Luteinizing Hormone Receptor Gene Research Articles

Dynamics of gonadotropin and thienopyrimidine derivative TP03 effects on ovulation and ovarian steroidogenesis in Follimag-stimulated immature female rats

BACKGROUND: Gonadotropin preparations, particularly human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), are commonly used to induce ovulation and treat reproductive disorders in women, albeit with associated side effects. Low-molecular-weight allosteric agonists of the luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR), such as thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives, offer a potential alternative. AIM: This study aims to compare the effects of thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine TP03 and hCG on ovarian weight, corpus luteum formation, and plasma levels of estradiol, progesterone, and luteinizing hormone in immature female rats pre-treated with Follimag®. It also examines their impact on ovarian gene expression related to LHR and steroidogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: TP03 and hCG were administered 48 h after the Follimag® injection at a dose of 20 mg/kg (i.p.) and 15 IU/rat (s.c.), respectively. Parameters were assessed at 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 h after TP03 and hCG administration. Plasma hormone levels were measured via ELISA, and ovarian gene expression was analyzed using real-time PCR. RESULTS: TP03 increased ovarian weight, progesterone levels in the blood, and expression of steroidogenic genes encoding the cholesterol-transporting protein StAR and the cytochromes CYP11A1 and CYP17A1. TP03 also stimulated corpus luteum formation (16–24 h after treatment). The temporal dynamics of its stimulating effects were similar to those of hCG, although their magnitude was slightly inferior to those of gonadotropin. TP03-induced decrease in blood estradiol levels and aromatase gene expression in the ovaries was also more moderate. Unlike hCG, which suppressed LHR gene expression 8 h after treatment, TP03 maintained a high LHR gene expression, preserving ovarian sensitivity to endogenous luteinizing hormone. CONCLUSIONS: TP03 exhibits potential as an ovulation inducer with milder stimulating effects on ovarian steroidogenesis than hCG, which reduces the risks of developing ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome and resistance to gonadotropins.

Biological and physical studies on the protective and therapeutic roles of ashwagandha seed extract against the potential toxic effect of amoxicillin in rats

Background Ashwagandha plant enhances the body’s defense against toxicants through improving the cell-mediated immunity. Objective The present work was performed to assess the protective and therapeutic efficiencies of ashwagandha seed extract (ASE) against the harmful effects of amoxicillin (AM) treatment on biological and physical parameters in the brain, liver, and testes tissues of rats. Materials and methods Total RNA was isolated from brain, liver, and testes tissues to assess the gene expression of steroid 5 alpha-reductase 1 (5α-R1), multidrug resistant 1b (mdr1b), and luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) genes, respectively. The cDNA was synthesized and real-time polymerase chain reaction (Real-time PCR) was performed, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was measured. Histological examination and physiological tests for the cerebral cortex of brain tissue were recorded. Results and conclusion Our findings revealed that AM treatment (90 mg/kg. b.wt.) caused detrimental effects in all biological parameters, including up-regulation of gene expressions and reduction of TAC values in brain, liver, and testes tissues, in addition to severe damage to histological architectures in the cerebral cortex, including hemorrhage and neurodegeneration. ASE treatment at different doses (100, 200, and 300 mg/kg) significantly enhanced the biological and physical parameters. As the ASE dose level increased, it was observed that these improvements in gene expressions and TAC also increased. Gene expression enhancements were more pronounced in the therapeutic efficacy of ASE, whereas TAC enhancements were more pronounced in the protective efficacy of this medicinal plant extract, particularly in brain and liver tissues. In terms of histopathological parameters, the damage caused by AM was reduced by using 300 mg/kg of protective ASE than 200 mg/kg of therapeutic ASE. Biophysical investigation indicated that relaxation time and enthalpy were restored and improved, while DC conductivity was not recovered by ASE use against AM damages. The present investigation provided biological and physical evidence for protective and therapeutic efficiencies of ASE against lesion effects of AM in the previously mentioned tissues of rats.

