, modifier volume, temperature, and dynamic time) and PEF (frequency and field strength) treatments on the amount extraction of β-carotene, lycopene, lutein, β-cryptoxanthin, total phenol content (TPC), and also antioxidant activity percentage of tomato to obtain the optimum circumstances extraction via PEF and SC-CO2 methods. PEF data showed that treatments with moderate intensity (1 Hz and 0. 25 kV/cm) enhanced the extractability of lycopene (88%), β-carotene (69%), and β-cryptoxanthin (24%). The maximum recovery in total polyphenols was achieved at a 1 Hz and 1.75 kV/cm, leading to a 41.68% growth. The SC-CO2 results showed that extraction at 55°C and 35 MPa, and in a short time of 20 min (without any modifier: methanol) resulted in the highest levels of carotenoids (100% recovery), especially lycopene, and antioxidant activity. Largest value of total polyphenols was obtained at 35 MPa, 35°C, during 30 min, and 250 μL methanol as a modifier (58.79% recovery). Results showed that the extraction of polyphenols, unlike carotenoids, required a modifier. Organic solvents, often called modifiers, are sometimes added to the supercritical fluid to increase the polarity range of the extraction process and to help overcome analyte retention in the matrix. In this study, methanol was used as a modifier in different volumes. Therefore, the SC-CO2 gentle processing conditions, compared with PEF, improved the recovery of tomato bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to optimize such treatments.

Emerging ways to extract lycopene from waste of tomato and other fruits, a comprehensive review

Emerging ways to extract lycopene from waste of tomato and other fruits, a comprehensive review

Pulsed ultrasound-assisted extraction of lycopene and β-carotene from industrial grated tomato by-products

The aim of this research was to study the effect of temperature, time, and amplitude as operating variables (using Response Surface Methodology -RSM-on ethanolic pulsed ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of carotenoids from industrial grated tomato by-products, due to be a great source of lycopene. The major strength of the study is the use of industrial tomato by-products. A Central Composite Design was used for RSM optimization. Fixed variables were particle size (<56 μm), solid:liquid ratio (2:25), and duty cycle (30:30). Carotenoids were quantified as equivalents of β-carotene (for lutein and ∑β-carotene), and lycopene (∑Lycopene and ∑Carotenoids). Our results indicate that the 3 operating variables have a considerable effect on the ∑β-carotene, ∑Lycopene, and ∑Carotenoids content extraction. In general, longer times and lower temperatures showed higher carotenoid extraction yields, while amplitudes higher to 65% showed a great UAE yield. The maximum lycopene extraction (2586 mg kg−1 fdw) was obtained at 45 °C with an amplitude of 82 % during 28 min. A maximum ∑β-carotene extraction (161 mg kg−1 fdw) was obtained 45 °C with an amplitude of 82 % during 23 min. The results could be directly used by the industry as a first step for their protocols optimization.

تحضير ودراسة اللايكوبين الطبيعي والنانوي في تثبيط نمو الخلايا السرطانية خارج الجسم الحي In vitro

The effectiveness of both natural and nano-lycopene extracted from tomato waste powder in affecting the growth of cancer cells outside the body was studied. The study included the preparation of natural lycopene extract, using the triple mixture of hexane, acetone, and ethanol in proportions 2:1:1 and drying it, then preparing the nanocomposite using the high-energy mechanical grinding technique, and its dimensions were estimated using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and which was 78nm, and the effectiveness of the two preparations was tested in Inhibition of cancer cell lines of the human mouth and skin, during three periods of time 12, 24, 72 h and at concentrations of both natural and nano-lycopene 0.0,150, 300, 600, 1200, 2400 micrograms/ml, the results of the study showed There was a significant inhibitory effect p≤0.05. for both natural and nano-lycopene in the growth of cancer cells, and nano-lycopene was significantly superior to natural lycopene for skin and mouth models, and the inhibition effect of cancer cells increased for both natural and nano-lycopene with increasing concentration and period, and the highest percentage of inhibition for natural lycopene was 71% and 79.8% While the highest percentage of inhibition for nanoscale icon was 85.2% and 93.1% at a concentration of 2400 µg/ml for 72 h and for skin and oral cancer cell lines, respectively.

