Lump-sum Investment Research Articles

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF SIP AND LUMP-SUM INVESTMENT: A STUDY OF SMALL CAP MUTUAL FUNDS

In this paper, the Performance of 13 open-ended equity small cap schemes related to thirteen private sector mutual funds are evaluated i.e. ABSL Mutual fund, Axis Mutual Fund, DSP Mutual fund, Franklin templeton mutual fund, HDFC Mutual Fund, ICICI Prudential Mutual Fund, Kotak Mahindra Mutual Fund, HSBC Mutual Fund, Nippon India Mutual Fund, Quant Mutual Fund, SBI Mutual Fund, Sundaram Mutual Fund and Union Mutual Fund. The study period covers the period from 1stApril 2016 to 31st March 2023. For evaluating the performance of the selected mutual fund schemes, month-wise returns are compared with Benchmark- S&P BSE Small Cap Index return. The rate which has no risk i.e. Risk Free Rate has been taken as average fixed deposit rate of SBI (State bank of India). Further, various different types of statistical tools like average, standard deviation, IRR, beta and the risk adjusted performance measures suggested by Sharpe (1966), Jenson (1968), and Treynor (1965) are employed to evaluate the performance for the above selected period. In this paper SIP and lump-sum investment returns are also compared of the above selected small cap schemes.

From few large to many small investments: lessons for adaptive irrigation development in an uncertain world

Conventional approaches to irrigation development involve large lumpsum investments in big infrastructure that cannot adapt to changing climate and socio-economic conditions. There is an urgent need for alternative ways of investing in smallholder irrigation in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) that are adaptive and avoid capital lock-in. Adaptive Investment Pathways (AdIP), inspired by the Dynamic Adaptive Policy Pathways (DAPP) concept, proposes stepwise investments to support smallholder irrigation development. AdIP builds resilience to future shocks through dynamic and flexible investment plans instead of investing in single static solutions. To develop an empirical grounding for operationalizing AdIP, we draw lessons from three case studies representing different stages of irrigation development along shallow sand river aquifers in Kenya and Zimbabwe. We retrospectively analyse the nature of investments at farm and landscape scales, and the type of risks and opportunities that farmers respond to. We find that in face of risks, farmers diversify their livelihoods, make small investments incrementally especially in response to opportunities and risks created by external triggers, and pause or reorient activity when they reach saturation points, i.e., biophysical or socio-political limits to their development objective, here irrigation development. Governments and external agencies can support smallholder irrigation development in SSA through targeted landscape scale investments that address saturation points faced by smallholders. This requires a robust participatory monitoring framework to identify and respond to saturation points, and a re-thinking of financing mechanisms which do not measure progress against a fixed schedule of investments, but instead measure continuous progress towards the development objective.

RISK AND RETURN ANALYSIS OF SIP V/S LUMP SUM INVESTMENT IN MUTUAL FUND SCHEME (EQUITY & HYBRID & ELSS)

This paper conducts a comprehensive risk and return analysis comparing systematic investment plan (SIP) and lump sum investment approaches in various categories of mutual fund schemes, including equity, hybrid, and Equity Linked Savings Schemes (ELSS). The study examines historical data to evaluate the performance, volatility, and risk-adjusted returns of both SIP and lump sum investments over different time horizons. Key metrics such as annualized returns, standard deviation, Sharpe ratio, and maximum drawdown are employed to provide insights into the comparative risk and return profiles of these investment strategies. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the trade-offs between SIP and lump sum investments in different mutual fund categories, aiding investors in making informed decisions based on their risk tolerance, investment objectives, and time horizon