GnRHr, LHr, and Vg gene expression levels and ovarian development of G5 transgenic mutiara female catfish (Clarias gariepinus) after exposure photoperiod induction

This study aimed to determine the relative expression ratios of the genes gonadotrophin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHr), luteinizing hormone receptor (LHr), vitellogenin (Vg) and β-actin genes as expression control internal of the G5 fish using real-time PCR in a photoperiod experiment with designed treatments (A: 8L-16D; B: 12L-12D; C: 16L-8D for transgenic fish; and A*: 8L-16D; B*: 12L-12D; C*: 16L-8D for nontransgenic fish) for 60 days of rearing period. Ovary maturation was evaluated in G5 transgenic mutiara catfish during different photoperiod induction. A short photoperiod (8L-16D) induced an high expression of GnRHr, LHr, and Vg genes (mean, 4.42 ± 0.53, 5.63 ± 0.42, and 6.67 ± 0.31, respectively), indicating the role of dark cycle in increasing the gene expressions involved in ovarian maturation of G5 transgenic mutiara catfish. The lowest GnRHr, LHr, and Vg gene expression levels were found in nontransgenic fish (C*) (mean, 1.27 ± 0.13, 1.38 ± 0.24, and 2.42 ± 0.33, respectively). The exposure of transgenic fish (CgGH insert content) to a long photoperiod (16L-8D) resulted in lower expression levels of GnRHr, LHr, and Vg (mean, 2.31 ± 0.27, 2.34 ± 0.25, and 4.49 ± 0.30, respectively) and lower levels of hormones Vg and E2 (mean, 295.16 ± 21.71 μg/mL and 0.25 ± 0.03 ng/mL, respectively) and in non-transgenic fish (mean, 163.54 µg/mL and 0.14 ng/mL, respectively). Short photoperiods (8L-16D and 12l-12D) led to oocyte maturation and higher GSI values (mean, 12.24 ± 0.53 and 10.24 ± 0.38, respectively) compared to long photoperiods (16L-8D). Conversely, a long photoperiod led to decreased GnRHr, LHr, and Vg expression levels, and Vg and E2 hormone levels, leading to the growth of immature oocytes and decreased GSI (mean, 3.93 ± 0.29) in nontransgenic fish. The presence of CgGH in G5 transgenic mutiara female catfish can maintain the growth of primary oocytes to secondary oocytes during the 16L-8D photoperiod induction.

The effect of gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone on steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis by acting through the hypothalamic-pituitary-testis axis in mice.

Gonadotropin inhibitory hormone (GnIH) is essential for regulating the reproduction of mammals and inhibiting testicular activities in mice. This study aimed to explore the mechanism of GnIH on spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis by acting through the hypothalamus-pituitary-testis axis of mice. Mice were subcutaneously injected with different doses of GnIH (1 μg/150 μL, 3 μg/150 μL, 6 μg/150 μL, 150 μL saline, twice daily) for 11 days. Subsequently, luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone (T), and inhibin B (INH B) levels of peripheral blood were determined, and the expression of GnRH synthesis-related genes (GnRH-1, Kiss-1, NPY) and gonadotropin synthesis-related genes (FSH β, LH β, GnRH receptor) in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland were respectively detected. Additionally, the expression of steroidogenesis-related genes/proteins (P450scc, StAR and 3β-HSD) and spermatogenesis-related proteins/genes including LH receptor (LHR), androgen receptor (AR), heat shock factor-2 (HSF-2) and INH B were analyzed using western blot and q-PCR. Results showed that GnIH treatment significantly reduced the concentration of LH in the peripheral blood. Further analysis revealed that GnIH treatment markedly reduced the expression of GnRHImRNA and Kiss-1 mRNA in the hypothalamus, and mRNA levels of FSH β, LH β, and GnRHR genes in the pituitary. We also observed that GnIH treatment significantly decreased T levels and expression of the P450scc, StAR, and 3β-HSD proteins in the testis. Furthermore, GnIH treatment down-regulated LHR, AR proteins, and HSF-2 gene in the testis. Importantly, the INH B concentration of and INH βb mRNA levels significantly declined following GnIH treatment. Additionally, GnIH treatment may induce germ cell apoptosis in the testis of mice. In conclusion, GnIH may suppress spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis by acting through the hypothalamus-pituitary-testis axis in mice.

LH supplementation in IVF: human nature, politics, and elephants in the room.

