Lumpy Jaw Research Articles

A probable case of Actinomycosis (Lumpy jaw disease) withpseudo joint formation in dwarf cattle from the late medieval in Wysburg, Germany

A probable case of Actinomycosis (Lumpy jaw disease) withpseudo joint formation in dwarf cattle from the late medieval in Wysburg, Germany

Haematological Profile and Surgical Management of Lumpy Jaw Condition (Actinomycosis) in Crossbred Cattle

A case series study was conducted from December 2022 to August 2023 in cattle referred to the Veterinary Dispensary Peddaputta village of Kadapa district. Total 6 cross bred cattle were diagnosed and most of them referred with swelling at the mandibular region showing leakage of pus and it was diagnosed as bovine Actinomycosis or lumpy jaw condition. Haematology revealed significant erythrocytopenia, higher PCV, lower haemoglobin concentration, significant leucocytosis with neutrophilia, presence of a greater number of immature neutrophils and decreased lymphocyte count. With the surgical intervention granulomatous tissue and pus was removed, and antibiotics like long acting Terramycin injection two doses within 48 hours, along with oral administration of Potassium Iodide and external dressing of wound with 2% povidone iodine. The animal recovered successfully within 12 days of post treatment.

Hematological and Biochemical Parameters of Macropod Progressive Periodontal Disease in Wild Western Gray Kangaroos

Macropod progressive periodontal disease (MPPD), known as Lumpy Jaw, poses a persistent and potentially fatal threat in Western gray kangaroos when they are kept in captivity. Such a condition leads to the development of osteomyelitis and sepsis in Western gray kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus). This case study presented the inaugural examination of hematological and biochemical aspects of MPPD with a progression toward sepsis in a captive environment. The primary objective of this research was to pinpoint hematological and biochemical indicators associated with severe MPPD in a Western gray kangaroo held in captivity. The study employed various methods, including clinical, radiographical, hematological, and biochemical analyses, as well as microbiological study methods. The case was a 2.5-year-old male wild Western gray kangaroo with fever (39.7 °C), dehydration, dyspnea, tachycardia, and involuntary jaw clenching due to stress and agitation. The kangaroo had a history of lethargy, anorexia, swelling of the soft tissues of the lower jaw on the left side, and tenderness during palpation. A radiograph of the head revealed mandible proliferative lesions. The hematological and biochemical examinations indicated an increase in the total count of leucocytes, level of neutrophils, number of erythrocytes, hematocrit level, and lymphopenia. Increased activity of alkaline phosphatase, amylase, and creatinine elevated azotemia. There was a decrease in the content of albumin, glucose, and total bilirubin. The bacteria, consisting of Fusobacteriaceae spp., Porphyromonadaceae spp., and Bacteroidaceae spp., were found and identified in all samples. However, this comprehensive diagnosis of MPPD based on clinical signs, radiography, and especially hematological and biochemical parameters of the septic process can be helpful in diagnosis and treatment.

The "Lumpy Jaw" Disease-Treatment and Diagnostical Challenge of Actinomycotic Osteomyelitis.

Osteomyelitis is a serious entity that can occur in many different locations. Especially in the mandible, osteomyelitis can show different clinical courses, which differ clearly from other anatomical regions in terms of severity and treatment. Osteomyelitis in the mandible is often caused by mixed species of the oral cavity. A species causing subacute/chronic osteomyelitis can be actinomyces. Actinomycotic osteomyelitis of the jaw represents a diagnostic and treatment challenging disease. This article describes our perspective on the therapy pillars treating actinomycotic osteomyelitis. The rapid introduction of the two therapeutic elements (antibiosis/surgical therapy) is crucial regarding the outcome of this entity.

Geologically oldest evidence of ‘lumpy jaw’ (Macropod Progressive Periodontal Disease) in kangaroos of Australia: implications for conservation management

