Lunasia Amara Research Articles

Phytochemical Screening of Ethyl Acetate Extract of Beta-beta Leaves (Lunasia amara Blanco) as Anticancer and Antimicrobial Based on Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances (PASS) Online

Phytochemical Screening of Ethyl Acetate Extract of Beta-beta Leaves (Lunasia amara Blanco) as Anticancer and Antimicrobial Based on Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances (PASS) Online

Aktivitas Antioksidan dan Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Batang Lunasia amara

Nowadays, there is an increasing demand for medicines to treat many types of diseases. Lunasia amara is one of the medicinal plants used by Indonesian people for a long time. This study aimed to identify the secondary metabolites of L. amara stem bark using phytochemical analysis and then assess its antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Metabolite extraction will be carried out with an ethanol solvent, and antioxidant activity will be determined using the α, α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays. Antibacterial experiments were conducted against two types of bacteria: Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. From the results of the phytochemical investigation, the predominant compound group is alkaloid. The ethanol extract metabolites have antioxidant activity and belong to the strong antioxidant group with an IC50 value of 77.96 ppm. Antibacterial activity was weak at concentrations as high as 20%. Based on these findings, further assays can be conducted, such as cytotoxic activity against various cancer cells.

Investigation of the Role of Lunasia amara Blanco in the Treatment of Malaria Through Network Pharmacology Analysis

IntroductionMalaria has been a health threat for centuries in tropical and subtropical areas of many countries. In these countries, people in rural areas with limited access to primary healthcare rely on traditional plants for their malaria treatment. One of the medicinal plants that has been used for centuries is Lunasia amara. L amara is a plant with an abundance of phytoconstituents that possess promising biological and pharmacological activities. Although this plant has been widely used, scientific evidence regarding the role of its bioactive compounds and pathways in alleviating malaria has not been well-researched. MethodsIn the present study, the role of L amara in treating malaria was analysed and explored using network pharmacology. ResultsThe results demonstrated that the active compounds of Lunasia amara are likely to have favourable pharmacokinetic profiles. These compounds target gene targets associated with malaria. Enrichment analyses performed with gene ontology and pathway analysis demonstrated that L amara alleviates malaria mostly by regulating the immune response. ConclusionsThis study confirms and validates the potential use of L amara for the treatment of malaria.

Bioactive Compounds of Sanrego (Lunasia Amara Blanco.) Extracted Using Different Methods: A Review

The use of plants as medicine has been trusted by the community since time immemorial. Sanrego (Lunasia amara Blanco.) is one plant that has been believed to be an aphrodisiac. Sanrego is a wild plant found in the forests of Sulawesi, Java, Borneo, Maluku, Philippines, Papua New Guinea and Australia, and belongs to the Rutaceae Family. Sanrego has several properties such as treating stomach pain, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, snake bites and increasing sexual aggressiveness. This is because sanrego has bioactive ingredients as pharmacological. Sanrego extract contains secondary metabolites or bioactive compounds that include flavanoids, tannins, alakloids, steroids and saponins. Given the large variety of bioactive compounds in a sanrego plant, it is necessary to pay attention to extraction techniques in filtering these compounds. Some environmentally friendly extraction methods that can be used include maceration extraction methods, soxhlet, reflux, ultasonic, microwave, and enzyme assistance. This review discusses and describes the various extraction techniques used to obtain plant bioactive compounds. These extraction techniques include conventional extraction techniques and non-conventional extraction techniques. This review analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of this extraction technique. This review covers the application of extraction methods to sanrego plants.