Luteinizing hormone (LH) is present throughout the natural follicular phase. However, the debate is still not settled on whether LH is needed during ovarian stimulation in IVF. This commentary looks at the evolution of this debate, mentioning three elephants in the room that were ignored by the Pharma industry, professional organizations, and clinicians alike: 1. The different endocrinology between the long agonist and the antagonist protocols. 2. The fixed dose of the two most widely commercially available antagonist preparations, namely cetrorelix and ganirelix. 3. The fact that most research in this area uses population-based criteria, ignoring endocrine parameters. Individual genetics of the LH receptor gene may also serve to individualize LH needs during stimulation; however, the jury is still out regarding this approach. CONCLUSIONS: Individual endocrine and genetics parameters may shed meaningful light on the question of LH supplemental during ovarian stimulation.

One-step knock-in of two antimicrobial peptide transgenes at multiple loci of catfish by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated multiplex genome engineering

CRISPR/Cas9-mediated multiplex genome editing (MGE) conventionally uses multiple single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) for gene-targeted mutagenesis via the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway. MGE has been proven to be highly efficient for functional gene disruption/knockout (KO) at multiple loci in mammalian cells or organisms. However, in the absence of a DNA donor, this approach is limited to small indels without transgene integration. Here, we establish the linear double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and double-cut plasmid (dcPlasmid) combination-assisted MGE in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), allowing combinational deletion mutagenesis and transgene knock-in (KI) at multiple sites through NHEJ/homology-directed repair (HDR) pathway in parallel. In this study, we used single-sgRNA-based genome editing (ssGE) and multi-sgRNA-based MGE (msMGE) to replace the luteinizing hormone (lh) and melanocortin-4 receptor (mc4r) genes with the cathelicidin (As-Cath) transgene and the myostatin (two target sites: mstn1, mstn2) gene with the cecropin (Cec) transgene, respectively. A total of 9000 embryos were microinjected from three families, and 1004 live fingerlings were generated and analyzed. There was no significant difference in hatchability (all P > 0.05) and fry survival (all P > 0.05) between ssGE and msMGE. Compared to ssGE, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated msMGE assisted by the mixture of dsDNA and dcPlasmid donors yielded a higher knock-in (KI) efficiency of As-Cath (19.93 %, [59/296] vs. 12.96 %, [45/347]; P = 0.018) and Cec (22.97 %, [68/296] vs. 10.80 %, [39/361]; P = 0.003) transgenes, respectively. The msMGE strategy can be used to generate transgenic fish carrying two transgenes at multiple loci. In addition, double and quadruple mutant individuals can be produced with high efficiency (36.3 % ∼ 71.1 %) in one-step microinjection. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated msMGE allows the one-step generation of simultaneous insertion of the As-Cath and Cec transgenes at four sites, and the simultaneous disruption of the lh, mc4r, mstn1 and mstn2 alleles. This msMGE system, aided by the mixture donors, promises to pioneer a new dimension in the drive and selection of multiple designated traits in other non-model organisms.

Genes of Hormone Receptors Affecting Egg Productivity and Reproductive Qualities of Chickens

The egg production of chickens is a complex polygenic type of inheritance and is controlled by many genes. The laying performance of chickens is the result of a complex process regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal system. This review summarizes the information on the effect of polymorphisms of follicle stimulating hormone (FSHR), luteinizing hormone (LHCGR), progesterone (PR) and prolactin (PRLR) receptor genes on the egg production and reproductive performance of chickens. The data presented show that the polymorphisms of these genes are promising for use in breeding programs to improve egg production and reproductive performance of chickens.

Association of A51703G and G51656T loci polymorphism in luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) gene with sperm traits in Holstein bulls

