Luminous Power Efficiency Research Articles

P‐165: Implementation of Three‐Color White Electroluminescence Emission Utilizing Perovskite Nanocrystals and Organic Emitters

In the present study, we report for the first‐time three‐color white‐light emission with high brightness from white‐emitting PeQD organic light‐emitting diodes (WPeQD‐OLEDs) fabricated using a PeQD material and organic emitters. A WPeQD‐OLED bilayer was prepared by depositing a blue‐emitting organic layer on top of a CsPb(Br/I)3 QD layer mixed with N9,N10‐Bis(4‐(tert‐butyl) phenyl)‐N9,N10‐Di‐o‐Tolylanthracene‐9,10‐Diamine (p‐Tb‐o‐Me‐TAD), which were spin‐coated as red and green emitters, respectively. In the WPeQD‐OLED device, charge carriers were distributed by an 9‐(naphthalen‐1‐yl)‐10‐(naphthalen‐2‐yl)anthracene (α,β‐ADN) blue‐emitting host material with a deep highest occupied molecular orbital level. The electroluminescence (EL) spectra of the WPeQD‐OLEDs showed EL maximum peaks at 460, 527, and 640 nm; the CIE color coordinates of the emitted light were (0.33, 0.40). The EL results confirmed that the maximum luminance was 49,000 cd m ‐2 and the maximum luminance efficiency and power efficiency were 4.48 cd A‐1 and 2.16 lm W ‐1.

Solid-State Lighting Using Side-by-Side White Phosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Diodes

White organic light-emitting diodes (WOLEDs) have become increasingly popular for use in solid-state illumination, where diffuse, large area light sources that achieve a high color rendering index and luminous power efficiency are desirable. Color-tunable emission, where the light source combines emission from multiple, separately addressed color elements, is conveniently provided by WOLEDs for the purpose of adapting the lighting source to a particular illumination requirement. In this work, we demonstrate a method for side-by-side positioning of monochromatic blue and yellow phosphorescent OLED stripes that are combined to create tunable white light, using a high-resolution mechanical peel-off patterning method. We achieve a peak luminous power efficiency of 17.1 ± 0.3 lm W–1 and an external quantum efficiency of 11.8 ± 0.2% and demonstrate color tunability of the 1960 Commission Internationale d’Eclairage chromaticity coordinates from (u,v) = (0.33,0.36) to (0.12,0.32). This corresponds to a tuning range of the color rendering index from 74 ± 1 to 86 ± 1 and the correlated color temperature from 2000 to 8000 ± 500 K. Due to the nondestructive nature of the peel-off technique, patterned devices exhibit a lifetime comparable to conventional, shadow mask-patterned devices.

Commercially available chromophores as low-cost efficient electron injection layers for organic light emitting diodes

Further advancements in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) using commercially available, low-cost materials is of high significance. Here, we report the application of commercially available chromophores as room temperature processed electron injection layers (EILs) in the conventional OLED architecture. The facile solution-processing of these chromophores, namely, 4‐dimethylamino‐4′‐nitrostilbene (DANS) and 1‐(4‐(dimethylamino)phenyl)‐6‐phenyl‐1,3,5‐hexatriene, along with the presence of nitrogen atom in their structure, which is expected to induce the formation of a negative interfacial dipole at the cathode interface, have motivated their use as EILs. Improved performance of the OLEDs using these chromophores was obtained. Especially, the OLED using DANS exhibited the highest luminous efficiency, power efficiency and external quantum efficiency values of 8.7 cd A−1, 6.75 lm W−1 and 2.9%, respectively, which represented a significant improvement compared to the reference device without the EIL (1.2 cd A−1, 0.7 lm W−1 and 0.4%, respectively). A variety of experimental and simulated results demonstrated that this enhancement is attributed to increased electron injection leading to balanced electron and hole currents, especially in the DANS embedding device. Additionally, we calculated significant broadening of the emission zone profile across the entire organic emitter in the devices using the chromophores, thus increasing the probability of radiative recombination and photon emission.

