Lvov University Research Articles

Tytus Laskiewicz w służbie książki. Z dziejów bibliotek Politechniki Lwowskiej i Politechniki Śląskiej w Gliwicach

Tytus Laskiewicz (1884-1964) was the head of the library of the Lvov University of Technology. His contribution to the transfer of its collections to a new building and the organisation of library work there was exceptional. He published 4 catalogues presenting its collections. He performed the same function at the Silesian University of Technology in Gliwice, where he built the book collection from scratch, dealt with the development of the collection and made it accessible. His duties also involved building issues. Furthermore, Laskiewicz collaborated with the local library community. For his accomplishments in the field of librarianship, he was awarded the Gold Cross of Merit and the Officer’s Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta. The article was developed mainly on the basis of source documents, including materials previously unknown by the scientific community, such as Kronika Biblioteki c.k.Szkoły Politechnicznej we Lwowie (in the collection of the Stefanyk Library in Lviv).

U źródeł historii wychowania na ziemiach polskich

The article revolves around the history of upbringing in Poland as a science discipline. The first historical-pedagogical works appeared in the Renaissance and were continued in Age of Enlightenment. However, it was not until the-19th century when a discipline called ‘history of upbringing’ was created. Its development, by East European standards, took place in difficult social and political circumstances. Poland, at that time annexed by Russia, Prussia and Austria, did not enjoy conditions conducive to scientific development. The annexation was counterbalanced by actions instigated by cultural, educational and scientific institutions. As a result, historical science could develop despite the political situation and the financial shortcomings. Introduction of pedagogy and history of upbringing at the Krakow and Lvov Universities was important to the development of the history of upbringing. Antoni Karbownik’s post-doctoral degree in the history of upbringing obtained in 1905 from the Jagiellonian University and post-doctoral degrees in pedagogy (also the Jagiellonian University) awarded to Leon Kulczyński, Euzebiusz Czerkawski, Aleksander Skórski, Antoni Danysz and Bolesław Mańkowski (Lvov University) were breakthroughs in the history of upbringing. For the areas of study to become disciplines of science, they had to be defined, including their research object and the methodological basis. Władysław Seredyński Franciszek Majchrowicz, Antoni Karbowiak and Antoni Danysz adopted a position on the subject. In the late 19th and the early 20th centuries the history of upbringing was perceived as a discipline of science related to history with respect to the ,methodology and with pedagogy with respect to the content, with its own research, terminology, sources and academic teachers. The history of education was officially a part of culture. In this context, educational matters should be viewed.

ŞƏRQŞÜNAS ALİM – MƏHƏMMƏD SADIQ BƏY AĞABƏYZADƏ

Collapse of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic meant to lose valuable personalities, outstanding intelligents’ leaving the country, condemned to live expatriation life. One of the outstanding intelligents is Mahammad Sadig bay Aghabayzada who had worked as deputy minister of Internal Affairs (October 23, 1918 – December 23, 1919) in APR. M.S.Aghabayzada who was born in Goychay county in Baku province on March 15, 1865, finished Baku realni school in 1883, Mikhaylov Topchular school in Petersburg in 1886. He entered education department on Oriental languages of Russia ministry of foreign affairs in 1896 and finished with excellent marks. During the period of char Russia M.S.Aghabayzada, who served in Turkustan was known as outstanding general, as well as orientalist scientist. His manual on grammar of Turkman language written in Russian language was published in Ashgabad in 1904. General-major Mahammad Sadig bay Aghabayzada was appointed as deputy minister of Internal Affairs after establishment of first democratic republic in muslim East on May 28, 1918. M.Aghabayzada tried unwearyingly for activity and development of Azerbaijani national independent police. He prepared reform conception in police of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Mahammad Sadig bay left Istanbul and went to France, lived in Paris and Nice. M.S.Aghabayzada passed oppressive life in France, he stayed unemployed for long time. In 1926 professor of Lvov University in Poland Zigmund Smogorjevski invited M.Aghabayzada to Lvov University to give lecture on turkish and persian languages. Mahammad Sadig bay Aghabayzada taught turkish, arabian, persian languages from 1927 till the end of his life here. He wrote manuals on grammar of turkish, arabic and persian languages in Poland language. He founded Oriental languages studying in Lvov University. Key words: Azerbaijan Democratic Republik, orientalist scientist, general-mayor, deputy minister, Lvov University