Today, there is an increasing desire to use Candidate genes as molecular markers to improve reproductive traits. The luteinizing hormone receptor is expressed on the Leydig cells and plays a crucial role in gametogenesis initiation and maintenance. This study aimed to study the effects of luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) gene polymorphisms (A51703G and G51656T) on bull sperm traits. Genomic DNA was extracted from the semen, blood, and samples of 150 AI Iranian Holstein bulls according to the established protocol [10] with minor modifications. Semen traits were routinely collected at bull semen collection centers from each animal between 1992 and 2015. The bull fertility traits include semen concentration (SC 108 per ml) sperm volume (SV ml), fresh sperm motility (FSM %), and post-tallow sperm motility (PTSM %). The mutation was detected with A PCR-RFLP method. The digestion of amplicons was also carried out with BfaI and HinfI restriction enzymes in A51703G and G51656T loci, respectively. The restriction profiles of PCR products indicated two alleles in each locus (A and G for A51703G and G and T for G51656T). The frequency of the A and T alleles were 0.6647 and 0.606, respectively. Analysis of variance showed that LHR loci had a significant effect on sperm characteristics in Iranian Holstein bulls (P < 0.05). Bulls with GG genotype surpassed those with GA and AA genotypes regarding SP, FSM, and PTSM in the A51703G locus. In the G51656T locus, the association result showed that bulls with AG genotype had higher than others in all traits (P < 0.05). In conclusion, these data suggest that LHR polymorphisms are an excellent genetic marker for breeding programs in male reproductive traits in the Iranian bull population.

Identification polymorphism of LHR and FSHR genes in Indonesian Holstein dairy cattle associated with productive and reproductive traits

Abstract. Setyorini YW, Kurnianto E, Sutopo, Sutiyono. 2023. Identification polymorphism of LHR and FSHR genes in Indonesian Holstein dairy cattle associated with productive and reproductive traits. Biodiversitas 24: 2898-2905. Luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones and their receptors play an important role in the reproductive system’s hormonal activity and physiological function. This study aimed to identify the genotype variation of the Luteinizing Hormone Receptor (LHR) gene exon 11 and the Follicle-stimulating Hormone Receptor (FSHR) gene exon 10 and to elucidate the associating between polymorphism with the milk and reproductive traits in dairy cattle. A total of 100 samples of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from Indonesian Holstein dairy cattle were used in this study. Polymerase Chain Reaction Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was performed for genotyping of the Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) of the LHR and FSHR genes with the HhaI and AluI restriction enzymes, respectively. The collected phenotype data were milk production, quality, and reproductive trait. In addition, the general linear model procedure in the SAS program was carried out to investigate the association of genotypes with productive and reproductive traits. The results showed that the LHR gene in the population of this study was monomorphic, while the FSHR gene was polymorphic with three genotypes, namely CC, CG, and GG. The sequences of the FSHR gene indicated the presence of a mutation at nucleotide number 2037 that substitutes cytosine for guanine. Cows with the CC genotype showed better parameter service per conception (P&lt;0.05) than the other genotypes but did not correlate with other reproductive parameters and milk traits. Therefore, it was concluded that SNP g.2037C&gt;G polymorphism at FSHR gene exon 10 was identified in the Indonesian Holstein Dairy cattle population and associated with service per conception parameters but not with milk trait.

Modulating Effect of the Leptin Fragment 116–122 on Testicular Steroidogenesis in Male Rats

Adipokine leptin plays an important role in the regulation of the reproductive system. It stimulates the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis by indirectly acting on GnRH-secreting neurons and modulates testicular steroidogenic function by binding to leptin receptors in Leydig cells. A leptin fragment 116–122 (LF) including the main receptor-binding determinants of this adipokine, normalizes metabolic parameters in animals with diet-induced obesity. However, its ability to influence the steroidogenic function of the testes, including through interaction with GnRH neurons of the hypothalamus, has not been studied. The aim of this work was to study the effects of a single and three-day intranasal administration of LF (200 μg/rat) on the blood testosterone level and the expression of steroidogenic genes in the testes in mature male Wistar rats. To evaluate the effect of LF on testicular steroidogenesis upon stimulation with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG, 15 IU/rat, s/c), a stimulator of testosterone synthesis and an antagonist of the GnRH receptor cetrorelix (75 μg/kg, s.c.) an inhibitor of testicular steroidogenesis. It has been shown that LF increases the level of testosterone in the blood after a single injection, and after a three-day administration it enhances the steroidogenic effect of hCG. LF and hCG increased the expression of the Star gene encoding the key regulatory protein of steroidogenesis StAR. Administration of cetrorelix reduced testosterone levels and Star expression, and compensatory increased expression of the luteinizing hormone receptor gene. The potentiating effect of LF on hCG-induced stimulation of testosterone levels and Star expression was not detected under conditions of GnRH antagonist treatment. Thus, LF is capable of stimulating steroidogenesis in rat testis by itself and potentiating the steroidogenic effects of hCG. Since its effects are suppressed in the presence of a GnRH antagonist, there is reason to assume that the effect of LF is realized through stimulation of hypothalamic GnRH neurons.