LC-HRMS Metabolite Profiling of Lunasia amara Stem Bark and In Silico Study in Breast Cancer Receptors

L. amara is a medicinal plant used as an aphrodisiac. Several studies show it has a compound with biological activities such as inhibition of cell proliferation, one of the mechanisms leading to anticancer activities. This study aimed to profile the metabolites and predict activity against two breast cancer receptors (ERα (3ERT) and HER2 (3PPO)) with an in silico approach. Metabolite profiling of water and 80% ethanol extract was analyzed by UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS. Also, we performed a radical scavenging activity by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Putative identification of metabolite in L. amara showed the 46 metabolites (4 unknown) were identified and predominantly as quinoline alkaloids. Some of the compounds from glycosides and phenol groups were also identified. From the antioxidant capacity test results, the 80% ethanol extract had a higher radical scavenging capacity than the aqueous extract. Based on the molecular docking results, the highest affinity for the ERα receptor was found in the tested compound tetrahydropapaveroline and exceeded the native 4-OHT ligand. For the HER2 receptor, graveolinine has the highest affinity but is still below the native lapatinib ligand. Ligand interactions with the amino acids Leu 387 and Glu 419 on the active site of the ERα receptor and Phe1004 on the HER2 receptor are thought to play an important role in increasing the energy affinity. Overall, all compounds showed higher affinity for HER2 receptors than ERα. Alkaloids demonstrated anticancer activity. Further research should be conducted to determine the in vitro activity of these compounds on breast cancer cells.

Non-targeted screening with LC-HRMS and In-Silico Study on Diabetic activity of ethyl acetate extract of Sanrego (Lunasia amara Blanco)

Indonesian have long empirical use of the Sanrego plant (Lunasia amara Blanco) as antidiabetic, but the active compounds of Sanrego that acts as antidiabetic is not yet known. This study aimed to know the active compound from the ethyl acetate extract (EEA) of Sanrego stems and leaves and predict its ability as an anti- diabetic by in-silico. The dried leaves and stems of Sanrego were grounded into powder and extracted using ethyl acetate. The active compounds were detected using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and Liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Anti-diabetic activity was predicted by molecular docking approach compared to acarbose and vildagliptin. The TLC results showed that Sanrego EEA contained alkaloid and flavonoid compounds include scopoletin. The LC-HRMS results showed 11 active compounds in EEA and all of them had anti-diabetic activity. The detected main compounds were hesperidin, scopoletin, tangeritin, and trigonelline. Based on the results of molecular docking, the four compounds showed anti-diabetic activity through α-glucosidase inhibition and dipeptidyl peptides- 4 (DPP-4) inhibition. Hesperidin has the highest energy affinity as an α-glucosidase inhibitor (-7.4) and DPP4 inhibitor (-9.8), followed by tangeritin, scopoletin, and trigonelline. This study concluded that the EEA of Sanrego contains hesperidin, tangeritin, scopoletin, and trigonelline which has anti-diabetic activity through α-glucosidase inhibition and DPP4 inhibition.

Biodiversity of ethnomedicinal plants from the B’laan Tribe in Mount Matutum Protected Landscape, Southern Mindanao, Philippines

Abstract. Alinsug MV, Estandarte MHG, Somodio EMN, Sabarita MJJ, Deocaris CC. 2021. Biodiversity of ethnomedicinal plants from the B’laan Tribe in Mount Matutum Protected Landscape, Southern Mindanao, Philippines. Biodiversitas 23: 554-563. Mount Matutum Protected Landscape (MMPL) is one of the key biodiversity areas in Mindanao Island, Philippines, and is part of the ancestral domains of 18 indigenous peoples. The present study aims to establish a comprehensive inventory of the medicinal flora at MMPL according to the traditional healing practices of the B'laan, a tribal community whose cultural heritage is anchored to their interactions with nature and with a rich and understudied ethnomedicinal system. Focus group discussions and key informant interviews of the tribal healers from five tribal communities revealed 101 medicinal plants belonging to 33 families were identified. The plant species have therapeutic uses for 19 disease categories. Roots and leaves are the most utilized parts which are made into a decoction, the most common preparation for oral intake. Tawal-ulad (Lunasia amara Blanco), which is used as a treatment for snake bites, dengue, dysmenorrhea, constipation, rabies, and hypertension has the highest use value (UV). Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) analysis revealed that cholera, scabies, viral infections, warts, beriberi, diabetes, gastric ulcer are the most common diseases treated with medicinal plants by the B'laan tribal healers. The biodiversity of medicinal plants, although some remain unidentified at the species level, reflects the centuries-old ethnomedicinal knowledge of the B'laan Tribe. Our study is the first comprehensive documentation of the ethnomedicinal knowledge of the B'laan Tribe residing at MMPL.