Three-color white electroluminescence emission using perovskite quantum dots and organic emitters

To realize a full-color display in the research field of perovskites or perovskite-structured quantum dots (PeQDs), the development of white-light-emitting devices that operate by emitting light of three primary colors (red, green, and blue) has emerged as an active research topic. In the present study, we report for the first time three-color white-light emission with high brightness from white-emitting PeQD organic light-emitting diodes (WPeQD-OLEDs) fabricated using a PeQD material and organic emitters. A WPeQD-OLED bilayer was prepared by depositing a blue-emitting organic layer on top of a CsPb(Br/I)3 QD layer mixed with N9,N10-Bis(4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)-N9,N10-Di-o-Tolylanthracene-9,10-Diamine (p-Tb-o-Me-TAD), which were spin-coated as red and green emitters, respectively. The WPeQD-OLED device was stable during operation and demonstrated emission of three primary colors. In the WPeQD-OLED device, charge carriers were distributed by an 9-(naphthalen-1-yl)-10-(naphthalen-2-yl)anthracene (α,β-ADN) blue-emitting host material with a deep highest occupied molecular orbital level. The electroluminescence (EL) spectra of the WPeQD-OLEDs showed EL maximum peaks at 460, 527, and 640 nm; the CIE color coordinates of the emitted light were (0.33, 0.40). The EL results confirmed that the maximum luminance was 49,000 cd m−2 and the maximum luminance efficiency and power efficiency were 4.48 cd A−1 and 2.16 lm W−1, respectively.

Modeling and Simulations of 4H-SiC/6H-SiC/4H-SiC Single Quantum-Well Light Emitting Diode Using Diffusion Bonding Technique.

In the last decade, silicon carbide (SiC) has emerged as a potential material for high-frequency electronics and optoelectronics applications that may require elevated temperature processing. SiC exists in more than 200 different crystallographic forms, referred to as polytypes. Based on their remarkable physical and electrical characteristics, such as better thermal and electrical conductivities, 3C-SiC, 4H-SiC, and 6H-SiC are considered as the most distinguished polytypes of SiC. In this article, physical device simulation of a light-emitting diode (LED) based on the unique structural configuration of 4H-SiC and 6H-SiC layers has been performed which corresponds to a novel material joining technique, called diffusion welding/bonding. The proposed single quantum well (SQW) edge-emitting SiC-based LED has been simulated using a commercially available semiconductor device simulator, SILVACO TCAD. Moreover, by varying different design parameters, the current-voltage characteristics, luminous power, and power spectral density have been calculated. Our proposed LED device exhibited promising results in terms of luminous power efficiency and external quantum efficiency (EQE). The device numerically achieved a luminous efficiency of 25% and EQE of 16.43%, which is at par performance for a SQW LED. The resultant LED structure can be customized by choosing appropriate materials of varying bandgaps to extract the light emission spectrum in the desired wavelength range. It is anticipated that the physical fabrication of our proposed LED by direct bonding of SiC-SiC wafers will pave the way for the future development of efficient and cost-effective SiC-based LEDs.

Efficient blue organic light emitting diodes based on 14,14-dimethyl-14H-indeno[1,2-b]triphenylene derivatives

We synthesized and characterized blue emitting materials based on indeno-triphenylene derivatives. Multilayer organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) were fabricated in the following sequence; ITO (180 nm)/N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-(2-napthyl)-(1,1'-phenyl)-4,4'-diamine (NPB) (50 nm)/Blue emitter (30 nm)/4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BPhen) (30 nm)/lithium quinolate (Liq)/Al (2 nm/100 nm). Particularly, a device using 14,14-dimethyl-14H-indeno[1,2-b]triphenylene as an emitter showed the efficient emission and exhibited luminous efficiency, power efficiency, and external quantum efficiency of 11.16 cd/A, 6.05 lm/W, 4.30% at 20 mA/cm2, respectively. Also, it exhibited blue emission with the Commission Internationale De L’Énclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.21, 0.43) at 8.0 V.