Application of ionic liquid ultrasound-assisted extraction (IL-UAE) of lycopene from guava (Psidium guajava L.) by response surface methodology and artificial neural network-genetic algorithm

Lycopene-rich guava (Psidium guajava L.) exhibits significant economic potential as a functional food ingredient, making it highly valuable for the pharmaceutical and agro-food industries. However, there is a need to enhance the extraction methods of lycopene to fully exploit its beneficial uses. In this study, we evaluated various ionic liquids to identify the most effective one for extracting lycopene from guava. Among thirteen ionic liquids with varying carbon chains or anions, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride demonstrated the highest productivity. Subsequently, a single-factor experiment was employed to test the impact of several parameters on the efficiency of lycopene extraction using this selected ionic liquid. These parameters included extraction time, ultrasonic power, liquid-solid ratio, concentration of the ionic liquid, as well as material particle size. Moreover, models of artificial neural networks using genetic algorithms (ANN-GA) and response surface methodology (RSM) were employed to comprehensively assess the first four key parameters. The optimized conditions for ionic liquid ultrasound-assisted extraction (IL-UAE) were determined as follows: 33 min of extraction time, 225 W of ultrasonic power, 22 mL/g of liquid-solid ratio, 3.0 mol/L of IL concentration, and extraction cycles of three. Under these conditions, lycopene production reached an impressive yield of 9.35 ± 0.36 mg/g while offering advantages such as high efficiency, time savings, preservation benefits, and most importantly environmental friendliness.

Oil-in-water nanoemulsions loaded with lycopene extracts encapsulated by spray drying: Formulation, characterization and optimization

Lycopene is very susceptible to degradation once released from the protective chromoplast environment. In this study the oil-in-water (O/W) nanoemulsions coupled with spray drying technology was applied for the encapsulation and stabilization of lycopene extracted from tomato waste. Tomato extract was obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction. Nanoemulsions were prepared by high-speed rotor stator using isopropyl myristate as oil phase and Pluronic F-127 as emulsifier for the aqueous external phase. The effect of emulsification process parameters was investigated. Spray drying of produced emulsions was attempted to obtain a stabilized dry powder after the addition of a coating agent. The effect of different coating agents (maltodextrin, inulin, gum arabic, pectin, whey and polyvinylpyrrolidone), drying temperature (120–170 °C) and feed flow rate (3–9 ml·min–1) on obtained particles was evaluated.Results revealed that the emulsion formulation of 20/80 (O/W) with 1.5% (mass fraction) of Pluronic F-127 as stabilizer in the aqueous phase resulted in stable nanoemulsion with droplets size in the range (259–276 nm) with unimodal and sharp size distribution. Extract in the nanoemulsion was well protected at room temperature with a degradation rate of lycopene of about 50% during a month of storage time. The most stable emulsions were then processed by spray drying to obtain a dry powder. The spray drying was in particular successful when using maltodextrin as coating agent, obtaining dried spherical particles with mean diameters of 4.87±0.17 μm with a smooth surface. The possibility of dissolving the spray dried powder in order to repristinate. The original emulsion was also successfully verified.

Lycopene extract as an antibrowning agent for edible coating of fresh cut apples.

Edible coatings have been utilized for fresh fruit and vegetable preservation to ensure their safety and freshness. The present study reported the effect of edible coatings incorporated with Lycopene extract and Ascorbic Acid on fresh cut Apple slices (Red Delicious) during storage at refrigeration temperature for 12days. The dipping treatments include Lycopene extract (LC-100mg), Ascorbic acid (AAC-100mg) and a combination of both LC + AAC (100mg lycopene extract and 100mg Ascorbic acid). Quality parameters (color, physicochemical and enzymatic activities) were studied up to 12days at refrigeration temperature. Dipping treatments of LC and LC + AAC significantly showed lowest enzymatic activity than AAC treatment. However, color was not preserved in LC + AAC treatments due to high concentration of olive oil in these treatments. Furthermore, physicochemical quality was better preserved in LC + AAC treatments.