Szkoła Szymona Askenazego

In this article the author concentrates on the didactic activity of the modern historian from Lvov, namely Szymon Askenazy, as being oriented towards promoting doctors and publishing outstanding students’ works. In the first part she draws attention to the advantages of classes delivered by Askenazy at the Lvov University. In the second part she attempts to answer the following questions, 1) what elements of the research skills were emphasized by the promoter and reviewers of the doctoral dissertations completed in Lvov; 2) what was pointed out by Askenazy in prefaces to monographs by studentsauthors; 3) what en bloc image of the school was created by the editor of the “Monograph”. In the third part she quotes opinions about Askenazy’s students’ published monographs. The author comes to the conclusion that in the series published by him and to even greater extent in the reviews of the doctoral theses Askenazy emphasized students’ effort oriented towards widening the source base and comparative approach towards events and phenomena. At least three variants of prefaces to students’ monographs may be distinguished, namely the so-called ‘problem’, ‘personal’ and ‘mixed’ ones. Various strategies of presenting results obtained by the seminar participants were the consequence of appreciating individuality of the writers as well as the consequence of unifying tendencies, which aimed at showing that a team of scientific debutants could face the challenge without any complexes and advance studies on the modern and newest history of Poland.

Szkoła Szymona Askenazego

In this article the author concentrates on the didactic activity of the modern historian from Lvov, namely Szymon Askenazy, as being oriented towards promoting doctors and publishing outstanding students’ works. In the first part she draws attention to the advantages of classes delivered by Askenazy at the Lvov University. In the second part she attempts to answer the following questions, 1) what elements of the research skills were emphasized by the promoter and reviewers of the doctoral dissertations completed in Lvov; 2) what was pointed out by Askenazy in prefaces to monographs by studentsauthors; 3) what en bloc image of the school was created by the editor of the “Monograph”. In the third part she quotes opinions about Askenazy’s students’ published monographs. The author comes to the conclusion that in the series published by him and to even greater extent in the reviews of the doctoral theses Askenazy emphasized students’ effort oriented towards widening the source base and comparative approach towards events and phenomena. At least three variants of prefaces to students’ monographs may be distinguished, namely the so-called ‘problem’, ‘personal’ and ‘mixed’ ones. Various strategies of presenting results obtained by the seminar participants were the consequence of appreciating individuality of the writers as well as the consequence of unifying tendencies, which aimed at showing that a team of scientific debutants could face the challenge without any complexes and advance studies on the modern and newest history of Poland.

Professor Andrey Obzhut is the organizer and the first head of the Department of Pathological Anatomy (1896-1910), Medical Faculty, Yan Kazimizh Lvov University

Professor Andrey Obzhut is the organizer and the first head of the Department of Pathological Anatomy (1896-1910), Medical Faculty, Yan Kazimizh Lvov University

Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz’s proposal of ethical norms

Abstract Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz is known primarily as a logician and methodologist. Ethics was a side discipline to his scientific research, which he lectured at Lvov University in the 1930s. Assuming that ethics is a philosophical science, he tried to systematise its contemplations according to the scientific principles developed at the Lvov–Warsaw School of thought. However, in his research he also took into account the philosophical tradition which recognised ethics as one of the chief branches of philosophy. Ajdukiewicz’s submission of ethics to the requirements of logic was related to an attempt to analyse its core concepts. Consequently, an outline of the original ethical concept was developed, but never developed into a system.