Biindenophenanthrene derivatives as non-doped blue fluorescent materials for organic light-emitting diodes

We designed and synthesized biindenophenanthrene derivatives for blue fluorescent organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) materials to overcome the disadvantages of blue emitter caused by the wide band gap. To demonstrate the electroluminescence (EL) properties, the OLEDs devices were fabricated in the following sequence: indium-tin-oxide (180 nm)/4,4’,4’’-tris[2-naphthyl(phenyl)amino (30 nm)/4,4’-bis(N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino) biphenyl (20 nm)/Blue emitting materials (20 nm)/Bathophenanthroline (30 nm)/lithium quinolate (2 nm)/Al (100 nm). Device A that using 13,13,13',13'-tetramethyl-13H,13'H-11,11'-biindeno[1,2-l]phenanthrene in emitting layer showed luminous efficiency, power efficiency, and external quantum efficiency of 1.72 cd/A, 0.58 lm/W, 1.03% at 20 mA/cm2 with Commission Internationale d’Énclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.15, 0.23) at 8.0 V.

7,7-Dimethyl-9-(10-phenylanthracen-9-yl)-7H-Benzo[b] Fluoreno[3,4-d]Thiophene Derivatives for Blue Fluorescent Organic Light-Emitting Diodes.

In this study, we designed and synthesized two blue fluorescence materials using 7,7-dimethyl-9-(10-phenylanthracen-9-yl)-7H-benzo[b]fluoreno[3,4-d]thiophene substituted anthracene derivatives. To characterize their electroluminescent properties, we fabricated the OLED devices using these two emitting materials. Particularly, a device using 7,7-dimethyl-9-(10-phenylanthracen-9-yl)-7Hbenzo[ b]fluoreno[3,4-d]thiophene showed maximum values of luminous efficiency, power efficiency, and external quantum efficiency of 2.42 cd/A, 1.48 lm/W, 3.08% at 20 mA/cm2, respectively with CIE (x, y) coordinates of (0.15, 0.09) at 8.0 V.

Modeling and Analysis of High-Performance Triple Hole Block Layer Organic LED Based Light Sensor for Detection of Ovarian Cancer

In this paper a novel triple hole block layer (HBL) structure of the OLED is proposed that depicts an enhanced luminescence of 25285 cd/m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> with an improvement of 47% over multilayered OLED architecture. It also owes 74% improvement in luminous power efficiency. An in-depth numerical analysis based on Poisson and drift diffusion equation is undertaken and validated against the internal device analysis. The analysis results highlight an enhanced recombination rate within the proposed device. High electron injection and efficient hole blocking contributes to improved recombination rate. Triple HBL OLED is therefore used for diagnosis of ovarian cancer. The device illustrated good response towards varying wavelengths generating a maximum photo current value of 93 mA. A healthy person can be differentiated from an oncological cancer patient based on fluorescence produced by their urine. The fluorescence values for healthy person and oncological cancer patient are in the range of 420 and 440 nm, correspondingly. The cathode current produced by OLED corresponding to these two wavelengths are 5 and 1 mA respectively. Hence, the proposed device can successfully diagnose the ovarian cancer patient. Further, the methodology proposed for diagnosis of ovarian cancer can help in developing a portable, flexible low cost biomedical sensor.

Highly Efficient 7,7-Dimethyl-9-(10-phenylanthracen-9-yl)-7H-Benzo[6,7]Indeno[1,2-f]Quinoline Derivatives for Blue Fluorescent Organic Light-Emitting Diodes.

Highly efficient blue fluorescent 7,7-dimethyl-9-(10-phenylanthracen-9-yl)-7H-benzo[6,7]indeno[1,2- f]quinoline derivatives, based on benzo-indeno-quinoline and phenylanthracene were designed and synthesized. To test their electroluminescent properties, organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) were fabricated with the configuration of indium-tin-oxide (ITO) (150 nm)/4,4',4″-Tris[2- naphthyl(phenyl)amino]triphenylamine (2-TNATA) (30 nm)/N,N'-di(1-naphthyl)-N,N'-diphenyl-1,1'- biphenyl)4,4'-diamine (NPB) (20 nm)/blue emitting materials (20 nm)/bathophenanthroline (Bphen) (30 nm)/Liq (2 nm)/Al (100 nm). The devices using these blue materials as emitters showed efficient blue emission. Particularly, a device employing 7,7-dimethyl-9-(10-phenylanthracen-9-yl)-7Hbenzo[ 6,7]indeno[1,2-f]quinoline as an emitting layer yielded the best performance with a luminous efficiency (LE), power efficiency (PE), and external quantum efficiency (EQE) and the Commission International de L'Eclairge (CIE) coordinates of 4.60 cd/A, 3.07 lm/W, 4.32% at 20 mA/cm², and (0.16, 0.12) at 8.0 V, respectively.

