X-ray Luminous Clusters Research Articles

Scaling relations of X-ray luminous clusters in the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program field

ABSTRACT We present the XMM–Newton X-ray analysis of 19 X-ray luminous galaxy clusters of low- to mid-redshift (<0.4) selected from the MCXC (Meta-Catalog of X-Ray Detected Clusters of Galaxies) cluster catalogue in the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Programme field. We derive the hydrostatic equilibrium mass and study scaling relations using (i) the whole sample, (ii) only relaxed clusters, and (iii) only disturbed clusters. When considering the whole sample, the YX–Mtot and Mgas–Mtot relations agree with self-similarity. In terms of morphology, relaxed clusters show a flatter relation in LX,ce–Mtot, LX,bol–Mtot, LX,ce–T, Lbol,ce–T, Mgas–Mtot, and YX–Mtot. The Lbol,ce–Mtot, LX,ce–Mtot Lbol,ce–T, and LX,ce–T relations show a slope ∼3σ steeper. The residuals in the Mgas–Mtot and T–Mtot relations and the intrinsic covariance between Mgas and T show hints of positive correlation, casting doubt on whether the YX parameter is a truly low-scatter mass proxy. The Mgas–Mtot and T–Mtot plots colour coded with the offset of the LX,ce–Mtot relation show these two relations to be brightness dependent but not the LX,ce–T relation, suggesting that relations involving Mtot are biased due to sample selection based on luminosity. Following the work that studied an optical sample and combining our result with literature studies, we find that Mtot derived not using mass proxies deviates from LX ∝ $M_{\rm gas}^{2}M_{\rm tot}^{-1}$ and Mtot based on hydrostatic equilibrium is more massive than what is expected by their relation using caustic masses. This indicates that mass bias plays an important role in scaling relations.

XMM-Newton study of six massive, X-ray luminous galaxy cluster systems in the redshift range z = 0.25–0.5

Massive galaxy clusters are interesting astrophysical and cosmological objects to study, but they are relatively rare. In the redshift range z = 0.25–0.5 which is, for example, a favourable region for gravitational lensing studies, about 100 such systems are known. Most of them have been studied in X-rays. In this paper we study the six remaining massive clusters in this redshift interval in the highly complete CLASSIX (Cosmic Large-Scale Structure in X-rays) survey which have so far not been observed with sufficiently deep exposures in X-rays. With data from our new XMM-Newton observations we characterise their structures, derive X-ray properties such as the X-ray luminosity and intracluster medium temperature, and estimate their gas and total masses. We find that one cluster, RXCJ1230.7+3439, is dynamically young with three distinct substructures in the cluster outskirts and RXCJ1310.9+2157/RXCJ1310.4+2151 is a double cluster system. Mass determination is difficult in the systems with substructure. We therefore discuss several methods of mass estimation including scaling relations. In summary, we find that five of the six targets of study are indeed massive clusters as expected, while the last cluster RXCJ2116.2−0309 is a close projection of a distant and a nearby cluster which has led to a previous overestimation of its mass. In the XMM-Newton observation fields, we also find three low redshift clusters close to the targets which are also analysed and described here. In the field of RXCJ2116.2−0309, we discover serendipitously a highly variable X-ray source which has decreased its flux within a year by more than a factor of eight. This source is most probably an active galactic nucleus (AGN).

LoVoCCS. I. Survey Introduction, Data Processing Pipeline, and Early Science Results