Ultrasound assisted lycopene extraction from tomato skin waste by volatile natural deep eutectic solvent

In this work, a completely green method was applied for the extraction of lycopene from tomato skins waste. The combination of the ultrasound-assisted technique (UAE) and the use of volatile natural deep eutectic solvent (VNADES) menthol: thymol 1:1 allowed to obtain a green extraction process. Lycopene content was assessed by HPLC-DAD and compared with the lycopene extraction yields obtained using α-pinene and n-hexane as extraction solvents. The evaporation of the DES menthol:thymol was conducted using a Vacuum Vortex Evaporator. The highest concentration of extracted lycopene was obtained with n-hexane (735.9 mg/g of dried extract (DE)) compared to terpene-based solvents; 468.1 mg/g and 358.7-484.2 mg/g DE were recovered from α-pinene and DES menthol/thymol as azeotropic mixture and as such, respectively.

Optimization of the method of ultrasonic extraction of lycopene with a green extract from the fruit of Elaeagnus umbellata, common in Western Georgia.

The study determined the content of lycopene in the fruits of the Elaeagnus umbellata (35.25-60.21 mg/100 g), common at different heights above sea level in Western Georgia. For the effective extraction of lycopene as a biologically active substance, the optimal conditions for ultrasonic extraction were selected: sunflower oil was used as a "green solvent"; the ratio of solid mass and solvent was 1:50; temperature 30°C; ultrasound amplitude 40%; power 85 W; and extraction time 10 min. FTIR spectra revealed the characteristic functional groups of lycopene exhibiting two characteristic peaks at 2920 and 2950 cm-1. To explore the effect of lycopene on oil quality, the acid value, peroxide value, and p-anisidine were determined in each oil sample. The antioxidant determination by inhibition of DPPH radicals showed significant differences in native oils and oils with lycopene.

Protective Role of Lycopene in Subjects with Liver Disease: NUTRIHEP Study.

Liver diseases are constantly increasing throughout the world and are often associated with other diseases, but above all they are caused by improper diet. Adherence to a diet with abundant vegetables has now been widely demonstrated to be important in combating this pathological condition. The aim of this study was to explore the protective role of lycopene (LYC) extracts from cooked and fresh tomato. The study cohort included 969 participants assessed in the NUTRIHEP cohort (2005-2006) and the associated follow-up (2014-2016), divided into two groups, based on liver condition: NAFLD, or AFLD and FLD. The results indicated a statistical significance of LYC consumption, showing a protective role against liver disease, the best concentration being 9.50 mg/die, with an RR value of 0.59, p = 0.01, 0.39 to 0.90 at 95% C.I., and RRR = 0.40, p = 0.002, 0.22 to 0.71 at 95% C.I. The protective role of LYC extracts from tomato has not been amply demonstrated in humans. We conclude that this is one of the few papers in the literature to evaluate the protective effect of LYC against liver disease, as well as how this molecule could be used in future possible treatments. Utilizing lycopene as a supplement alone or in combination with other foods could be useful for developing treatments with reduced contraindications.