Enhancement of Luminous Power and Efficiency in InGaN/GaN–Light Emitting Diode using high-k dielectric material

A novel high-k dielectric material is proposed for InGaN/GaN–LED to improve the performance. The proposed LED is analyzed and benchmarked with conventional LED using Technological Computer Aided Design (TCAD). The qualitative consistency of the optical characteristics of LED in this work has been observed that validate the TCAD simulation. Further, it is observed that proposed LED recorded higher luminous power and internal quantum efficiency (IQE) than that of conventional LED. At the injection current of 600 mA, the proposed and conventional LED yielded luminous power of 1600 mW and 1400 mW, respectively. Further, IQE of the proposed LED is higher than that of conventional LED by 12%. The improvement in the optical performance is attribute to high-k dielectric material induced additional electric field and radiative recombination rate. Thus, the proposed LED with high-k dielectric material is an outstanding device in lightning application.

Enhanced performance of OLED based on molecular orientation of emission layer by optimized substrate temperature

Horizontally oriented transition dipole moment (TDM) of the molecule in emission layers (EMLs) can boost out-coupling efficiency, resulting in higher performance organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). As known, the substrate temperature ( $$T_{s}$$ ) has a significant effect on the TDM of molecules. In this paper, the doped EMLs deposited with different $$T_{s}$$ ranging from 30 to 100 °C were prepared and the corresponding photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) and TDM were measured. In addition, these EMLs with different $$T_{s}$$ were employed to the OLED devices. The best luminous efficiency (51.4 cd/A), power efficiency (68.9 lm/W) and external quantum efficiency (EQE) (19.5%) were obtained in the OLED device where EMLs were deposited at 60 °C. However, the anisotropy factor $$\Theta$$ at this temperature is not the best, which is inconsistent with the common rules that high $$\Theta$$ causes high EQE. This phenomenon was ascribed to the in-situ annealing process for the hole transport layer (HTL) during the deposition of EMLs with different $$T_{s}$$ . The synergy of PLQY and TDM orientation of EMLs, the hole mobility of hole only devices (HODs) contribute to the high performance of OLED device at 60 °C.

Numerical investigation of traps and optical response in III-V nitride quantum LED

The impact of trapping on the optical properties of Gallium Nitride (GaN) Light Emitting Diodes (LED) has been analyzed in this work. The analysis is carried out by using Technology Computer Aided Design (TCAD) physical simulator. GaN LED with four quantum Wells have been considered with donor trap density ranging from 5 × 1015 cm−3 to 1 × 1019 cm−3. Polarization, radiative recombination and Auger recombination models were used in the simulation. The TCAD simulation results indicate that luminous power and quantum efficiency of GaN LEDs decreases with increase of trap density.

Red Phosphorescent Platinum(II) Complexes with Tetradentate Pyridine-Containing Ligands for Organic Light Emitting Diodes.