At a time of widespread concern over the prevalence of viruses and infectious diseases in global ecosystems, it is helpful to consider the history of afflictions in the geological record. Amongst captive species of Australian kangaroos, one of the most common pathological conditions observed is the occurrence of ‘lumpy jaw’, or Macropod Progressive Periodontal Disease (MPPD). Macropods (including both kangaroos and wallabies) affected by the disease commonly exhibit osteological swellings in either the mandible or maxilla, or both, including in areas surrounding the cheek teeth. Diseased individuals struggle to eat, often resulting in death. The specific cause of MPPD is unclear, although it may be multifactorial. When present in wild populations, the condition is more likely to occur in situations that result in the mass-gathering of individuals around critical resources such as drying waterholes. Here we report a case of MPPD in a Pliocene (ca 3 Ma) kangaroo, the geologically oldest record of this condition within macropods. The fossil is identified as Osphranter ?pan and was excavated from a deposit in the Chinchilla Sand, southeast Queensland. The osteomyelitis is expressed by a noticeable lateral mandibular swelling on the horizontal ramus; this is clearly pathological and has not been observed in any other member of the species. The specific circumstance that led to the development of MPPD in this individual likely reflects palaeoenvironmental stress, principally drought, in the Pliocene ecosystem. Lumpy jaw is evidently a geologically young disease, with its higher incidence through the late Cenozoic closely tied to long-term shifts towards progressively drier and more arid conditions. Given predictions that future climate change will follow such trajectories across many regions of Australia, MPPD is expected to become an increasingly important pathology for management in extant populations. This includes conservation projects that may lead to resource-limited settings such as fenced (including re-wilding) and translocated island populations.Gilbert J. Price [g.price1@uq.edu.au], School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; Julien Louys [j.louys@griffith.edu.au], Australian Research Centre for Human Evolution, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia; Joanne E. Wilkinson [joanne.wilkinson@qm.qld.gov.au], Queensland Museum Geosciences, 122 Gerler Road, Hendra, Queensland 4011 Australia.

Actinomycosis in a gray four-eyed opossum (Philander opossum) caused by a novel species of Schaalia

BackgroundInfective lesions of the jaws and adjacent tissues (lumpy jaw disease, LJD) have been recognized as one major cause of death of captive macropods. Fusobacterium necrophorum and Actinomyces species serve as the main source of LJD in kangaroos and wallabies. Currently, little is reported about LJD or similar diseases in opossums.Case presentationHere we report a case of actinomycosis resembling the entity lumpy jaw disease in a gray four-eyed opossum, caused by a novel species of Schaalia. A 2.8 year old male Philander opossum was presented with unilateral swelling of the right mandible. After an initial treatment with marbofloxacin, the opossum was found dead the following day and the carcass was submitted for necropsy. Postmortem examination revealed severe mandibular skin and underlying soft tissue infection with subsequent septicemia as the cause of death. Histological examination demonstrated Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon, typically seen in classical cases of actinomycosis. Bacteriology of liver and mandibular mass yielded a previously undescribed species of Schaalia, whose 16 S rRNA gene sequence was 97.0 % identical to Schaalia canis. Whole genome sequencing of the opossum isolate and calculation of average nucleotide identity confirmed a novel species of Schaalia, for which no whole genome sequence is yet available.ConclusionsThe herewith reported Schaalia infection in the gray four-eyed opossum resembling classical actinomycosis gives a novel insight into new exotic animal bacterial diseases. Schaalia species may belong to the normal oral microbiome, as in macropods, and may serve as a contributor to opportunistic infections. Due to the lack of current literature, more insights and improved knowledge about Schaalia spp. and their pathogenicity will be useful to choose appropriate therapy regimens and improve the treatment success rate and outcome in exotic and endangered species.

English

Involvement of the submandibular gland in actinomycotic osteomyelitis in the absence of sinus is rare. Cervicofacial form is characterized by contiguous spread, suppurative osteomyelitic & granulomatous inflammation of the mandible and formation of multiple abscesses and hallmark discharging sinuses draining serosanguinous fluid containing sulphur granules. As the imaging finding of this entity is rarely described, in this case report, a rare case of mandibular actinomycotic osteomyelitis, with a submandibular swelling, but without draining sinus is reported. The imaging findings of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) & ultrasonography (US) of the case are discussed with a review. In subacute stage, mandibular actinomycosis may show no hallmark sinuses. Sclerotic margins around the lesion may be found on radiograph. Imaging is useful in ruling out clinical diagnostic challenge when it includes involvement of mandible & submandibular region. Cervicofacial actinomycosis commonly occurs as perimandibular infection, rarely as osteomyelitis of the mandible.1 It may present as two distinct morphological patterns; first, "lumpy jaw," and second, simulating an acute pyogenic infection affecting the submandibular area, discharging sinus being a hallmark finding.1 Other variant reported include chronic osteitis, osteolytic lesion, hard nodule on the tongue, lockjaw, periapical, or paradental abscess. Diagnosis of cases presenting in multiple areas in the absence of multiple discharging sinuses is a challenge.2 Usefulness the imaging findings are rarely enumerated. This report is of a twin presentation of a non - sinus forming actinomycotic mandibular osteomyelitis and a submandibular swelling, along with a review of various diagnostic imaging features.