We present the Local Volume Complete Cluster Survey (LoVoCCS; we pronounce it as “low-vox” or “law-vox,” with stress on the second syllable), an NSF’s National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory survey program that uses the Dark Energy Camera to map the dark matter distribution and galaxy population in 107 nearby (0.03 < z < 0.12) X-ray luminous ([0.1–2.4 keV] L X500 > 1044 erg s−1) galaxy clusters that are not obscured by the Milky Way. The survey will reach Vera C. Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) Year 1–2 depth (for galaxies r = 24.5, i = 24.0, signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) > 20; u = 24.7, g = 25.3, z = 23.8, S/N > 10) and conclude in ∼2023 (coincident with the beginning of LSST science operations), and will serve as a zeroth-year template for LSST transient studies. We process the data using the LSST Science Pipelines that include state-of-the-art algorithms and analyze the results using our own pipelines, and therefore the catalogs and analysis tools will be compatible with the LSST. We demonstrate the use and performance of our pipeline using three X-ray luminous and observation-time complete LoVoCCS clusters: A3911, A3921, and A85. A3911 and A3921 have not been well studied previously by weak lensing, and we obtain similar lensing analysis results for A85 to previous studies. (We mainly use A3911 to show our pipeline and give more examples in the Appendix.)

The Cosmic Large-Scale Structure in X-rays (CLASSIX) Cluster Survey

It is important to map the large-scale matter distribution in the local Universe for cosmological studies, such as the tracing of the large-scale peculiar velocity flow, the characterisation of the environment for different astronomical objects, and for precision measurements of cosmological parameters. We used X-ray luminous clusters to map this matter distribution and find that about 51% of the groups and clusters are members of superclusters which occupy only a few percent of the volume. In this paper we provide a detailed description of these large-scale structures. With a friends-to-friends algorithm, we find eight superclusters with a cluster overdensity ratio of at least two with five or more galaxy group and cluster members in the cosmic volume out to z = 0.03. The four most prominent ones are the Perseus-Pisces, the Centaurus, the Coma, and the Hercules supercluster, with lengths from about 40 to over 100 Mpc and estimated masses of 0.6 − 2.2 × 1016 M⊙. The largest of these structures is the Perseus-Pisces supercluster. The four smaller superclusters include the Local and the Abell 400 supercluster and two superclusters in the constellations Sagittarius and Lacerta. We provide detailed maps, member catalogues, and physical descriptions of the eight superclusters. By constructing superclusters with a range of cluster sub-samples with different lower X-ray luminosity limits, we show that the main structures are always reliably recovered.

The Cosmic Large-Scale Structure in X-rays (CLASSIX) Cluster Survey

Previous studies of the galaxy and galaxy cluster distribution in the local Universe found indications for a large extension of the Local Supercluster up to a radius of 190 h70−1 Mpc. We are using our large and highly complete CLASSIX survey of X-ray luminous galaxy clusters detected in the ROSAT All Sky Survey to trace the matter distribution in the local Universe and to explore the size of the flattened local density structure associated with the Local Supercluster. The Local Supercluster is oriented almost perpendicular to the Galactic plane. Since Galactic extinction increases towards the Galactic plane, objects are on average more easily visible perpendicular to the plane than close to it, also producing an apparent concentration of objects along the Local Supercluster. We can correct for this bias by a careful treatment of the survey selection function. We find a significant overdensity of clusters in a flattened structure along the Supergalactic plane with a thickness of about 50 Mpc and an extent of about 100 Mpc radius. Structures at a distance larger than 100 Mpc are not correlated to the Local Supercluster any more. The matter density contrast of the local superstructure to the surroundings is about a factor of 1.3−2.3. Within the Supergalactic plane the matter is concentrated mostly in two superclusters, the Perseus-Pices Chain and Hydra-Centaurus supercluster. We have shown in our earlier work that the local Universe in a region with a radius of 100−170 Mpc has a lower density than the cosmic mean. For this reason, the Local Supercluster is not overdense with respect to the cosmic mean density. Therefore this local superstructure will not collapse as a whole in the future, but rather fragment.