Factors Affecting Investment Decisions of Permanent School Teachers in Pokhara

Investing is the use of money to increase its worth or generate more revenue. This article has been designed to examine the factors affecting investment decision of permanent school teachers in Pokhara. This study is based on causal comparative research design. It has used structured questionnaire to collect information. Samples were selected by multi sampling technique, selecting the than Chhorepatan Resource Center by purposive sampling in the first and selecting 139 permanent school teachers by simple random sampling in the second stage. The Total population of permanent school teachers of Pokhara Metropolitan City was 1,588 and targeted population was 211. The reliability of data is checked by calculating Cronbach Alpha and it was 0.77. Accounting information (AI), Firm`s Image (FI), Advocate Recommendation (AR), Personal Financial Need (PFA) and Dividend Policy (DP) were independent variable and Investment Decision (ID) was dependent variable. This research discovered that 61.2% of permanent teachers invest their fund in equity share. Lump sum investment method was more popular than systematic investment plan and monthly investment. 80% of permanent teachers invest less than 20% of their savings. Respondents prefers both cash and stock dividend policy. Regular income was found as main objective of investment. Friends and coworker’s advice was also considering while investing in equity share. This research has also presumed that there was positive significant relation between investment decisions and decision factors. It is suggested to the investors of stock market, to analyze the fundamental factors of issuer and the issuer should follow regular dividend policy to attract the value investors toward their securities.

The Dollar Cost Averaging, Lump Sum, and Value Averaging Strategies in Mutual Fund Investments

Investment strategy and portfolio management are crucial considerations when investing in mutual funds. This research aims to analyze the effectiveness of achieving optimal returns by simulating dollar cost averaging, lump sum, and value averaging approaches. This analysis is conducted about the performance of a mutual fund portfolio, utilizing the Sharpe and Treynor methods. The research sample employs a purposive sampling technique, selecting the top 5 mutual funds in terms of performance, managed by different investment managers in the year 2022. Simulations are being conducted over three specific periods. In addition to mutual funds, a comparative analysis was conducted involving the Jakarta Composite Index (JCI) and 10-year government bond yields (SUN). The simulation results on equity funds for the three periods indicate that the Lump Sum investment method outperforms dollar cost averaging and value averaging, particularly over 6 years. This finding is further corroborated by the Kruskal-Wallis test, which highlights a significant variance in return performance. The results of the Sharpe and Treynor investment methods exhibit significant differences, as confirmed by the Mann-Whitney test. Lastly, regarding benchmark comparisons, the performance of equity funds surpasses that of the benchmark.

Comparison of Long-Term Investment Strategies: DCA vs Lump-Sum Investing in the S&P 500 Index

This research delves into the realm of long-term investments, a domain often navigated by unsophisticated investors who prefer a hands-off, 'set and forget' approach. Central to this investigation are two dominant investment strategies: Dollar-Cost Averaging and Lump-Sum investing. The study meticulously compares the performance of these strategies over a significant 21-year period, from January 2002 to December 2022, a timeline punctuated by major market upheavals such as the Dot Com Bubble and the 2020 Coronavirus crash. Drawing data from the reputable Yahoo! Finance on the S&P 500 index, the research offers a robust backtest of both strategies. The results are illuminating: Lump-Sum investments, especially those made during the nadir of February 2009, realized returns amplifying the initial investment by up to 5.2 times, clearly overshadowing the returns from Dollar-Cost Averaging. Intriguingly, a fusion of both strategies, a hybrid approach, showcased even more impressive gains, hinting at the merits of a diversified investment strategy. Conclusively, within the parameters of this research, Lump-Sum investing emerges as the more potent strategy. However, the study also paves the way for future inquiries, especially concerning the potential of these strategies in the turbulent waters of volatile assets, exemplified by Bitcoin.

Irrigation development under uncertainty: A call for adaptive investment pathways

There is an urgent need in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) to enhance irrigation access to meet the challenges of growing population and climate risk. To achieve this, big investments are currently planned in large irrigation infrastructure. We believe there is danger in following this conventional approach, which requires big lumpsum investments, locking large capital into projects that do not adapt to deep uncertainties from climatic or socio-political factors. Instead, in this Perspective article, we propose an alternate “adaptive investment pathways” (AdIP) approach for planning step-wise investments towards desired objectives, implemented progressively depending on how the future unfolds, in order to gain flexibility. AdIP extends the adaptation pathways concept, which refers to a sequence of actions to be taken in response to a changing reality, and applies it to the context of development under uncertainty. Monitoring and learning is at the heart of this approach, which ensures that the plan adapts as new knowledge becomes available. Thus, AdIP internalizes risk and reduces chances of failures. For financial institutions backing development projects, following a pathway of smaller de-centralized investments lowers risk and incorporates a learning approach that allows re-thinking and adapting along the path. We illustrate the AdIP approach using the case of ephemeral sand river based small-scale irrigation in the drylands of SSA. We conclude that in face of deep uncertainties, the path to successful irrigation development in SSA requires a shift from making few large upfront investments in large-scale projects to making large numbers of smaller investments that assure flexibility.