A Retrospective Study of Macropod Progressive Periodontal Disease ("Lumpy Jaw") in Captive Macropods Across Australia and Europe: Using Data from the Past to Inform Future Macropod Management.

Simple SummaryMacropod Progressive Periodontal Disease (MPPD), or ‘lumpy jaw’, is an often-fatal dental disease commonly reported in captive kangaroos and wallabies (macropods) worldwide. The disease is difficult to treat successfully, resulting in high recurrence and mortality rates. The aim of this study was to determine animal and environmental factors that may increase the risk of developing MPPD. We conducted a multi-institution study of MPPD in macropods in zoos in Australia, and compared data with those in European zoos, where macropods are popular exhibit animals. This study reports risk factors for the development of disease including region, age, sex and particular stressors, such as transport between enclosures and between zoos. This information contributes to the understanding of disease development and advances the evidence base for preventive management strategies. We recommend protocols to reduce or prevent outbreaks of MPPD in zoos, thus decreasing morbidity and mortality rates of this challenging disease. The implementation of these recommendations will benefit the welfare and health of captive macropods worldwide.Macropod Progressive Periodontal Disease (MPPD) is a well-recognised disease that causes high morbidity and mortality in captive macropods worldwide. Epidemiological data on MMPD are limited, although multiple risk factors associated with a captive environment appear to contribute to the development of clinical disease. The identification of risk factors associated with MPPD would assist with the development of preventive management strategies, potentially reducing mortality. Veterinary and husbandry records from eight institutions across Australia and Europe were analysed in a retrospective cohort study (1995 to 2016), examining risk factors for the development of MPPD. A review of records for 2759 macropods found incidence rates (IR) and risk of infection differed between geographic regions and individual institutions. The risk of developing MPPD increased with age, particularly for macropods >10 years (Australia Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) 7.63, p < 0.001; Europe IRR 7.38, p < 0.001). Prognosis was typically poor, with 62.5% mortality reported for Australian and European regions combined. Practical recommendations to reduce disease risk have been developed, which will assist zoos in providing optimal long-term health management for captive macropods and, subsequently, have a positive impact on both the welfare and conservation of macropods housed in zoos globally.

Lumpy Jaw in White-tailed Deer

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Lumpy jaw is a deer health problem that all deer farmers eventually face. It gets its name from the swollen jaws or cheeks and necrotic lesions it causes in and around the jaw bones of animals including white-tailed deer. The disease is considered a significant problem for deer farms in North America, where it is one of the most important production-limiting diseases and causes high rates of mortality in fawns. This 4-page fact sheet written by Juan M. Campos Krauer, Samantha M. Wisely, and Hannah M. Barber and published by the UF/IFAS Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation explains how deer acquire lumpy jaw, how to spot it in deer, how to treat it, and how to prevent it in the first place.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Prevalence of Macropod Progressive Periodontal Disease (“lumpy jaw”) in wild western grey kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus)

Macropod Progressive Periodontal Disease (MPPD), colloquially referred to as “lumpy jaw”, is a commonly observed disease in captive macropods. However, the prevalence of this disease in the wild is largely unknown. A systematic study of MPPD in wild macropods would provide an indication of the endemic presence of this disease in wild populations, and could assist those managing disease in captive populations, by highlighting potential risk factors for disease development. Utilising kangaroos culled as part of a population management program, this study used visual observation and computer tomography (CT) of skulls to investigate the prevalence of MPPD in wild western grey kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus) from the Perth metropolitan region, Western Australia. The sample suitable for visual and CT analysis comprised 121 specimens, 71 (58.7%) male and 50 (41.3%) female, with the mean age for all 121 specimens being 4.5 years (±2.63 SD). No evidence of MPPD was detected in any of the specimens examined. Overabundance may not be associated with the development of MPPD, as previously considered, and age-related factors should not be eliminated. This results may reflect low susceptibility to MPPD in western grey kangaroos, given low prevalence is reported in this species in captive populations. Further investigation into species-specificity is recommended, and should include samples with soft tissue to improve sensitivity of disease detection. Surveillance of MPPD in wild populations of macropods helps to improve our understanding of the biological significance, development and potential spread of this disease. Notably, this information may assist in the management of MPPD in captive populations, and may have a positive impact on both the welfare and conservation of macropods in captivity.