The Cosmic Large-Scale Structure in X-rays (CLASSIX) Cluster Survey

The Perseus-Pisces supercluster is known as one of the largest structures in the nearby Universe that has been charted by the galaxy and galaxy cluster distributions. For the latter mostly clusters from the Abell catalogue have been used. Here we take a new approach to a quantitative characterisation of the Perseus-Pisces supercluster using a statistically complete sample of X-ray luminous galaxy groups and clusters from our CLASSIX galaxy cluster redshift survey. We used a friends-of-friends technique to construct the supercluster membership. We also studied the structure of the Southern Great Wall, which merges with the Perseus-Pisces supercluster with a slightly increased friends-of-friends linking length. In this work we discuss the geometric structure of the superclusters, compare the X-ray luminosity distribution of the members with that of the surroundings, and provide an estimate of the supercluster mass. These results establish Perseus-Pisces as the largest superstructure in the Universe at redshifts z ≤ 0.03. With the new data this supercluster extends through the zone of avoidance, which has also been indicated by some studies of the galaxy distribution by means of HI observations. We investigated whether the shapes of the member groups and clusters in X-rays are aligned with the major axis of the supercluster. We find no evidence for a pronounced alignment, except for the ellipticities of Perseus and AWM7, which are aligned with the separation vector of the two systems and weakly with the supercluster.

Suppressed cooling and turbulent heating in the core of X-ray luminous clusters RXCJ1504.1-0248 and Abell 1664

ABSTRACT We present the analysis of XMM–Newton observations of two X-ray luminous cool core clusters, RXCJ1504.1-0248 and Abell 1664. The Reflection Grating Spectrometer reveals a radiative cooling rate of $180\pm 40\, \rm M_{\odot }\rm \, yr^{-1}$ and $34\pm 6\, \rm M_{\odot }\rm \, yr^{-1}$ in RXCJ1504.1-0248 and Abell 1664 for gas above 0.7 keV, respectively. These cooling rates are higher than the star formation rates observed in the clusters and support simultaneous star formation and molecular gas mass growth on a time-scale of 3 × 108 yr or longer. At these rates, the energy of the X-ray cooling gas is inadequate to power the observed UV/optical line-emitting nebulae, which suggests additional strong heating. No significant residual cooling is detected below 0.7 keV in RXCJ1504.1-0248. By simultaneously fitting the first- and second-order spectra, we place an upper limit on turbulent velocity of 300 km $\rm s^{-1}$ at 90 per cent confidence level for the soft X-ray emitting gas in both clusters. The turbulent energy density is considered to be less than 8.9 and 27 per cent of the thermal energy density in RXCJ1504.1-0248 and Abell 1664, respectively. This means that it is insufficient for AGN heating to fully propagate throughout the cool core via turbulence. We find that the cool X-ray component of Abell 1664 (∼0.8 keV) is blueshifted from the systemic velocity by 750$^{+800}_{-280}$ km $\rm s^{-1}$. This is consistent with one component of the molecular gas in the core and suggests a similar dynamical structure for the two phases. We find that an intrinsic absorption model allows the cooling rate to increase to $520\pm 30\, \rm M_{\odot }\rm \, yr^{-1}$ in RXCJ1504.1-0248.

An X-ray and radio study of the Hubble Frontier Field cluster Abell S1063

ABSTRACT We present results from Chandra X-ray observations and 325 MHz Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) observations of the massive and X-ray luminous cluster of galaxies Abell S1063. We report the detection of large-scale ‘excess brightness’ in the residual Chandra X-ray surface brightness map that extends at least 2.7 Mpc towards the north-east from the centre of the cluster. We also present a high fidelity X-ray flux and temperature map using Chandra archival data of 122 ks that shows the disturbed morphology in the cluster. The residual flux map shows the first observational confirmation of the merging axis proposed in earlier simulations. The average temperature within R500 is 11.7 ± 0.56 keV that makes AS1063 one of the hottest clusters in the nearby Universe. The integrated radio flux density at 325 MHz is found to be 62.0 ± 6.3 mJy. The integrated spectrum of the radio halo follows a power law with a spectral index α = −1.43 ± 0.13. The radio halo is found to be significantly under-luminous that favored for both the hadronic as well as the turbulent re-acceleration mechanism for its origin.