Here, red phosphorescent platinum(II) complexes based on tetradentate pyridine-containing lig-ands are studied. To investigate their electroluminescent properties, multilayer devices were fabricated in the following sequence; ITO (180 nm)/4,4',4″-Tris[2-naphthyl(phenyl)amino]triphenylamine (2-TNATA) (30 nm)/N, N'-di(1-naphthyl)-N,N'-diphenyl-1,1'-biphenyl)4,4'-diamine (NPB) (20 nm)/ Tris(4-carbazoyl-9-ylphenyl)amine (TCTA) (10 nm)/4,4'-Bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1'-biphenyl (CBP) (20 nm)/Platinum(II) complex (20 nm)/1,3,5-Tris(1-Phenyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)benzene) (TPBi) (40 nm)/Liq (2 nm)/Al (100 nm). In particularly, a device using platinum(II) complex based on N-(3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)-3-(pyridin-2-yl)-N-(3-(pyridin-2-yl)phenyl)benzenamineligand showed the efficient red emission, with a luminous efficiency, power efficiency, and external quantum efficiency of, and the Commission International de LEclairge (CIE) coordinates of 27.26 cd/A, 10.54 lm/W, 8.50% at 20 mA/cm², and (0.65, 0.33) at 11.0 V, respectively.

Deep Blue Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Based on [7,7-Dimethyl-9-(10-phenylanthracen-9-yl)-7H-Indeno[1,2-f] Isoquinoline] Derivatives.

In this study, we synthesized and characterized two novel deep blue emitting materials based on indenoquinoline-substituted phenylanthracene derivatives. Multilayer organic light-emitting diodes were fabricated with the following sequence: indium-tin-oxide (ITO)/4,4',4″-tris[2-naphthyl(phenyl)amino (2-TNATA)/4,4'-bis(N-N-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino) biphenyl (NPB)/Blue emitting material (1 or 2)/Bathophenanthroline (Bphen)/lithium quinolate (Liq)/Al. A device B using '7,7-dimethyl-9-(10-phenylanthracen-9-yl)-7H-indeno[1,2-f] isoquinoline (2)' as an emitter showed the efficient emission with the luminous efficiency, power efficiency, and external quantum efficiency of 2.30 cd/A, 1.02 lm/W, 2.94% at 20 mA/cm², respectively. This device exhibited deep-blue emission with the Commission Internationale De LÉnclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.16, 0.08) and λmax = 436 nm at 8.0 V.

Platinum (II) Complexes Based on Tetradentate Pyridine-Containing Ligands for Phosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Diodes.

In this study, we designed and synthesized two phosphorescent emitting materials based on tetradentate pyridine-containing ligands. Their photophysical properties were examined for OLEDs and multilayer devices using these materials were fabricated in the following sequence; ITO (180 nm)/4,4',4″-Tris[2-naphthyl(phenyl)amino]triphenylamine (2-TNATA) (30 nm)/N,N'-di(1-naphthyl)-N,N'-diphenyl-1,1'-biphenyl)4,4'-diamine (NPB) (20 nm)/Tris(4-carbazoyl-9-ylphenyl)amine (TCTA) (10 nm)/4,4'-Bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1'-biphenyl(CBP): 5, 8, 15% Platinum (II) complexes (20 nm)/1,3,5-Tris(1-Phenyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)benzene) (TPBi) (40 nm)/Liq (2 nm)/Al (100 nm). In particularly, a device using Platinum (II) complex based on A/-(3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)-6-phenyl-N-(6-phenylpyridin-2-yl)pyridin-2-amine ligand showed the efficient emission, with luminous efficiency, power efficiency, and external quantum efficiency, and the Commission International de LEclairge (CIE) coordinates of 29.29 cd/A, 9.37 lm/W, 8.66% at 20 mA/cm2, and (0.32, 0.62) at 8.0 V, respectively.

Blue Fluorescent Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Using 11,11-Dimethyl-3-(10-phenylanthracen-9-yl)-11H-Indeno[1,2-b]Quinoline Derivatives.

In this study, we designed and synthesized two blue fluorescence materials using phenylanthracenesubstituted-indenoquinoline derivatives by Suzuki coupling reaction for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). In order to study their electroluminescent properties, we fabricated the OLED devices using these two materials as emissive layer (EML) with the following sequence: indium-tin-oxide (ITO, 180 nm)/4,4',4″-tris[2-naphthyl(phenyl)-amino]triphenylamine (2-TNATA, 30 nm)/N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-(2-napthyl)-(1,1'-phenyl)-4,4'-diamine (NPB, 20 nm)/Blue emitting materials (20 nm)/4,7-Diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen, 30 nm)/lithium quinolate (Liq, 2 nm)/Al (100 nm). In particular, a device using 11,11-dimethyl-3-(10-phenylanthracen-9-yl)-11H-Indeno[1,2-b]quinoline in emitting layer showed luminous efficiency, power efficiency, and external quantum efficiency of 2.18 cd/A, 1.10 lm/W, 2.20% at 20 mA/cm², respectively, with Commission Internationale d'Énclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.15, 0.11) at 8.0 V.