Who uses robo‐advising and how?

AbstractUsing propriety data from a large Indian robo‐advisory firm, we show that users of robo‐advisory services are relatively young, predominantly male, married, small investors, and professionals. We show that the majority of small retail investors utilize a systematic investment plan (SIP). Additionally, we document that there are differences in demographic characteristics, occupation, and geographic location of investors in utilizing SIP versus one‐time lump sum investments. Furthermore, we find that daily user account creation increases during periods of high market volatility.

A comparative study on SIP and LIP with reference to Indian mutual fund industry using non-regression performance evaluation ratios and single factor CAPM model

Investment in mutual funds can be made either through Lump Sum Investment Plan (LIP) or through Systematic Investment Plan (SIP). This study is an attempt to spread awareness amongst public/investors regarding the various advantages of SIP investments. The comparison has been done between LIP : and SIP investment option on selected equity funds of 8 Indian AMCs for a period of 3 years. Selected risk-return non regression measures are applied to assess the performance of selected equity funds. Further MCDM technique is applied to rank the SIP investment options of equity funds based on their performance evaluation results.

Optimal subsidy level for waste-to-energy investment considering flexibility and uncertainty

With the development of waste-to-energy (WTE) technology, waste has become an important energy source in recent years. Currently, WTE investment is highly dependent on government subsidies. How to optimize subsidy levels has thus attracted extensive attention from researchers and government agencies. Most existing studies determined subsidy levels based on the net present value (NPV, i.e., the profit and cost from disposing of waste and selling electricity), neglecting the value generated by flexibly adjusting the investment time to avoid risks. As a result, an underestimated subsidy is achieved and the incentive effect of such subsidy is affected. To address this issue, this paper proposes a real option model to evaluate the value of flexibility. The proposed model reflects realistic decision-making processes and better supports subsidy design by considering flexibility and uncertainty. The proposed model is further applied to a WTE project based on incineration technology located in Shaanxi, China. The lump-sum investment subsidy determined by the proposed model (with flexibility) is larger than that determined by the NPV method (without flexibility). This result verifies the importance of considering flexibility in the subsidy design process. A sensitivity analysis is also performed, which indicates that the feed-in tariff is the most important factor affecting the investment subsidy. These results demonstrate that increasing the volatility rate of uncertain parameters can further increase the investment subsidy with flexibility. Overall, our results may provide useful management insights for government agencies involved in WTE subsidy design.

Multi-asset allocation of exchange traded funds: Application of Black–Litterman model

ABSTRACT The Black–Litterman (BL) model allows investors to apply their subjective views to asset allocation optimisation. In this study, we construct a multi-asset allocation portfolio of iShares exchange traded funds (ETFs) using mean–variance (MV) and BL models. Two investment strategies, namely lump-sum investment and a systematic investment plan (SIP), are also investigated and applied to ETF portfolios. On the basis of a momentum strategy, three subjective views of investors are developed for the BL model. The contributions of this empirical study are threefold. First, under the SIP strategy, BL portfolios outperform the MV portfolio in terms of cumulative values, even when an investment starts with bad market timing (i.e., 2008). Second, the asset allocation weights of BL portfolios are demonstrated to be closely related to investors’ subjective views and significantly different from those of the MV portfolio. Third, the three BL portfolios constructed on the basis of the momentum strategy exhibit similar performance patterns in their cumulative returns during the period from 2008 to mid-2021, indicating that investors’ views are consistently reflected in the BL portfolios and consequently contribute to the similarity of the portfolios’ performance as they share similarities in the application of momentum strategies.