Diffuse radio sources in a statistically complete sample of high-redshift galaxy clusters

Aims. Non-thermal properties of galaxy clusters have been studied using detailed and deep radio images in comparison with X-ray data. While much progress has been made in this area, most of the studied clusters are at a relatively low redshift (z &lt; 0.3). Here we investigate the evolutionary properties of the non-thermal cluster emission using two statistically complete samples at z &gt; 0.3. Methods. We obtained short JVLA observations at the L-band of the statistically complete sample of very X-ray luminous clusters from the Massive Cluster Survey (MACS), namely 34 clusters in the redshift range of 0.3–0.5 and with nominal X-ray fluxes in excess of 2 × 10−12 erg s−1 cm−2 (0.1–2.4 keV) in the ROSAT Bright Source Catalogue. We add to this list the complete sample of the 12 most distant MACS clusters (z &gt; 0.5). Results. Most clusters show evidence of emission in the radio regime. We present the radio properties of all clusters in our sample and show images of newly detected diffuse sources. A radio halo is detected in 19 clusters and five clusters contain a relic source. Most of the brightest cluster galaxies (BCG) in relaxed clusters show radio emission with powers typical of FRII radio galaxies and some are surrounded by a radio mini-halo. Conclusions. The high frequency of radio emission from the BCG in relaxed clusters suggests that BCG feedback mechanisms are already in place at z ∼ 0.6. The properties of radio halos and the small number of detected relics suggest redshift evolution in the properties of diffuse sources. The radio power (and size) of radio halos could be related to the number of past merger events in the history of the system. In this scenario, the presence of a giant and high-power radio halo is indicative of an evolved system with a large number of past major mergers, whereas small low-power halos are found in less evolved clusters.

Clusters of Galaxies Masquerading as X-Ray Quasars

Abstract Inspired by the discovery of the Phoenix cluster by the South Pole Telescope team, we initiated a search for other massive clusters of galaxies missing from the standard X-ray catalogs. We began by identifying 25 cluster candidates not included in the Meta-Catalog of X-ray Clusters of galaxies cluster compilation through cross-identification of the central galaxies of optically identified clusters in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey GMBCG catalog with bright X-ray sources in the ROSAT Bright Source Catalog. Those candidates were mostly unidentified or previously classified as X-ray active galactic nucleus (AGN). We analyzed brief Chandra X-ray Observatory observations of 14 of these X-ray sources and found that eight are X-ray luminous clusters of galaxies, only one showing evidence for a central X-ray point source. The remaining six candidates turned out to be point-source dominated, with faint detections or upper limits on any extended emission. We were not able to rule out the presence of extended X-ray emission from any of the point sources. The levels of extended emission around the six point sources are consistent with expectations based on optical richness, but could also be contaminated by scattered X-ray light from the central point source or extended nonthermal emission from possible radio lobes. We characterize the extended components of each of the well-detected cluster sources, finding that six of the eight X-ray clusters are consistent with being compact cool-core clusters. One of the newly identified low-luminosity X-ray clusters may have had an X-ray-luminous AGN 20 yr prior to the recent Chandra observations, based on the 4σ difference between its Chandra and ROSAT fluxes.

A MUSE inquiry into the physical processes taking place within the Abell 2667 Brightest Cluster Galaxy

AbstractBrightest cluster galaxies (BCGs) residing in cool-core clusters are known to be the stage of intricate baryon cycle phenomena (e.g. gas inflows, AGN outflows, star formation feedback). The scenarios describing the observed properties of these galaxies are still controversial, suffering from limitations due to the spatial resolving power of the instruments, specifically for galaxies beyond the Local Universe. However, the dramatic improvements introduced by the integral-field unit instruments (e.g. MUSE) could shed light on the physical processes driving the evolution of these galaxies. We present an extensive analysis of the stellar and gas properties (i.e. kinematics, stellar mass, star formation rate) of the radio-loud BCG sitting at the centre of the X-ray luminous cool-core cluster Abell 2667 (z = 0.23), based on MUSE data. Our results indicate that the BCG is a massive elliptical, hosting an AGN that is possibly undergoing accretion of cold star-forming clouds of ICM or galactic cannibalism.