UJI POTENSI ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN KAYU METANG (Lunasia amara blanco) TERHADAP Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus is a normal flora in living things found on the skin and mucous membranes. Staphylococcus aureus can potentially cause infections of the skin and mammary glands. Natural ingredients that have the potential as antibacterial are Kayu Metang Leaves (Lunasia amara blanco) Manggarai people use the leaves to treat diabetes and wounds on the skin. The purpose of this study was to determine the secondary metabolites contained in Kayu Metang leaves and to determine the level of effective concentration as an antibacterial Staphylococcus aureus. This study used four replications and there were three variations of the ethanol extract concentration, namely 5%, 10%, and 20%. Data analysis in this study employed One-Way Anova followed by normality test and homogeneity test with 95% confidence level (a = 0.05). The results revealed that the inhibition zones resulting from concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 20% had different diameter values ​​and had the same average antibacterial strength, namely the strong category because the range of inhibition zones formed from 9.525 mm to 14.65 mm. The result of the one-way Anova test was a significance of p = 0.397. There was no significant difference in each concentration of metang wood leaf extract with a p value> 0.05. The use of metang wood extract had a smaller inhibitory power than the use of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin, but the use of metang wood extract has been shown to inhibit S. aureus bacteria. This study concluded that the leaves of metang wood (Lunasia amara blanco) have been shown to contain alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids and triterpenoids, and antibacterial compounds to the growth of Staphylococcus aureus.

Phenology of selected Rutaceae collections at Purwodadi Botanic Garden in East Java, Indonesia

Plants change their vegetative and reproductive activities as a mechanism to adapt to climate change. This study aimed to document the flushing, flowering and fruiting patterns of 16 Rutaceae species grown at Purwodadi Botanic Garden, East Java. Observations were conducted fortnightly for four years, covering abundances of leaves, flowers and fruits, and used a scoring method from 0–4. The results showed two species with differences in their vegetative activities. Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. and Zanthoxylum rethsa DC shed their leaves to a class of 2 (50%). The observed flowering and fruiting patterns included frequency (continual, sub-annual, annual and supra-annual) and class (regular and irregular). The observed species fell into four different frequencies of flowering patterns: annual (nine species), sub-annual (two species), continual (four species) and supra-annual patterns (one species). Most of the observed species performed flowering patterns that differ from their fruiting patterns. Seven species showed same flowering and fruiting patterns, namely Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels, Euodia suaveolens var. ridleyi, Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC., Luvunga sarmentosa Kurz., Micromelun minutum Wight & Arn., Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack and Triphasia trifolia (Burm.f.) P.Wilson. Some species belonging to regular class performed same flowering time during observation, such as Euodia suaveolens var. ridleyi, Citrus lucida (Scheff.) Mabb., Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC, Lunasia amara Blanco, Melicope latifolia (DC.) T.G. Hartley, Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack., Triphasia trifolia (Burm.f.) P.Wilson, and Zanthoxylum rhetsa DC.

Novel furoquinolinones from an Indonesian Plant, Lunasia amara

Two new furanoquinolones, 3-oxolunacrine (1) and 2,3-dehydrolunacrine (2), and 22 known quinolones (3–24) were isolated from the methanol extract of the bark of Lunasia amara. The chemical structures of the newly isolated compounds were elucidated from HRMS and various NMR spectroscopic data. Pure (S)- and (R)-isomers of 1, which was obtained as a racemate, were separated by chiral column chromatography. The possibility that racemic 1 occurs naturally was discussed based on a proposed biosynthetic pathway. Selected isolated quinoline alkaloids were evaluated for antiproliferative activities against five human tumor cell lines, including a multidrug-resistant cell line overexpressing p-glycoprotein.