Three series π-extended fluorescent compounds based on dehydroabietic acid triarylamine moiety: Syhthesis, photophysical properties and hole transporting properties

Fluorescent compounds based on a dehydroabietic acid skeleton with favorable photophysical properties show promise for use as the hole-transporting layer in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). In this work, we report the synthesis of three series of compounds (15 in total), series 1 (1a–1e), series 2 (2a–2e), and series 3 (3a–3e), by linking polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to dehydroabietic acid-based triaryamine moiety through C-C coupling reactions. The three series of compounds exhibited ultraviolet absorption, fluorescence emission, electrochemical, and thermal properties, as well as highest occupied molecular orbital levels and energy gaps that made them suitable for use as hole-transporting materials. OLEDs with 1a, 2a, or 3d as a hole-transporting layer showed better performance in terms of maximum brightness, turn-on voltage, maximum of external quantum efficiency, maximum luminous efficiency and power efficiency than that of a comparable device based on a conventional hole-transporting material. In particular, the device with 1a exhibited the most promising performance, with a high maximum brightness of 21445 cd/m2, low turn-on voltage of 2.8 V, maximum of external quantum efficiency of 1.62%, maximum luminance efficiency of 4.9 cd/A, and maximum power efficiency 3.7lm/W. The present work highlights the potential of π-extended compounds based on dehydroabietic acid for use in luminescent material applications.

Efficient Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Based on Indeno-Type Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons.

To develop the efficient emitters for organic light-emitting diode (OLED), three indeno-type polyaromatic hydrocarbons materials were designed and synthesized through Buchwald-Hartwig amination. OLED devices using these materials were fabricated in the following sequence: indium-tin-oxide (ITO) (180 nm)/N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-(2-napthyl)-(1,1'-phenyl)-4,4'-diamine (NPB) (50 nm)/Emitting materials (1-3) (30 nm)/4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BPhen) (30 nm)/lithium quinolate (Liq) (2 nm)/Al (100 nm). All devices showed the efficient emissions. In particular, a device using 8,8-dimethyl-N,N-diphenyl-8H-indeno[2,1-b]fluoranthen-6-amine (2) as efficient emitter showed luminous efficiency, power efficiency, and external quantum efficiency of 8.35 cd/A, 5.70 lm/W, 2.37% at 20 mA/cm², respectively, with Commission Internationale d'Énclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.37, 0.59) at 6.0 V.

Studies on Organic Light Emitting Diodes Using Phenanthroline Derivatives as Emitters.

In this study, we designed and synthesized blue emitting materials based on 1, 10-phenanthroline derivatives. OLED devices using these materials were fabricated in the following sequence; indium-tin-oxide (ITO) (180 nm)/N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-(2-napthyl)-(1,1'-phenyl)-4,4'-diamine (NPB) (50 nm)/Tris(4-carbazoyl-9-ylphenyl)amine (TCTA) (10 nm)/Blue materials (20 nm)/2,2',2″-(1,3, 5-Benzinetriyl)-tris(1-phenyl-1-H-benzimidazole) (TPBi) (30 nm)/lithium quinolate (Liq) (2 nm)/Al (100 nm). Particularly, a device using 2-(4-(9,9-dimethylacridin-10(9H)-yl)phenyl)-1-phenyl-1Himidazo[ 4,5-f][1,10] phenanthroline as a blue emitter showed the maximum values of luminous efficiency, power efficiency, and external quantum efficiency of 1.45 cd/A, 1.52 lm/W, 0.99%, respectively with the Commission Internationale d'Énclairage (CIE) (x,y) coordinates of (0.16, 0.14) at 8.0 V.