Study of diffuse emission in cluster MACSJ0417.5-1154 from 76 MHz to 18 GHz

We present new radio observations of the massive and X-ray luminous galaxy cluster MACS J0417.5–1154, at 1.387 GHz and 18 GHz, from the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) and the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) respectively. We estimate diffuse emission in the central region of the cluster at 1.387 GHz and 18 GHz. We combine these data with previously published results and present the spectrum of diffuse emission from 76 MHz to 18 GHz. This is possibly a unique study of the radio halo emission in galaxy cluster over this wide range of frequencies. Such studies lay the prospects of future studies with radio telescopes with wide-range of frequencies like the Square Kilometre Array (SKA). Our 1.387 GHz data, with $$2^{\prime \prime }$$ angular resolution, provides a better estimate of point source emission than previous L-band observations, which is crucial, given the claim of sharp steepening of the radio halo spectrum at 0.61 GHz reported earlier. We find that the spectrum of the radio halo has a spectral index fit up to 18 GHz, and yields a spectral index between 76 MHz and 18 GHz that fits the available data better than earlier L-band observations. We discuss possible reasons for the peculiar spectral characteristics of the diffuse emission.

Hydrostatic mass profiles in X-COP galaxy clusters

Aims.We present the reconstruction of hydrostatic mass profiles in 13 X-ray luminous galaxy clusters that have been mapped in their X-ray and Sunyaev–Zeldovich (SZ) signals out toR200for theXMM-NewtonCluster Outskirts Project (X-COP).Methods.Using profiles of the gas temperature, density, and pressure that have been spatially resolved out to median values of 0.9R500, 1.8R500, and 2.3R500, respectively, we are able to recover the hydrostatic gravitating mass profile with several methods and using different mass models.Results.The hydrostatic masses are recovered with a relative (statistical) median error of 3% atR500and 6% atR200. By using several different methods to solve the equation of the hydrostatic equilibrium, we evaluate some of the systematic uncertainties to be of the order of 5% at bothR500andR200. A Navarro-Frenk-White profile provides the best-fit in 9 cases out of 13; the remaining 4 cases do not show a statistically significant tension with it. The distribution of the mass concentration follows the correlations with the total mass predicted from numerical simulations with a scatter of 0.18 dex, with an intrinsic scatter on the hydrostatic masses of 0.15 dex. We compare them with the estimates of the total gravitational mass obtained through X-ray scaling relations applied toYX, gas fraction, andYSZ, and from weak lensing and galaxy dynamics techniques, and measure a substantial agreement with the results from scaling laws, from WL at bothR500andR200(with differences below 15%), from cluster velocity dispersions. Instead, we find a significant tension with the caustic masses that tend to underestimate the hydrostatic masses by 40% atR200. We also compare these measurements with predictions from alternative models to the cold dark matter, like the emergent gravity and MOND scenarios, confirming that the latter underestimates hydrostatic masses by 40% atR1000, with a decreasing tension as the radius increases, and reaches ∼15% atR200, whereas the former reproducesM500within 10%, but overestimatesM200by about 20%.Conclusions.The unprecedented accuracy of these hydrostatic mass profiles out toR200allows us to assess the level of systematic errors in the hydrostatic mass reconstruction method, to evaluate the intrinsic scatter in the NFWc − Mrelation, and to robustly quantify differences among different mass models, different mass proxies, and different gravity scenarios.

Erratum to: Multiwavelength study of X-ray luminous clusters in the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program S16A field

Erratum to: Multiwavelength study of X-ray luminous clusters in the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program S16A field

XMM-Newton X-ray and HST weak gravitational lensing study of the extremely X-ray luminous galaxy cluster Cl J120958.9+495352 (z = 0.902)