Lumpy jaw and wooden tongue in an adult dromedary camel: Case report

Lumpy jaw and wooden tongue in an adult dromedary camel: Case report

A cervicofaciális actinomycosisok jellemzői és korszerű diagnosztikája: összefoglaló az irodalmi adatok alapján

Members of the Actinomyces genus are saprophytic components of the normal microbiota of humans. Actinomyces spp.infections are considered to be rare, with cervicofacial infections (frequently called as ‘lumpy jaw syndrome’) describedas the most prevalent type in the clinical practice. Actinomycoses may resemble other pathologies, such as solid tumorsor other infectious processes. These infections are characterized by a slowly progressing infection, with non-specificsymptoms. The clinical diagnosis of actinomycosis may be difficult and it requires a plethora of clinical, microbiologicaland histopathological examination methods. The aim of this review is to summarize current advances on the clinical features,diagnostics and therapy of cervicofacial Actinomyces infections for dental specialists.

Acute Death of Kangaroos in a Zoo Due to Highly Pathogenic Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

Background: “Lumpy jaw” is disease effecting wallabies and kangaroos, particularly in Macropus rufus and Macropus giganteus. In the most serious situations, additional tooth loss and fistulas follow, accompanied by a stench, weight loss, and eventually death due to sepsis or blood poisoning. “Lumpy jaw” disease has seriously affected the normal display and health of kangaroos, and cause a huge economic loss. There was an outbreak of jaw infection in kangaroos at the Nanjing Forest Zoo. Two Macropus giganteus and two Macropus rufus died of “lumpy jaw”. The main objective of the describing case was to isolate pathogens, provide a basis for follow-up treatment, and serve to establish a disease prevention protocol.Case: Four grown-up kangaroos (two Macropus giganteus and two Macropus rufus) were raised in Nanjing Forest Zoo, who had obviously clinical symptoms, such as oral lesions of pus, necrotic tissue, rotting teeth, then died of “lumpy jaw”. Oral swab samples were collected from the lesion sites of the dying kangaroos. Mice experiments were conducted to examine the pathogenicity of the strains. Tests of antimicrobial susceptibity were performed to prescribe with better drug treatments for kangaroos. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis were identified based on morphology, culture characteristics and biochemical tests. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (G+) in Sucrose, Mannitol, Lactose, Maltose, Glucose tubes were positive, that acids and gases both production, in Gelatin liquefaction, Indol test, MR were positive, that only acids production, others were negative; Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (G-) in Urea, MR were positive, that only acids production, others were negative.The infected mice presented with gum erosion or ulcers when the two pathogens were injected subcutaneous at the oral regional by 2-3 point at 0.2 mL of individual strains（1.0×109 CFU/mouse）. Drug sensitivity tests showed that Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is highly sensitive to Erythromycin (E) and Sulfamethoxazole (SMZ); meanwhile, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is highly sensitive to Sulfamethoxazole (SMZ), Nitrofurantoin (N), Penicillin-G (P-G) and Erythromycin (E). The other “lumpy jaw” kangaroos in the zoo now receive oral screening with antibiotics (SMZ, E).Discussion: Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is one of three pathogenic bacteria of the gram-negative genus Yersinia; it can be found in birdsand other mammals. It also spreads through soil, plants, and insects in the environment.Yersinia pseudotuberculosis can also lead to fatal systemic symptoms in human. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis belongs to the Actinobacteria family, which are associated with Caseous lymphadenitis in breeding animals, especially in goats and sheep. The isolates affected the lymph nodes and visceral organs of the kangaroos in this case, who presented with gingivitis or stomatitis. It is the first report of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis co-infecting kangaroo and causing a fatal case of “lumpy jaw” in China. In this case, isolation and identification of pathogenic bacteria were carried out on the sick kangaroos, and animal test and drug susceptibity test were conducted. The study results could provide theoretical basis for the follow-up treatment and prevention method of this disease.

Microbiological and Clinical Aspects of Cervicofacial Actinomyces Infections: An Overview.