Kinetics, thermodynamics and isotherm modelling of cloud point extraction of lycopene

Kinetics, thermodynamics and isotherm modelling of cloud point extraction of lycopene

Green Extraction of Carotenoids from Tomato By-products Using Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate

AbstractTomato peel by-products contain high levels of lycopene, which has traditionally been extracted using organic solvents. This research focuses on the optimisation of a sustainable method to obtain a lycopene-rich extract using the biodegradable anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). A Plackett–Burman experimental design was used to investigate the effect of seven factors on the extraction of carotenoids from tomato peels using sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS volume and concentration, homogenisation intensity and time, sonication phase, extraction time and ultracentrifugation intensity). Based on the responses of total carotenoid extraction, the SDS volume, the use of ultrasound and the extraction time significantly influenced the extraction yield and were selected for optimisation using a Box–Wilson experimental design. The final green extraction protocol (1 g sample + 11.9 ml SDS 0.3%, homogenisation at 13,500 rpm for 2 min, ultrasound phase, agitation for 8.2 h and ultracentrifugation) was selected after quantification of total carotenoids by UV–VIS and HPLC-DAD. Finally, we used nuclear magnetic resonance to demonstrate a high lycopene purity in the carotenoid extract obtained. Furthermore, using transmission electron microscopy, we observed the presence of intact chromoplasts in the extract, protecting the carotenoids from the exposure to external agents. Thus, this work reports an optimised method for the sustainable extraction of carotenoids and demonstrates the viability of the degradable solvent SDS for the extraction of liposoluble bioactive compounds, like carotenoids and mainly lycopene. The lycopene extract could be used for the technological and nutritional enrichment of new foods and/or the design of nutraceuticals.

Study of the Antioxidant Activity of Lycopene and Lycopene Nanoparticles Extracted from Tomato Waste Powder

The study aimed to extract lycopene from tomato waste powder and convert it into a nanoformula using high-energy mechanical grinding technology, and its dimensions were 78nm as estimated by the scanning electron microscope (SEM). of natural lycopene and the industrial antioxidant Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). The results of the study showed a significant superiority (p≤0.05).) for nanoscale lycopene, as the percentage of inhibition for the three methods reached 80.9%, 80.2%, and 74.1%, respectively, superior to natural lycopene and BHT. The study showed the importance of using nano-lycopene as a substitute for BHT with low concentrations and high efficiency to improve the quality of the food product.

Techno-economic sensitivity assessment for supercritical CO2 extraction of lycopene from tomato processing waste

Natural lycopene is in demand by food and drug industries, and tomato processing waste (TPW) holds promise as a valuable source. Previous research investigated supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) from TPW in a techno-economic context, but lacks understanding of how technical and economic factors impact profitability. This study fills the gap by establishing a hierarchy of significance for factors affecting SFE profitability. The investigation encompasses various parameters such as static and dynamic extraction times, extractor volume, CO2 loss, project lifetime, interest rate, corporate tax rate, operator salary, cost of SFE equipment, and prices of CO2, electricity, and extract oil. The parameter boundaries are defined using well-sourced data from relevant literature. Our findings highlight that the SFE facility becomes profitable when the extractor capacity surpasses 42 L. The most influential factors on NPV include the price of the extract, the interest rate, the dynamic time of SFE, and the project lifetime.

Lycopene in hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent with natural catalysts: A promising strategy to simultaneously promote lycopene Z-isomerization and extraction.

Lycopene Z-isomerization and degradation in a series of hydrophobic natural deep eutectic solvents (HNDES) was firstly studied. The highest lycopene retention (about 84.6%) was found in HNDES composed of thymol and menthol (TM), and fatty acid-basedHNDES promoted lycopene Z-isomerization (about 70% for total Z-isomers) and degradation. The addition of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), diallyl disulfide (DADS) and capric acid into TM promoted Z-isomerization of lycopene (80% for total Z-isomers), especially 5Z-isomer (>30%), while lycopene remaining rate in TM/-capric acid was below 20%. During lycopene extraction from tomato power and watermelon juice by TM, the ratios of Z-isomer significantly (p<0.05) increased especially with AITC and DADS (up to about 80%), and extraction yields increased even>100% with capric acid. Lycopene in TM/-capric acid extracts showed low degradation with Z-isomers increasing during storage. TM with capric acid could simultaneously promote lycopene Z-isomerization and extraction.

A step-by-step technoeconomic analysis of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of lycopene from tomato processing waste

A step-by-step technoeconomic analysis of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of lycopene from tomato processing waste