Genetic Monomorphism of Luteinizing Hormone Receptor (lhr) Gene by Restriction ‎Fragment Length Polymorphism and Expression of LH in Egyptian Buffaloes

Genetic Monomorphism of Luteinizing Hormone Receptor (lhr) Gene by Restriction ‎Fragment Length Polymorphism and Expression of LH in Egyptian Buffaloes

Effects of Different Oxytocin and Temperature on Reproductive Activity in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): Based on Sex Steroid Hormone and GtHR Gene Expression

Luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) and follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) belong to the gonadotropic hormone receptors (GtHR), which are highly expressed in fish gonads and participate in the regulation of fish reproductive activities. Fish gonadal development and gamete maturation are not only regulated by their BPG axis but also affected by natural environmental factors (such as temperature, salinity, pH, nutrients, light, etc.). Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is a farmed fish with a short reproductive cycle, fast growth, and high economic value. To study the relationship between gonadotropic hormone receptors (GtHR) and the reproductive activity of Nile tilapia, different oxytocin injection experiments and different temperature treatment experiments were set up, and the expression changes of the GtHR gene in the gonads and the concentration changes of the estradiol (E2) in the female serum and testosterone (T) in the male serum were determined employing a quantitative RT-PCR assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. After the injection of oxytocin, with the change of E2 in females and T in males, the FSHR showed an expression pattern of first increase, then decrease, and the LHR showed an expression pattern of first increase, then decrease, and finally increase in the gonads, and the expression level of FSHR and LHR in the injection group was significantly higher than that in the control group at multiple time points; in addition, the expression level of FSHR and LHR in the oxytocin-combination injection group was higher than that in the single injection group. During 28 days of treatment at different temperatures, the sex steroid hormones and GtHR genes also showed regular changes, and the relationship between each group was 28 °C &gt; 32 °C &gt; 24 °C at most time points. According to the research results, it is speculated that FSHR and LHR play an important role in the development of Nile tilapia gonads and participate in the reproductive activities of Nile tilapia. By comparing and analyzing the changes in the sex steroid hormones and GtHR genes in each experimental group, it is speculated that different oxytocin injections could affect the expression of FSHR and LHR genes in Nile tilapia, and the combined effect of oxytocin was better than single oxytocin; the optimum temperature for the reproduction of Nile tilapia is between 28–32 °C. This study provides a theoretical basis for further elucidating the physiological functions and molecular mechanisms of FSHR and LHR and also provides a reference for the research of reproductive regulation in Nile tilapia.

A Possible Mechanism for Double-Yolked Eggs in the Early Stage of Egg-Laying in Zhedong White Goose-Function of IGF1 and LHR Signaling.

The cause of double-yolk (DY) egg production in birds is unclear, but it is related to body weight and adiposity. We explored the causes of the high proportion (up to 26%) of DY eggs in the first clutch of Zhedong white geese. We recorded the egg production of Zhedong white geese during the first egg-laying cycle and counted the proportion of DY eggs. We found that 30% of geese had 3 sets of double or triple follicles of the same diameter in the abdomen, which was close to the DY egg rate. In addition, the mRNA expression levels of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) genes in granulosa cells were similar within the same set of follicles. Furthermore, the IGF1 concentration in geese that had at least 3 sets of follicles of the same diameter was significantly higher than that in birds with 0-1 set of follicles of the same diameter. Thus, we proposed that, in the first egg-laying stage of geese, high plasma concentrations of IGF1 stimulate the development of pre-hierarchal follicles and cause more than one follicle to be selected at the same time, mature at the same rate under the same gonadotrophin milieu, and ovulate at the same time to produce DY eggs.

Differential expression of FSHR and LHR genes and proteins during development of rabbit ovarian follicles.