Similarly to other non-spore-forming Gram-positive anaerobes, members of the Actinomyces genus are important saprophytic constituents of the normal microbiota of humans. Actinomyces infections are considered to be rare, with cervicofacial infections (also known as ‘lumpy jaw syndrome’) being the most prevalent type in the clinical practice. Actinomycoses are characterized by a slowly progressing (indolent) infection, with non-specific symptoms, and additionally, the clinical presentation of the signs/symptoms can mimic other pathologies, such as solid tumors, active Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections, nocardiosis, fungal infections, infarctions, and so on. The clinical diagnosis of actinomycosis may be difficult due to its non-specific symptoms and the fastidious, slow-growing nature of the pathogens, requiring an anaerobic atmosphere for primary isolation. Based on 111 references, the aim of this review is to summarize current advances regarding the clinical features, diagnostics, and therapy of cervicofacial Actinomyces infections and act as a paper for dentistry specialists, other physicians, and clinical microbiologists.

Association Between the Levels of Stress Markers and the Onset of Kangaroo Disease (Lumpy Jaw Disease) in Captive Kangaroos

Kangaroo disease (lumpy jaw disease; LJD) is a disease of the oral cavity in Macropodidae that may be caused by stress-related factors; however, detailed information about its pathogenesis is lacking. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated markers of stress in kangaroos with and without LJD to determine the factors that cause an LJD outbreak. We evaluated the oxidative stress value, antioxidant activity, and plasma cortisol concentration in blood samples. Additionally, we measured the cortisol concentration in saliva samples. The oxidative stress value and serum cortisol concentrations were statistically significantly different between the two groups, but the antioxidant activity and saliva cortisol concentrations did not differ significantly. Relatively large variations were observed for each value within individuals.

Actinomycosis (Lumpy Jaw) in Capra Hircus Buck: A Case Report

Actinomycosis is an emerging and unanticipated infectious non-contagious disease caused by Actinomyces species affecting both humans and domesticated animals. The bacterium is opportunistic but harmless commensals of orophyranx and causes typical mandibular osteomyelitis due to which the disease is also called as ‘lumpy jaw’. Different treatment protocols adopted to cure the disease have varying degree of success and time length. In this short communication, a case of actinomycosis in Capra hirus (buck) has been diagnosed and response to antibacterial therapy (potassium iodide) has been documented. It was found that potassium iodied at the rate of 70 mg/kg body weight per oral is highly efficacious for rapid recovery from the illness as compared to already evaluated antibiotics.

A case of cervico-facial actinomycosis in a cross bred cow

The present study reported a case of cervico-facial actinomycosis in a 3 years old crossbred jersey cow. Postmortem examination revealed solid ulcerated overgrowth at the intermandibular region. The growth had blocked the oral cavity which led to difficulty in prehension of feed by the animal. Grossly, 18–20 cm solid dark colored bony outgrowth with creamish cut surface was seen. Microscopically, multiple granulomatous lesions characterized by Splendore-Hoeppli reaction with dense neutrophilic infiltration were observed, suggestive of a case of actinomycosis (lumpy jaw).

Maxillary nerve block as part of a multimodal anaesthesia in a lactating red-necked wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus) undergoing partial maxillectomy

A partial maxillectomy was performed in a four-year-old, 12-kg lactating female red-necked wallaby or Bennett’s wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus) with a diagnosis of oral necrobacillosis or ‘lumpy jaw disease’. After intramuscular...

Trueperella (Arcanobacterium pyogenes) in Farmed White-Tailed Deer

Trueperella is a harmless bacterium in intestinal tracts of ruminants like deer, cattle, and pigs, but if it migrates out of the intestine to other areas of an animal’s body and proliferates, it can make the animal sick. Trueperella causes many problems in deer, including lesions, abscesses, and pneumonia, and it is one of the types of bacteria that is known to contribute to the disease lumpy jaw. In young fawns, it is a common cause of death. This 3-page fact sheet written by Kathryn D. Pothier, Katherine A. Sayler, and Samantha M. Wisely and published by the Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation explains how to spot and treat trueperella, or, better yet, prevent it in the first place.­http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/uw427

Stress assessment using hair cortisol of kangaroos affected by the lumpy jaw disease.

The aim of this study was to objectively assess stress of kangaroos affected by lumpy jaw disease (LJD) using plasma and hair cortisol concentrations. The plasma and hair samples were collected from kangaroos with LJD and healthy controls. Collected hair samples were extracted with methanol after washing with isopropanol, following which they were processed with the cortisol enzyme immunoassay kit. The plasma cortisol concentration of LJD animals tended to be higher than that of the control. Ventral hair cortisol, but not dorsal hair, of LJD animals was significantly higher than that of the control. In conclusion, stress in kangaroos infected with LJD could be assessed by measuring ventral hair cortisol.