Context. Observations of relaxed, massive, and distant clusters can provide important tests of standard cosmological models, for example by using the gas mass fraction. To perform this test, the dynamical state of the cluster and its gas properties have to be investigated. X-ray analyses provide one of the best opportunities to access this information and to determine important properties such as temperature profiles, gas mass, and the total X-ray hydrostatic mass. For the last of these, weak gravitational lensing analyses are complementary independent probes that are essential in order to test whether X-ray masses could be biased. Aims. We study the very luminous, high redshift (z = 0.902) galaxy cluster Cl J120958.9+495352 using XMM-Newton data. We measure global cluster properties and study the temperature profile and the cooling time to investigate the dynamical status with respect to the presence of a cool core. We use Hubble Space Telescope (HST) weak lensing data to estimate its total mass and determine the gas mass fraction. Methods. We perform a spectral analysis using an XMM-Newton observation of 15 ks cleaned exposure time. As the treatment of the background is crucial, we use two different approaches to account for the background emission to verify our results. We account for point spread function effects and deproject our results to estimate the gas mass fraction of the cluster. We measure weak lensing galaxy shapes from mosaic HST imaging and select background galaxies photometrically in combination with imaging data from the William Herschel Telescope. Results. The X-ray luminosity of Cl J120958.9+495352 in the 0.1–2.4 keV band estimated from our XMM-Newton data is LX = (13.4−1.0+1.2) × 1044 erg/s and thus it is one of the most X-ray luminous clusters known at similarly high redshift. We find clear indications for the presence of a cool core from the temperature profile and the central cooling time, which is very rare at such high redshifts. Based on the weak lensing analysis, we estimate a cluster mass of M500 / 1014 M⊙ = 4.4−2.0+2.2(star.) ± 0.6(sys.) and a gas mass fraction of fgas,2500 = 0.11−0.03+0.06 in good agreement with previous findings for high redshift and local clusters.

Thirty-fold: Extreme Gravitational Lensing of a Quiescent Galaxy at z = 1.6

Abstract We report the discovery of eMACSJ1341-QG-1, a quiescent galaxy at z = 1.594 located behind the massive galaxy cluster eMACSJ1341.9–2442 (z = 0.835). The system was identified as a gravitationally lensed triple image in Hubble Space Telescope images obtained as part of a snapshot survey of the most X-ray luminous galaxy clusters at z &gt; 0.5 and spectroscopically confirmed in ground-based follow-up observations with the ESO/X-Shooter spectrograph. From the constraints provided by the triple image, we derive a first, crude model of the mass distribution of the cluster lens, which predicts a gravitational amplification of a factor of ∼30 for the primary image and a factor of ∼6 for the remaining two images of the source, making eMACSJ1341-QG-1 by far the most strongly amplified quiescent galaxy discovered to date. Our discovery underlines the power of SNAPshot observations of massive, X-ray selected galaxy clusters for lensing-assisted studies of faint background populations.

Multiwavelength study of X-ray luminous clusters in the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program S16A field

Abstract We present a joint X-ray, optical, and weak-lensing analysis for X-ray luminous galaxy clusters selected from the MCXC (Meta-Catalog of X-Ray Detected Clusters of Galaxies) cluster catalog in the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program (HSC-SSP) survey field with S16A data. As a pilot study for a series of papers, we measure hydrostatic equilibrium (HE) masses using XMM-Newton data for four clusters in the current coverage area out of a sample of 22 MCXC clusters. We additionally analyze a non-MCXC cluster associated with one MCXC cluster. We show that HE masses for the MCXC clusters are correlated with cluster richness from the CAMIRA catalog, while that for the non-MCXC cluster deviates from the scaling relation. The mass normalization of the relationship between cluster richness and HE mass is compatible with one inferred by matching CAMIRA cluster abundance with a theoretical halo mass function. The mean gas mass fraction based on HE masses for the MCXC clusters is 〈fgas〉 = 0.125 ± 0.012 at spherical overdensity Δ = 500, which is ∼80%–90% of the cosmic mean baryon fraction, Ωb/Ωm, measured by cosmic microwave background experiments. We find that the mean baryon fraction estimated from X-ray and HSC-SSP optical data is comparable to Ωb/Ωm. A weak-lensing shear catalog of background galaxies, combined with photometric redshifts, is currently available only for three clusters in our sample. Hydrostatic equilibrium masses roughly agree with weak-lensing masses, albeit with large uncertainty. This study demonstrates that further multiwavelength study for a large sample of clusters using X-ray, HSC-SSP optical, and weak-lensing data will enable us to understand cluster physics and utilize cluster-based cosmology.