The development of an ovarian follicle is a complex process at the cellular and molecular level that is mainly regulated by follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) and luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR). To elucidate the contribution of these receptors to ovarian follicle development, it is necessary to determine their expression profiles during this biological process. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between ovarian development pattern and the differential ovarian expression pattern of FSHR and LHR genes as well as proteins at different developmental stages. Ovaries were collected from 30 New Zealand rabbits at day 0 (birth), week 2 (neonate), week 4 (cub), week 16 (maturity), and day 18 pregnancy. Ovarian histology, and gene as well as protein expression were determined using light microscopy, real-time PCR and western blotting, respectively. The results showed that the expression levels of FSHR mRNA and protein increased coincidently with age and the growth of ovarian follicles. The levels of LHR mRNA and protein remained low from the day of birth until week 4 and became significantly higher by week 16 coinciding with appearance of growing and antral follicles, which have a defined thecal layer. FSHR gene and protein expression decreased with pregnancy, whereas LHR increased, reaching a peak level during pregnancy. It can be concluded that changes in FSHR and LHR gene and protein expression could be related to the growth and development of follicles, indicating the regulatory role for these receptors in rabbit folliculogenesis.

Testotoxicosis with iron deficiency anemia: A case report

Testotoxicosis is an autosomal dominant disorder causing early-onset peripheral precocious puberty in boys. This condition is predominantly caused by an activating mutation in the luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) gene, which causes constitutive activation of the LHR, stimulating testosterone secretion in Leydig cells, despite suppression of luteinizing hormone. We are presenting a case report of a 2.6-year-old male child, who is a known case of Global developmental delay and spastic cerebral palsy. He presented with pubic hair development and penile enlargement as noticed by his mother at 10 months of age along with masculine features such as premature virilization of voice, acne, and breath holding spells. On further evaluation, he was diagnosed to have a rare genetic/heredofamilial disorder of testotoxicosis with iron deficiency anemia. The treatment consists of reducing hyperandrogenism in the children (sexual maturation, stature), with ketoconazole or a combination of antiandrogens and aromatase inhibitors. However, unfortunately, the treatment is not highly successful. Further, experience and controlled clinical trials are necessary to clarify the efficacy of combination therapy. Successful treatment can only be evaluated through long-term follow-up of these patients. The presenting case did not come for follow-up after the diagnosis and initial treatment advice.

Effects of resistance training, palm pollen grain extracts, and testosterone injection on luteinizing hormone receptors, claudin-1, cingulin, and zonula occludens in the prostate tissues of adult male rats.

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of resistance training, Phoenix dactylifera extract, and testosterone enanthate injection on luteinizing hormone receptor, claudin-1, cingulin, and zonula occludens in the prostate tissues of adult rats. 30male rats were divided into six groups: (1) control, (2) resistance training, (3) Phoenix dactylifera extract, (4) testosterone enanthate, (5) resistance training+Phoenix dactylifera extract, and (6) resistance training+testosterone enanthate. After completing the treatments and resistance training, all rats were sacrificed via anaesthesia. The results showed that resistance training, Phoenix dactylifera, and testosterone enanthate significantly increased the luteinizing hormone receptor, claudin-1, cingulin, and zonula occludens gene expression levels in the prostate. The resistance training treatment, along with Phoenix dactylifera+testosterone enanthate, exerted synergic effects on the prostate luteinizing hormone receptor levels and claudin-1gene expression. In conclusion, Phoenix dactylifera, as a natural compound with fewer side effects than testosterone injection, can be used to enhance athletic performance. Besides, considering the potential benefits of Phoenix dactylifera, it can be considered in the treatment of testosterone deficiency; however, furtherresearch is needed.

A Case-Control Study of the Luteinizing Hormone Level in Luteinizing Hormone Receptor Gene (rs2293275) Polymorphism in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Females