KONSTYTUCYJNA OCHRONA WŁASNOŚCI W ŚWIETLE POGLĄDÓW STANISŁAWA MADEYSKIEGO

Constitutional Protection of Property in the Light of Stanisław Madeyski’s ViewsSummary The article discusses the work of Stanisław Madeyski „A political right to freedom of property” published in «Czasopismo Prawnicze i Ekonomiczne» [Journal of Law and Economics] from 1903 and points out that the ideas presented therein did not lose their immediate interest. The main discussions are preceded by a presentation of the curriculum vitae and the academic output of Stanisław Madeyski (1841-1910) a profesor of Jagiellonian University, also a politician, Austrian Minister of Religious Denomination and Education, and the member of the State Tribunal (Reichsgericht).In his work Stanisław Madeyski addresses an interpretation of, still in force in Austria, article V of the Citizens’ Universal Rights Act dated December 21,1867, pursuant to which the property right is inviolable, and expropriation against the owner’s will may occur only in cases provided for in law. Adducing the historical and comparative argumentation Madeyski demonstrates that the said provision is concerned with a ban, aimed at the State authorities, on encroaching upon a domain of property relations of the citizens apart from cases provided for in the constitution. In the author’s opinion the constitution article under discussion guarantees the citizens not only the inviolability of the right to property but also the inviolability of the whole of their possessions that is of the totality of the material rights vested in them. Madeyski points out that the constitutional ban on infringement upon property imposes on the State authorities the legal duty to a citizen to cease all unlawful acts that would infringe upon a property of a citizen. This duty of the State authorities corresponds on the side of a citizen to the possibility of a free disposal of his property. This formulation of a relation between a citizen and the State authorities bears the same features as all liberties guaranteed by the constitution, as for example personal liberty, freedom of religion, freedom of nationality. Doubtless, all these rights originate from the sole right of political liberty (personality). In the same way property inviolability is a particular way to exercise the general right of political liberty as it is the case with any aforementioned liberties. It serves the citizens to develop, within legal limits, their personality according to free will. Madeyski closes his considerations with the conclusion that inviolability of property provided for in this constitutional provision is a political, constitutionally guaranteed right of freedom of property that is protected by law before the State Tribunal.The article emphasizes that it was to Madeyski’s credit that he demonstrated the protection guaranteed by the constitution covers not only property but also other material rights. This view is accepted nowadays, both in Polish and foreign legal doctrine. The most important and enduring is the expressed in the work of Madeyski idea emphasizing the connection between a constitutionally guaranteed protection of proprietary rights and protection of man’s liberty.Bringing back ideas expressed one hundred years ago by one of Polish lawyer of distinction, although nowadays almost forgotten in Poland, served also to point out the role which Austro-Hungarian Monarchy structural solutions played in the formation of constitutional jurisdiction. In this context statements of two professors have been indicated; these of Oswald Balzer and Jozef Buzek from the Lvov University who already in 1919 postulated an establishment of a body having a constitutional jurisdiction status in the Reborn Poland.

O PSYCHOLOGICZNEJ I WOJENNEJ MISJI TWÓRCY SZKOŁY LWOWSKO-WARSZAWSKIEJ

W artykule omówiono podwójną misję, która została idealnie spełniona przez Kazimierza Twardowskiego, założyciela Szkoły Lwowsko-Warszawskiej. Swoją misję psychologiczną Twardowski realizował przez całe życie, podczas gdy misja wojenna trwała trzy lata (1914–1917), kiedy to pełnił on funkcję rektora Uniwersytetu Lwowskiego. Opisy obu misji poprzedza krótki rys biograficzny Kazimierza Twardowskiego.

Antoni marian gabryszewski as a pioneer of orthopaedics and rehabilitation in poland.

This article describes the work of Dr. Antoni Marian Gabryszewski, orthopaedic surgeon, associate professor at Lvov University, towards the development of orthopaedics and rehabilitation in Poland before World War I. It is based on archival materials, publications in medical journals and articles from the daily press of that time. The author presents little-known facts concerning Dr. Gabryszewski's occupational and academic activity and his work at the Surgery Dept. of Lvov University as well as his habilitation dissertation, regarded as the first attempt to position orthopaedics as distinct from surgery in Poland. The article also describes his long-term work at the private Orthopaedic Facility established in 1898 in Lvov which later incorporated the Zander Institute in 1908. The Zander Institute was the first in Galicia to offer exercise machines designed by Dr. Gustav Zander, imported from Stockholm and enjoying an extraordinary popularity in the world. Dr. Gabryszewski's practice as a spa doctor, which he pursued in Iwonicz Zdrój in the summer months, is also presented. Dr. A. Gabryszewski introduced comprehensive rehabilitation to the treatment of orthopaedic patients both at the Surgery Dept. of Lvov University and at his Orthopaedic Facility. He used therapeutic gymnastics (particularly mechanotherapy), therapeutic massage, physical therapy and orthopaedic aids. Analysis of the source materials leads to unequivocal conclusions attesting to Dr. A. Gabryszewski's pioneering role and significant contribution to the development of orthopaedics and rehabilitation in Poland.