On the Retrofit of Existing Buildings with Aerogel Panels: Energy, Environmental and Economic Issues

Among the super insulating materials, aerogel has interesting properties: very low thermal conductivity and density, resistance to high temperatures and transparency. It is a rather expensive material, but incentives in the field can improve its economic attractiveness. Starting from this, the thermal behavior of a test building entirely insulated with aerogel panels was investigated through an extended experimental campaign. A dynamic simulation model of a case study building was generated to better comprehend the energy savings obtained through aerogel in terms of energy demand over a whole year. The investigation was completed by computing the carbon and energy payback times of various retrofit strategies through a life cycle assessment approach, as well as by a cost-benefit analysis through a probabilistic financial framework. Compared to conventional insulation materials, aerogel is characterized by a higher energy and carbon payback time, but it guarantees better environmental performance in the whole life cycle. From an economic-financial perspective, the aerogel retrofit is the best in the current tax incentive scenario. However, due to its higher lump-sum investment, aerogel’s net present value is very sensitive to tax deductions, and it is riskier than the best comparable materials in less favorable tax scenarios.

Systematic Transfer Plan (STP): An Alternative Investment Strategy to reduce Risk of Market Timing

Systematic Transfer Plan (STP) is a plan where an investor moves from one scheme to another a fixed amount of money, typically from debt funds to equity funds. STP is similar to SIPs or systematic investment plans, where money is moved from bank account to mutual equity funds. In STP, money is transferred in a few installments from a debt mutual fund to a mutual equity fund, so that the total purchase price is weighted suppose investor have earned 20 lakh from an asset sale and want to invest over 24 months in an equity fund through STP. Investor must first pick a debt fund that gives STP choice to invest in an equity fund. Then, choose an equity fund. Invest Rs 20 lakh in the debt fund and then determine the balance from the debt fund to the equity fund and the duration. In the alternative investment plan, the Systematic Transfer Plan (STP) has emerged for a large number of investors interested in high returns but less risk with lump sum investments. The purpose of the study is to know how to put money into STP reduces the risk of market timing and also helps investors to gain more from their source corpus by investing in debt funds. Results of the study found that awareness and operational framework, on the other hand, is one of the key barriers that investors face. The strategy of rupee cost average is an approach that motivates the investor to invest in a systematic transfer plan to gain from market timing risk. This research is also beneficial. The present study also allows investors to analyze the decisions and determine whether or not to invest in them and provides advice to protect their financial goals.

Practical Applications of Another Look at Dollar Cost Averaging

<h3>Practical Applications Summary</h3> In <b>Another Look at Dollar Cost Averaging</b>, from the Summer 2018 issue of <i><b>The Journal of Investing</b></i>, <b>Gary Smith</b> and <b>Heidi Margaret Artigue</b> of <b>Pomona College</b> review the merits of dollar cost averaging (DCA). DCA’s proponents assert it sidesteps the risk of investing all one’s money inopportunely, by consistently purchasing equal dollar amounts of stocks at regular intervals, and also encourages savings and investment discipline. DCA’s detractors avow that its very rigor precludes a flexible investing response to changing market conditions (such as portfolio rebalancing), and that, depending on an investor’s goals, other strategies (such as lump-sum investing) may be more suitable. The authors counsel a balanced view of DCA, one that considers the broader contexts of investment horizons, asset volatility, past and anticipated stock returns, and alternative returns on safer investments in lieu of stock market participation. They acknowledge that DCA’s supposed low-cost virtues may be somewhat illusory. Using mean-variance analysis and applying Tobin’s (1958) separation theorem, they find that, when properly applied, DCA is a legitimate tool for diversifying a portfolio—but over time rather than across asset classes—and “particularly appealing when investing in volatile stocks over a substantial horizon. ” DCA, they conclude, is neither the overrated refuge of naïve investors nor an investing panacea. <b>TOPICS:</b>Security analysis and valuation, equity portfolio management

Quality Dollar Cost Averaging Investing Versus Quality Index Investing

Financial independence is defined as the ability to do anything at any time without financial restrictions. In an age of job insecurity and economic volatility, financial independence is difficult to acquire unless a person is financially independent of his/her employment organization. The purpose of this paper is to develop a strategy for generating an increasing income stream and capital appreciation during both the employee’s working years and retirement years by comparing dollar-cost averaging to an initial lump sum investment while reinvesting the dividends in both cases.