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common heterogeneous disorder characterized by chronic anovulation, infertility, polycystic ovaries, and hyperandrogenic signs. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the association of luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin hormone receptor LHCGR polymorphism (rs2293275) with oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea, hirsutism, acne, infertility, LH, LH/FSH ratio, and body mass index (BMI) among PCOS females. Methods: This genetic case-control study recruited 55 PCOS and 55 control females, diagnosed based on the Rotterdam criteria. LH and FSH were measured by the Roche cobas c 502 automated analyzer. Genotypic analysis was carried out using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and restriction endonuclease digestion. Results: BMI was higher for PCOS patients (28.5 ± 6.59) compared to controls (25.1 ± 5.77), and ovulatory dysfunction was seen among 90% of PCOS females. Oligomenorrhea was common in PCOS (73%), and hirsutism and acne were detected in PCOS (80% and 40%; respectively). LH ≥10 were recoded among 51%, while LH/FSH ≥1.5 was recorded among 33% PCOS females. There is a statistical difference between rs2293275 polymorphism in the AG genotype between PCOS patients and controls. PCOS patients have a significantly higher mean LH level compared to controls (8.36 ± 4.86 and 5.67 ± 2.51, respectively) and showed higher LH/FSH value (1.46 ± 0.81) compared to (0.87 ± 0.30) controls. GG and AG genotypes of LHCGR showed statistically significant higher LH (8.22 ± 4.11; 9.02 ± 3.87) and LH/FSH values (1.57 ± 0.56; 1.64 ± 0.89) compared to controls. Conclusion: LHCGR (rs2293275) GA and GG genetic variants could modulate the hormonal levels of PCOS LH levels and the LH/FSH ratio and associated with hirsutism, oligomenorrhea, BMI, and LH/FSH ratio as risk factors.

Anti-Müllerian hormone, testosterone, and insulin-like peptide 3 as biomarkers of Sertoli and Leydig cell function during deslorelin-induced testicular downregulation in the dog

The role of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) in male infertility is not fully understood. We used the downregulated testis as a model of gonadotropin-dependent infertility. Serum testosterone and AMH concentrations were studied in five adult male Beagles implanted (day 0) with 4.7 mg deslorelin (Suprelorin®, Virbac) (DES group). Testicular expression of LH receptor (LHR) and androgen receptor (AR), AMH, type 2 AMH receptor (AMHR2), INSL3 and its receptor (RXFP2) was evaluated 112 days (16 weeks) after deslorelin treatment by qPCR and immunohistochemistry, and compared to untreated adult (CON, n = 6) and prepubertal (PRE, n = 8) dogs. Serum testosterone concentration decreased significantly by the onset of aspermia on study day 14 (four dogs) or day 21 (one dog), and was baseline on day 105 (week 15). In contrast, serum AMH started to increase only after the onset of aspermia and reached the maximum detectable concentration of the assay by day 49-105 in individual dogs. Testicular LHR gene expression in DES was lower than in CON and PRE (P < 0.0001), while AR gene expression in DES was similar to CON and significantly higher than PRE (P < 0.0001). Testicular AMH expression in DES was intermediate compared to the lowest mRNA levels found in CON and the highest in PRE (P ≤ 0.006). AMHR2 gene expression was similar between groups. AMH protein was detected in Sertoli cells only, while AMHR2 immunoreactivity was principally detected in Leydig cells which appeared to be increased in DES. INSL3 and RXFP2 gene expression was significantly downregulated in the DES testis along with noticeably weak Leydig cell immunosignals compared to CON. In conclusion, deslorelin treatment caused testicular LH insensitivity without affecting androgen sensitivity, and de-differentiation of Sertoli and Leydig cells. In DES, upregulation of the AMH-AMHR2 feed-back loop and downregulation of the INSL3-RXFP2 feed-forward loop are paracrine-autocrine mechanisms that may additionally regulate testosterone production independent of gonadotropins. Our results support AMH and INSL3 as unique biomarkers and paracrine-autocrine regulators of testis function involved in the intimate interplay between Sertoli and Leydig cells.

Detection Gene of Luteinizing Hormone Receptor (rLH) in Madrasin Cattle using Polymerase Chain Reaction

The aim of this study was to determine the profile of the Luteinizing Hormone Receptor (rLH) gene in Madrasin cross breed cattle. The sample of this study used blood samples from 3 breeds of cattle. There were Madrasin from Bangkalan City, Madura from Bangkalan City and Limousin from BET Cipelang Bogor. The sample criteria were used female cattle around 2,5 years old and ever partus (once). The genomic DNA was extracted for polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by sequencing with software BioEdit Vers. 8.0 to determine the sequence of nucleotide bases. The results of this study were that three samples detected fragments in the form of DNA with nucleotide base of 373 bp. The conclusion, gene rLH in Madrasin Cattle can detected using PCR.

Polymorphism in the Exon 11 of Bovine Luteinizing Hormone Receptor Gene and its Association with Service per Conception in Pasundan Cows

Polymorphism in the Exon 11 of Bovine Luteinizing Hormone Receptor Gene and its Association with Service per Conception in Pasundan Cows