Etyczne i ekonomiczne aspekty kategorii zasoby społeczne Stanisława Głąbińskiego

Stanisław Głąbiński (1862–1941) professor at the Lvov University, the author of a two volume work entitled „National economics” is a representative of the historical-national trend in Polish economics. The subject matter of his concept of national economics is the national economy which is a higher rank entity, encompassing all economic entities in the country that are related materially and spiritually. Bonds that link individuals into a higher rank entity, i.e. a nation, are reflected in the term ‘social resources’. Głąbiński understands them as moral and material heritage of past generations that influences attitudes of the contemporary generation. He divides them into moral and material resources, and especially emphasizes the importance of the former ones. In the concept of moral resources, Głąbiński included his claims concerning the whole socio-ethical conditions of economic processes. He appreciated the influence exerted by the changes in the ethical viewpoint of the society on the economic activity as well as on the shaping of the sense of duty towards the whole society. Special emphasis placed in Głąbiński’s economic theory on the role of ethical motives undoubtedly springs from the influence exerted by the German historical school and, in particular, by Bruno Hildebrand. It also is a result of the effect of Polish economic thought including in particular the views of Fryderyk Skarbek and Józef Supiński. According to Głąbiński, the most important constituent element of material resources was finance, understood by him as stocks of economic goods.

Cholesteric liquid Crystals: Physical Properties and Molecular-Statistical Theories

Abstract It seems certain now that cholesteric liquid crystals (cholesterics, or CLC, for short) have been the first examples of mesomorphic state of matter known to humankind. Apart from the well-known discovery of the two-stage melting of cholesteryl benzoate made by Reinitzer in 18881 and cited in almost all the textbooks, one may recall some other papers where the authors, quite unaware of the real significance of their observations, presented undeniable evidence of the liquid crystalline state of matter. E.g., Professor Planer from the Lvov University as early as in 1861 did observe, putting it in the presentday terms, selective reflection from the planar texture of cholesteryl chloride forming a monotropic cholesteric mesophase on cooling.2 One should also note that the works of Fergason3,4 outlining the prospects of practical applications for CLC, did, in fact, precede similar endeavors by Heilmeier in the field of nematics. From the viewpoint of organic chemistry, a number of mesogenic cholesterol...

The Mote (Extract)

Mykhaylo Osadchy was born on 22 March 1936 into a collective farmer's family in the NE Ukraine and graduated from the faculty of journalism, Lvov University, in 1958. He started as an editor, then senior editor, with Lvov television, and after 1960 taught journalism at Lvov University until his arrest in August 1965. He was also a deputy secretary of the journalism department's Party organisation and in charge of ideological education. On 18 April 1966 Osadchy was sentenced in camera for ‘anti-Soviet propaganda, nationalism and participation in a conspiracy’ to two years’ labour camp. In December 1966, a notebook with his translations from Garcia Lorca, from the work of some Baltic poets and his own poetry was confiscated. Meanwhile his first book of poetry, Misyachne pole (‘ Moonlit Field’), published by the Lvov publishing house Kamenyar, had been pulped as a result of his arrest. After his release in August 1968 Osadchy was not restored to his post and went through several manual and clerical jobs. He continued to write poetry and in April-May 1969 completed Bil'mo (‘ The Mote’), a fictionalised memoir of his arrest, trial, and life in the labour camp. He was arrested again in January 1972 (see INDEX no. 1, p. 87) and was sentenced in September to seven years’ imprisonment and five years’ exile for ‘anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda’. Although the investigation at his trial, held in camera in Lvov, failed to prove Osadchy's authorship of this work or its dissemination in samizdat, he was tried under article 62 of the Ukrainian Criminal Code for poems which were allegedly anti-Soviet and said to have been found in his flat at the time of his arrest.

The Political, Cultural, and Social Views of Yugoslav Youth

This paper is based on twenty or more youth surveys conducted in Yugoslavia from 1956 to 1963. It shows the relative influence of numerous opinion determinants on the political views of the students, their social values and life aspirations, and their social and cultural interests. In many respects the Communist youth policy in Yugoslavia seems to have been successful in producing acceptance of the regime and a mood of political and social acquiescence. However, the absence of political fervor and participation, coupled with indifference to higher social and political goals, are disturbing tendencies from the point of view of the Communist authorities. Stanislaw Skrzypek is a student of East European affairs with Ph.D. degrees from Lvov University in Poland and Fordham University in New York.