Comparison of hydrostatic and dynamical masses of distant X-ray luminous galaxy clusters

The main goal of this work is to compare the results of three dynamical mass estimators to the X-ray hydrostatic values, focussing on massive galaxy clusters at intermediate redshifts $z\sim0.3$. We estimated dynamical masses with the virial theorem, the Jeans equation, and the caustic method using wide-field VIMOS spectroscopy. We investigated the role of colour selection and the impact of substructures on the dynamical estimators. The Jeans and caustic methods give consistent results, whereas the virial theorem leads to masses $\sim15\%$ larger. The Jeans, caustic, and virial masses are respectively $\sim20\%$, $\sim30\%$, and $\sim50\%$ larger than the hydrostatic values. Large scatters of $\gtrsim50\%$ are mainly due to the two outliers RXCJ0014 and RXCJ1347; excluding the latter increases the mass ratios by $\sim10\%$, giving a fractional mass bias significant at $\gtrsim2\sigma$. We found a correlation between the dynamical-to-hydrostatic mass ratio and two substructure indicators, suggesting a bias in the dynamical measurements. The velocity dispersions of blue galaxies are $\sim15\%$ ($\sim25\%$ after removing the substructures) larger than that of the red-sequence galaxies; using the latter leads to dynamical masses $\sim10\%-15\%$ smaller. Discarding the galaxies part of substructures reduces the masses by $\sim15\%$; the effect is larger for the more massive clusters, owing to a higher level of substructures. After the substructure analysis, the dynamical masses are in perfect agreement with the hydrostatic values and the scatters around the mean ratios are divided by $\sim2$.

Fully stripped? The dynamics of dark and luminous matter in the massive cluster collision MACSJ0553.4−3342

We present the results of a multiwavelength investigation of the very X-ray luminous galaxy cluster MACSJ0553.4-3342 ($z = 0.4270$; hereafter MACSJ0553). Combining high-resolution data obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope and the Chandra X-ray Observatory with ground-based galaxy spectroscopy, our analysis establishes the system unambiguously as a binary, post-collision merger of massive clusters. Key characteristics include perfect alignment of luminous and dark matter for one component, a separation of almost 650 kpc (in projection) between the dark-matter peak of the other subcluster and the second X-ray peak, extremely hot gas (k$T > 15$ keV) at either end of the merger axis, a potential cold front in the east, an unusually low gas mass fraction of approximately 0.075 for the western component, a velocity dispersion of $1490_{-130}^{+104}$ km s$^{-1}$, and no indication of significant substructure along the line of sight. We propose that the MACSJ0553 merger proceeds not in the plane of the sky, but at a large inclination angle, is observed very close to turnaround, and that the eastern X-ray peak is the cool core of the slightly less massive western component that was fully stripped and captured by the eastern subcluster during the collision. If correct, this hypothesis would make MACSJ0553 a superb target for a competitive study of ram-pressure stripping and the collisional behaviour of luminous and dark matter during cluster formation.

Dark matter distribution in X-ray luminous galaxy clusters with Emergent Gravity

Abstract We present the radial distribution of the dark matter in two massive, X-ray luminous galaxy clusters, Abell 2142 and Abell 2319, and compare it with the quantity predicted as apparent manifestation of the baryonic mass in the context of the ‘Emergent Gravity’ scenario, recently suggested from Verlinde. Thanks to the observational strategy of the XMM–Newton Cluster Outskirt Programme (X-COP), using the X-ray emission mapped with XMM–Newton and the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich signal in the Planck survey, we recover the gas density, temperature and thermal pressure profiles up to ∼R200, allowing us to constrain at an unprecedented level the total mass through the hydrostatic equilibrium equation. We show that, also including systematic uncertainties related to the X-ray-based mass modelling, the apparent ‘dark’ matter shows a radial profile that has a shape different from the traditional dark matter distribution, with larger discrepancies (by a factor of 2–3) in the inner (r &amp;lt; 200 kpc) cluster's regions and a remarkable agreement only across R500.