Beating the Market: Dollar-Cost Averaging with theProfitable Dividend Yield Strategy

Extensive evidence shows that lump sum investing (LSI) beats dollar-cost averaging (DCA) in most stock markets. We show that DCA investors are not doomed to inferior returns. Motivated by the clean surplus accounting model of asset pricing, we consider a DCA strategy that invests in stocks with a high gross profits-to-asset ratio and high dividend yield. Using block bootstrap simulations of long-horizon (20-year) returns, we show that this profitable dividend yield strategy significantly outperforms LSI in the market index in many dimensions.

Optimal investment and financing with macroeconomic risk and loan guarantees

In this paper, we consider an entrepreneur who has no assets in place but possesses an option to invest in a project incurring a lump-sum investment cost, of which a fraction must be financed by entering into an equity-for-guarantee swap. The entrepreneur is exposed to macroeconomic risk as well as idiosyncratic risk. The former is described by a regime-switching process, while the latter is described by a geometric Brownian motion. We derive the corporate security prices, guarantee costs, optimal investment and financing policy. Numerical analysis demonstrates that the entrepreneur post- pones investment in a boom but accelerates it in a recession. The optimal leverage ratio is countercyclical when the project’s idiosyncratic risk is low and vice versa. The swap mechanism eliminates ex post agency conflicts between borrowers and lenders, but conflicts of interest between borrowers and insurers appear, which lead to inefficiencies from asset substitution and debt overhang. These are generally not so obvious in a boom or if a boom occurs frequently. The swap discussed here overcomes financial friction and increases firm value as well.

Dollar-Cost Averaging, Asset Allocation, and Lump Sum Investing

Both practitioners and academics have long disputed whether investors should choose dollar-cost averaging (DCA) or lump sum investing (LS) as their investment strategy. While the issue still has not been completely settled, this study shows that an endeavor to make a performance comparison between DCA and LS might not be completely relevant. In this article, we demonstrate theoretically, numerically and empirically, that DCA is approximately equivalent to an asset allocation strategy in which about 50%–65% of wealth is invested in risky assets and the rest in riskless assets, while LS is the same as a 100% risky asset allocation. With different proportions of risky assets, DCA and LS are suitable for different types of investors with different levels of risk tolerance; thus, DCA and LS should not be compared. We emphasize that DCA should be recommended only to moderately risk-averse investors and should be compared with a 50%–65% risky asset allocation instead of to LS. Compared with a 50%–65% risky asset allocation, we also show that DCA is ineffi cient, as it lies below a capital allocation line. Thus, investment advisors should recommend DCA to their clients with caution because a 50%–65% risky asset allocation is superior to DCA.

Comparative analysis of sip with Traditional Investment Options In India

The mutual fund industry in India has seen dramatic improvements in terms of quantity as well as quality of services. To attract the investors towards this industry different options of investment are provided to the investors and different innovations are tried in terms of funds offered and as well as for ways of investment. The major improvement in the industry which is still so famous is investment through SIP i.e. Systematic Investment Planning, through which small investors were attracted and motivated to go for their investment in mutual funds. Earlier the investors had options like bank recurring deposit, public provident fund, post office deposit ( such as NSC, KPV, etc) and for particularly for the mutual fund investors had to go with lump sum investment .

The Effect of State-Private Co-partnership System on Russian Industry

In Russia at the turn of the new millennium, the Putin regime introduced a system of state-private co-partnership with corporate private investors. We argue that this policy had the effect of reducing the likelihood that firm managers-investors would adopt suboptimal investment time horizons. The strategy also served to protect state subsidies to corporations and outside investment funds from expropriation. Using firm-level data that are published by the Russian Trading System stock exchange and the SKRIN database that spans 1998–2006, we test the success of this strategy during this formative era for the modern Russian corporation. We find that co-ownership played an important role in generating improved long-term performance, particularly in industries with high asset-specificity. We also show that the policy was most effective in industries in which firms tended to undertake large lump-sum investments.