Phytochemical Screening and the Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Medicinal Plants of Meru Betiri National Park – Indonesia

ABSTRACT The Meru Betiri National Park in Indonesia is host to more than 266 medicinal plants species, of which 10 were investigated for their phytochemicals as well as antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. A majority of the tested plant species contained polyphenols. The crude leaf extracts of Dioscorea esculenta possessed the highest antioxidant activity with IC50 of 26.8 µg mL−1. Escherichia coli was sensitive to Bryophyllum pinnatum and Hibiscus tilliaceus leaf extracts with similar minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of 250 µg mL−1. Klebsiella pneumoniae was sensitive to Moringa oleifera leaf extract with MIC of 125 µg mL−1. Staphylococcus aureus was the most sensitive to leaf extracts of Hibiscus tilliaceus with MIC of 62.5 µg mL−1, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was sensitive to Lunasia amara leaf extract with MIC of 125 µg mL−1. Autobiographic TLC confirmed the presence of anti-microbial constituents in L. amara leaf extract.

Pengaruh Metode Ekstraksi Terhadap Rendemen Dan Kadar Fenolik Ekstrak Tanaman Kayu Beta-Beta (Lunasia amara Blanco)

Lunasia amara Blanco bark belonging to the family Rutaceae. The research aimed to determine the effect of extraction method on yield value and phenolic content of bark extract of Lunasia amara Blanco by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Sample was extracted by maceration, reflux, and soxhlet using methanol 70%. The extraction by maceration obtained the yield value of methanol extract of 2,352%; the reflux method of 1,611%; and the soxhlet method of 0,960%. Then the chemical content was identified by the addition of FeCl3 reagent and a blackish green color was formed positively indicating phenolic content. Afterward, phenolic identification was conducted by TLC with eluent n-hexane: ethyl acetate (2:8) containing phenolic because the Rf value was the same as the galic acid standard. The results showed that the extraction method producing the highest yield of bark extract of Lunasia amara Blanco was maceration. The phenolic content obtained by maceration was 66,548 mgGAE/g extract with 6.6548% GAE; the reflux was 73.645 mgGAE/g extract with 7.3645% GAE; and the soxhlet was 74.806 mgGAE/g extract with 7.4806% GAE.

Pengaruh Metode Ekstraksi Terhadap Rendemen Dan Kadar Fenolik Ekstrak Tanaman Kayu Beta-Beta (Lunasia amara Blanco)

Lunasia amara Blanco bark belonging to the family Rutaceae. The research aimed to determine the effect of extraction method on yield value and phenolic content of bark extract of Lunasia amara Blanco by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Sample was extracted by maceration, reflux, and soxhlet using methanol 70%. The extraction by maceration obtained the yield value of methanol extract of 2,352%; the reflux method of 1,611%; and the soxhlet method of 0,960%. Then the chemical content was identified by the addition of FeCl3 reagent and a blackish green color was formed positively indicating phenolic content. Afterward, phenolic identification was conducted by TLC with eluent n-hexane: ethyl acetate (2:8) containing phenolic because the Rf value was the same as the galic acid standard. The results showed that the extraction method producing the highest yield of bark extract of Lunasia amara Blanco was maceration. The phenolic content obtained by maceration was 66,548 mgGAE/g extract with 6.6548% GAE; the reflux was 73.645 mgGAE/g extract with 7.3645% GAE; and the soxhlet was 74.806 mgGAE/g extract with 7.4806% GAE.

Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan dan Profil Fitokimia Ekstrak Kayu Beta-beta (Lunasia amara Blanco.)

Beta-beta wood (Lunasia amara Blanco) is one of the Rutaceae plants. It has been used traditionally in Indonesia, both in the form of a single extract or in a mixture of several herbs, for the treatment of swollen feet, skin diseases and inflammation or irritation of the eyes. This study aims to examine the antioxidant activity and the phytochemical profile of beta-beta wood extract. The research methods include plant extraction by maceration, testing of antioxidant activity by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and phytochemical profiling with specific chemical reagents. The results showed that beta-beta wood extract (Lunasia amara Blanco) has antioxidant activity with IC50 was 69.46 μg/ml (0.069 mg/ml) and it contained steroid, phenolic, saponin, alkaloid and coumarin compounds.

IDENTIFIKASI JENIS VEGETASI DOMINAN DI AREAL BEKAS KEBUN DAN KEBUN DI KAMPUNG AYAMBORI MANOKWARI (Identifying Dominant Vegetation In The Plantation Area And Former Farmland As The Indicator Of Soil Fertality At Ayambori Village – Manokwari)

The purpose of this study is to identify types of dominant vegetations in the plantation area and former farmland as indicator of soil fertility. Vegetation plays an important role to provide soil fertilities. Certain types, growing in the former farmland can possibly indicate soil fertilities both in the plantation area and former farmland. Aspect of the fertilities likely influences number of vegetative types and diversity of species.
 Measured vegetation is used to comparing species composition and its diversities. The former plantation that is taken up as sample has been used for 5 year. Identification of the type was carried out by using vegetative analysis. The valuable index was calculated to determine extensively the role of the dominant types from seeding and wooded phase. There are four different plot sizes. 20x20 meter is utilized purposively for wooded phase, 10x10 meter is pole, 5x5 is used as stake phase and 2x2 meter is made for seeding phase. The species which has important role for the soil fertilities are indentified through exploring various references and the result of interview from local society
 The finding reveals that vegetative composition in the former farmland which has been used for 5 year consists of three phases, including seeding, stake and pole. Totally, the types are 30 species under each phase. 23 types are in the seeding, 19 types contribute for pole and 6 types are resulted in the wooded phase. The dominant type of seedling phase is Lunasia amara, Piper aduncum is gotten in the stake phase, and the pole one is Mallotus philippensis. However, differently the plantation area carried out 39 species in the seeding phase, sapling phases has 36 species, pole phase carries out 16 species and 17 species is in the wooden phase. The dominant types is in the seeding and stake phase is Nephelium lappaceum, Lansium domesticum is pole phase, and Durio zibenthinus is resulted in the wooded phase

Revealing anti-diabetic potency of medicinal plants of Meru Betiri National Park, Jember – Indonesia

Eighteen extracts of six medicinal plants of Meru Betiri National Park (Jember, Indonesia) were studied for their anti-diabetic potency as well as their antioxidant activities (DPPH, superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical scavenging). Total phenolic and flavonoid content were also determined. Total phenols and flavonoid content increased with polarity order, from hexane, ethyl acetate to methanol extracts. Similar pattern resulted in antioxidant activity testing. Ethyl acetate extract of Antidesma bunius, methanol extract of Lagerstroemia speciosa and Lunasia amara possessed higher α-amilase inhibition compared to standard inhibitor, acarbose. Moreover, ethyl acetate extract of Antidesma bunius, methnaol extract of Arcangelisia flava, Lagerstroemia speciosa, Lunasia amara and hexane fraction of Merremia mamosa indicated higher α-glucosidase inhibition compared to standard anti-diabetic drug, acarbose. The extracts with higher phenolic and flavonoid content did not always showed higher inhibition activities α-amilase and α-glucosidase. Overall, the six medicinal plants exhibited potent sources for diabetic mellitus medication.

Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Anti-Clastogenic Activities of Lunasia amara, Blanco Leaf Extract

Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Anti-Clastogenic Activities of Lunasia amara, Blanco Leaf Extract

Identification of active anti-inflammatory principles of betabeta wood (<i>Lunasia amara</i> Blanco) from Siawung Barru- South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Purpose: To identify the anti-inflammatory components of beta-beta (Lunasia amara Blanco.) wood.Methods: The wood material was extracted with 96 % ethanol and fractionated with dichloromethane using a liquid-liquid continuous extraction (LLCE). The fractions were subjected to silica gel column chromatography. Components of the extracts were identified by thin layer chromatography (TLC) scanner and UV-visible spectroscopy, using scopoletin as standard.Results: TLC results for Lunasia amara extract showed the same spot as standard scopoletin. UVvisible spectrum for scopoletin displayed maximum absorption at 213, 228, 255 and 344 nm, while betabeta wood extract showed characteristic bands at 344, 336, 299 and 255 nm. The results indicate that the main components of the extracts are scopoletin and its derivatives.Conclusion: The active anti-inflammatory compound in beta-beta (Lunasia amara) wood is scopoletin.Keywords: Beta-beta wood (Lunasia amara Blanco.), Scopoletin, Thin layer chromatography

Effects of Lunasia amara Blanco (Sanrego) on Male Fertility: A Preliminary Study on Sperm Proteomic Analysis

Lunasia amara Blanco or sanrego has long been applied as a pro-fertility agent in folk medicine and it has also been scientifically proven to improve sperm quality in rats. Nevertheless, little is known about the underlying molecular mechanism of improved sperm function upon treatment with sanrego. As such, this study looked into the potential proteomic changes in sperm treated with 60 mg/kg body weight sanrego aqueous extract, in comparison to control. The sperm proteins were subjected to proteomic analysis using 2-D SDS PAGE and MALDI-TOF. The comparison of the sperm protein profiles between treated and control rats revealed two downregulated proteins (cenexin-1 and GLUL) and 11 upregulated proteins (Eno1, PGK2, F1-ATP synthase, FO-ATP synthase, LDHC, GLUL1, ODF2, Sp17, asparaginase, DNAJB13, and tubulin) in treated rats. These proteins have been identified to be mainly involved in energy metabolism, sperm motility, amino acid metabolism, and cell signalling. This improved sperm function in sanrego-treated rats may, thus, be a direct result of proteomic changes, as discovered in this present study.

Characterization of phenotypic diversity of a medicinal plant Lunasia amara

Abstract. Cahyaningsih R. 2016. Characterization of phenotypic diversity of a medicinal plant Lunasia amara. Nusantara Bioscience 8: 245-251. Characterization of phenotypic diversity is an important first step in the conservation of plant species and in plant breeding for human purposes. Lunasia amara Blanco (‘kemaitan’, ‘sanrego’) is a medicinal plant native to Indonesia, used traditionally as an aphrodisiac. However, there is little knowledge about genetic diversity in this species, and even its taxonomic status remains under review. The study reported here describes and classifies phenotypic diversity among Lunasia amara and its relatives, focusing on vegetative characters assessed in the extensive collection of the species held in Indonesian Botanic Gardens. Based on results of a similarity analysis using SIMQUAL (Similarity for Qualitative Data) employing SM (Simple Matching Coefficients), the accessions exhibit low phenotypic diversity as indicated by high similarity coefficients. Nevertheless, the accessions could be divided into two not very distinctive groups. Based on PCA (Principal Component Analysis), none of the observed characters were of outstanding significance in partitioning the diversity among the accessions. Due to their high similarity value, and despite the wide geographic area represented in the accessions, the study lends support to the belief that they belong to a single taxon, Lunasia amara var. amara. For conservation of Lunasia spp, this study suggests further collection activity is not a priority. Studies on the quantitative content of medicinally active constituents as well as phylogenetic studies of molecular diversity would test this conclusion and support a plant breeding program to develop the usefulness of this plant for human purposes.